《美国文学选读》(第3版)亨利

第6单元亨利?大卫?梭罗

6.1复习笔记

I.Introduction to author（作者简介）

Henry David Thoreau(1917—1862)is a renowned New England Transcendentalist,essayist,philosopher and poet.

亨利·大卫·梭罗（1917—1862）是著名的新英格兰超验主义者、散文家、哲学家和诗人。

1.Life（生平）

Thoreau was a friend of Emerson and his junior by some fourteen years. Thoreau was born in Concord,Massachusetts.He went to Harvard at17.After graduation,he made friends with Emerson and embraced his ideas.In1845he moved in a cabin on Walden Pond and lived there in a very simple manner for a little over two years.During his stay in Walden,he went back occasionally to his village,and on one visit he was detained for a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll-tax he thought unjust.This inspired him to write his famous essay,“Civil Disobedience”.He wrote about his experience in the famous book,Walden,after he moved back to Concord.

He became a major voice for nineteenth-century America,now better heard perhaps than Emerson’s.His influence goes beyond America.His status was placed

in the Hall of Fame in New York in1969.

梭罗是爱默生的好友，比爱默生小14岁。他出生于马萨诸塞州的康科德镇。17岁时进入哈佛大学学习。大学毕业后跟爱默生成为好友并开始接受了爱默生的思想。1845年他搬进瓦尔登湖畔的一座小木屋，过了两年多简朴的隐居生活。这期间他不时去附近的村子，一次他因拒绝交税而被拘留了一夜。这激发他写成了著名的政论文《非暴力反抗》。回到康科德后，梭罗根据两年多在瓦尔登湖的生活经历写成了著名的《瓦尔登湖》。

现在梭罗被认为是19世纪重要的作家。文学评论家认为他的文学成就高于爱默生。1969年，梭罗的塑像被放进了纽约的“名人馆”。

2.Major Works（主要作品）

Walden《瓦尔登湖》

A Week On the Concord and Merrimack Rivers《在康科德和梅里马克河上的一周》

Ⅱ.Selected works（作品选读）

◆Walden《瓦尔登湖》

1.Main content（主要内容）

Thoreau’s masterpiece,Walden,is a great Transcendentalist work.It is a faithful record of Thoreau’s reflections when he was in solitary communion with nature,an eloquent indication that he not only embraced Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy but went even further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature.Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one level.

It consist of18passages,recording the nature he observed and the living condition,including building the log,plowing the field and receiving friends.

梭罗的代表作《瓦尔登湖》是一部超验主义巨作。他忠实地记录了梭罗独自与自然界交流时的反思。它表明梭罗不仅接受了爱默生的超然主义哲学，而且进一步亲身实践阐明自然界的泛神特性。《瓦尔登湖》包罗万象，可以从多种角度去解读。

《瓦尔登湖》由18篇文章组成，记录了他所观察到的自然以及他建造木屋、耕种土地、招待朋友等生活情况。

2.Analysis of the work（作品分析）

(1)It is a book about man,what he is,what he should be and must be.Thoreau holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection.Thoreau has been regarded as a prophet of individualism in American literature.

(2)In this book,Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.Modern civilized life has dehumanized man and placed him in a spiritual quandary.

(3)Furthermore,the book is full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug complacency.He records how he tries to minimize his own needs on Walden Pond.He holds that spiritual richness is real wealth.One’s soul might not help one to get up in the world,but it will help make real progress in self-improvement.

(4)Thoreau went to the woods to experiment a new way of life for himself and for his fellowmen.And he felt that he came out of it a better man,reborn and

reinvigorated.Thus,regeneration became a major thematic concern of Walden and it also decided its structural framework.

（1）它是一本关于人的书，阐述人应该而且必须成为什么样的人。梭罗认为生活中最重要的事情是自给自足，努力实现精神上的完美。梭罗被誉为美国文学史上个人主义的先导。

（2）该书中梭罗猛烈抨击了现代文明。他认为现代文明生活使人失去了人性，将人置于精神上的困境。

（3）此外，该书表明梭罗希望国人摆脱自鸣得意、沾沾自喜的情绪。他记录了自己在瓦尔登湖上尽量将个人需求降到最低的情况。他认为精神上的富有才是真正的富有。人的精神或许不能帮助人飞黄腾达，却有助于人在自我完善的过程中取得真正的进步。

（4）梭罗去森林居住目的是为自己和同胞们实验一种新的生活方式。他从林中出来时获得了重生，整个人面貌焕然一新。重生成为《瓦尔登湖》中重要的主题之一，并且决定了该书的结构框架。

6.2课后习题详解

1.Where indeed did Thoreau live,both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? Key:He lived in woods,and pursued his own simple and meaningful lifestyle at a very high physical and spiritual level.

2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm?Why did he enjoy the act of buying?

Key:No,he had never bought a farm.

Because he liked to have dealings with others,from which he can get a lot of

fun.

3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods?Why?

Key:Yes,it is significant.Because the Fourth of July is the Independence Day of America,and from this day on,America has become a new and independent nation.By mentioning it,Thoreau wanted to state that he also began to be independent and self-reliant from the same day,and that will be the regeneration of him.

4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection? Key:That means his flocks is always out of his control,and he can not manage them effectively.The shepherd will be disturbed and annoyed by them rather than get some pleasure from feeding and raising them.The shepherd’s life will be a mess.

6.3考研真题与典型题详解

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.In1845,Thoreau began a two year residence at______Pond.

【答案】Walden

【解析】从1845年开始，梭罗在瓦尔登湖畔住了两年。

2.From Thoreau’s Concord jail experience,came his famous essay______.

【答案】“Civil Disobedience”

【解析】在瓦尔登湖生活期间，梭罗因为反对黑奴制拒交“人头税”而被捕入狱。友人替他代交了税款保其出狱，但这一亲身体验却激发他写成了著名的政论《抵制国民政府》(“Resistance to Civil Government”)，后改名为《论公民的不服从》（“Civil Disobedience”)。

3.Another renowned New England Transcendentalist was______,a friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson and his junior by some14years.

【答案】Henry David Thoreau

【解析】梭罗既是爱默生的后辈也是他的朋友，他是继爱默生之后又一位著名的新英格兰超验主义作家。

4.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s truest disciple,the man who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories,was_____.

【答案】Henry David Thoreau

【解析】亨利·大卫·梭罗(Henry David Thoreau)是美国作家、哲学家，他最著名的作品为著名散文集《瓦尔登湖》和论文《论公民的不服从》。梭罗是爱默生最忠实的追随者并且将爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践。

5.A superb book entitled_____came out of Henry David Thoreau’s two year experiment at Walden Pond.

大 众 文 艺大58 day forward, Buck lived for that man. After being with this man for quite some time, Buck started to hear a call from far away. He started paying more and more attention to this call. He went out for days at a time searching for its source. This call was the call of the wild. He had a will to go off and be with other dogs. He felt the urge to be free from man and catch his own food. One day, Buck finally left for good. He was excepted by a pack of wolves who treated him like a wolf himself. And so the transformation was complete. Buck had changed from a dog, to a beast of nature. Bibliographies [1] London Jack. The Call of the Wild. [M]New York: Airmont Publishing Co. Inc, 1964. [2] Pizer, Donald. American Realism and Naturalism. [M]Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.[3]The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed.1993. [4]蒋承勇(主编). 欧美自然主义文学的现代阐释.[M]上海：复旦大学出版社,2002 [5]柳鸣九.自然主义大师佐拉.[M]上海：上海文艺出版社,1989 作者简介 孙海晶（1983年-），女，满族，河北省遵化市人，北京第二外国语院，英语专业 O’Henry, one of the three most famous short-story writers in the world, enjoys equal status with Chekhov and Maupassant. His short stories are famous for its unexpected ending, as well as their exquisite conception. O’Henry’s sympathy for the poor social underdogs, his eulogy of human virtues and exposure of human evils are highlighted as the keynote of his works. Humanity endows his works with perpetual artistic charm. His short stories are typically American, portraying various types of people in the United States. 1 The Main Theme of O’Henry’s Works 1.1Human Virtues In his works, O’Henry presents the panorama of the American people to readers with ironic and humorous tone. O’Henry is sympathetic with the poor; he praises the human virtues and denounces human defeats. Humanity, as the eternal theme of O’Henry’s works, endows his works with perpetual artistic charm. Human being has many virtues from ancient times to the present. They are kind, brave, honest, hard-working, polite, thrifty, generous, and hospitable and so on. Some people pay a great deal in order to maintain these virtues, they sacrifice their own happiness even life for the lofty love and friendship; they help others without asking for rewards and regard it as a pleasure; they give up their own treasure and chance to others etc. Such people bring love and fine things to the world; they are the ones who endow the world with light and hope. 1.2 Human Evils Human beings have many defects, too. Sometimes they are lazy, rapacious, gluttonous, officious, vain, arrogant, shameless, cowardly, impetuous etc. They benefit themselves at the expense of others, they never show mercy and sympathy to the poor in order to make money, they realize their own aims by hook or by crook etc. Their evil deeds make the world vicious. By exposing the human defects and the dark sides of the world, O’Henry wants to awaken people’s conscience and deepest desire for all good things, so that people can use their efforts to save and cleanse the whole world. 2 Features of Language of O’Henry’s Works 2.1 Figure of Speech 2.1.1 Metaphor In O’Henry’s writings, metaphor is another feature which is worth mention. “A symbol differs from a metaphor in that its application is left open as an unstated suggestion, whereas the metaphor ties a concrete image to an identifiable abstract quality.” The image in metaphor represents specific meaning. But the symbolic image remains indeterminate in its possible meanings; it is usually a substantial image in its own right, around which further significances may gather according to differing interpretations. The metaphor under discussion here does not mean that as a rhetorical device or figure of speech, though the metaphorical sentences as wonderful as the one “Manhattan, the night-blooming cereus, was beginning to unfold its dead-white, heavy-odored petals” teem in O’Henry’s short stories. What is to be probed is the metaphor exploited as a skill in story-writing. In the third branch of Roads of Destiny, the hero David Mig not is a shepherd, but he is too indulged in writing poems to take enough care of his sheep. The flock steadily grows smaller and his wife keeps on complaining. Then one of his friends introduces him to a learned man called Georges Bril, David asks Monsieur Bril to read his poems, because he wants to know if he shall write more or give his attention to his sheep. When Monsieur Bril has read all the verses, he concludes that David has no talent for poem-writing. In order to tell the harsh truth in a mild way, he asks David to look at the crow in the tree. Instead of commenting on the poems directly, Monsleur Bril praises the crow that is content with his lot. In this metaphorical way he advises David tactfully not to try to write poems any more. David sees the point and feels discouraged. He goes back home and thrusts his poems into the stove. Hearing the rustle of the 欧亨利短篇小说的主题思想和语言特点 张明洋1 刘映雪2 （1.长安大学 人文学院 西安 710064 2.沈阳师范大学 旅游管理学院 沈阳 110034） 【摘 要】欧亨利是美国二十世纪初期最著名的短篇小说家之一。他的作品有趣而又意味深长，反映了当时美国的社会现实。并且他的作品因其奇巧的艺术构思，出其不意的结尾而著称。他的作品散发人性美与人情美的芳香。本论文将分析欧亨利作品的主题思想以及从修辞层面和写作技巧方面分析他的作品的语言特点。 【关键词】欧亨利；短篇小说；主题思想；语言特点 【Abstract】O’Henry is one of the greatest American short story writers of the 20th century. His short stories, depicting American society of his time, are both interesting and thought-provoking. And his short stories are famous for its unexpected ending, as well as their exquisite conception. His works was full of the beauty of human nature and the human interest. This thesis intends to analyze the main themes and features of O’Henry’s works from rhetoric aspect and writing techniques. 【Keywords】 O’Henry；short story；main theme；features of language 文艺评论

大众文艺58day forward, Buck lived for that man. After being with this man for quite some time, Buck started to hear a call from far away. He started paying more and more attention to this call. He went out for days at a time searching for its source. This call was the call of the wild. He had a will to go off and be with other dogs .He felt the urge to be freeform man and catch his own food. One day, Buck finally left for good. He was excepted by a pack of wolves who treated him like a wolf himself. And so the transformation was complete. Buck had changed from a dog, to a beast of nature. Bibliographies [1]London Jack. The Call of the Wild.[M]New Y ork: Airmont PublishingCo.Inc,1964.[2]Pizer,Donald.American Realism and Naturalism.[M]Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000.[3]The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,15th ed.1993.[4]蒋承勇(主编).欧美自然主义文学的现代阐释.[M]上海：复旦大学出版社,2002[5]柳鸣九.自然主义大师佐拉.[M]上海：上海文艺出版社,1989作者简介孙海晶（1983年-），女，满族，河北省遵化市人，北京第二外国语院，英语专业 O’Henry, one of the three most famous short-storywriters in the world, enjoys equal status with Chekhov and Maupassant. His short stories are famous for its unexpected ending, as well as their exquisite conception. O’Henry’s sympathy for the poor social underdogs, his eulogy of human virtues. es and exposure of human evils are highlighted as the keynote of his works. Humanity endows his works with perpetual artistic charm. His short stories are typicallyAmerican, portraying various types of people in the UnitedStates.1 The Main Theme of O’Henry’s Works1.1Human Virtues In his works, O’Henry presents the panorama of the American people to readers with ironic and humorous tone. O’Henry is sympathetic with the poor; he praises the human virtues and denounces human defeats. Humanity, as the eternal theme of O’Henry’s w orks, endows his works with perpetual artistic charm. Human being has many virtues from ancient times to the present. They are kind, brave, honest, hard-working, polite, thrifty, generous, and hospitable and so on. Some people pay a great deal in order to maintain these virtues, they sacrifice their own happiness even life for the lofty love and friendship; they help others without asking for rewards and regard it as a pleasure; they give up their own treasure and chance to others etc. Such people bring love and fine things to the world; they are the ones who endow the world with light and hope.1.2 Human Evils Human beings have many defects, too. Sometimes they are lazy, rapacious, gluttonous, officious, vain, arrogant, shameless, cowardly, impetuous etc. They benefit themselves at the expense of others, they never show mercy and sympathy to the poor in order to make money, they realize their own aims by hook or by crook etc. Their evil deeds make the world vicious. By exposing the human defects and the dark sides of the world, O’Henry wants to awaken people’s conscience and deepest desire for all good things, so that people can use their efforts to save and cleanse the wholeworld.2 Features of Language of O’Henry’s Works2.1 Figure of Speech2.1.1 MetaphorIn O’Henry’s writings, metaphor is another feature which is worth mention.” A symbol differs from a metaphor in that its application is left open as an unstated suggestion, whereas the metaphor ties a concrete image to an identifiable abstract quality. ”The ima ge in metaphor represents specific meaning. But the symbolic image

1atm 下，浓度为0.02（摩尔分数）的稀氨水在20℃时氨的平衡分压为1.666kPa ，其相平衡关系服从亨利定律，氨水密度可近似取1000kg/m3。 求：E 、 m 、 H 。 例2-1： 含有30%（体积）CO2的某种混合气与水接触，系统温度为30℃，总压 为101.33kPa ，试求液相中CO2的平衡浓度 为若干kmol/m3. 解：pi=pyi=101.33 ×0.3=30.4kPa<101.33kPa,故亨利定律适用。 而 查表4-4知30℃时CO2在水中亨利系数E=1.88×105kPa ，溶液密度按纯水密度计ρ=1000kg/m3 于是， 【例1】某系统温度为10℃，总压101.3kPa ，试求此条件下在与空气充分接触后的水中，每立方米水溶解了多少克氧气？ 【解】查得10℃时，氧气在水中的亨利系数E 为3.31×106kPa 。 P i ==101.3×0.21=21.27kPa X i =6.42 ╳ 10-6 P x p ρ=====3 e S 1atm 101.3kPa, 0.02 1.666kPa, 1000kg/m 已知：e e p p =Ex E =x ==1.666(1) E 83.3kPa 0.02: 由 得：e e e y mx y p /P m x x E m =P =======(2) m 1.666/101.3 0.8190.0283.3 0.819101.3: 由 得：或0.667s s H EM ρ===??31000(3) kmol/(m kPa)83.318

【例】在总压101.3kPa ，温度30℃的条件下, SO2摩尔分率为0.3的混合气体与SO2摩尔分率为0.01的水溶液相接触，试问： 1.SO2的传质方向； 2.其它条件不变，温度降到0℃时SO2的传质方向； 3.其它条件不变，总压提高到202.6kPa 时SO2的传质方向，并计算以液相摩尔分率差及气相摩尔分率差表示的传质推动力。 【解】1.查表，得SO2在101.33kPa 、30℃时亨利系数E=0.485×104kPa ，则： 2.查表，得SO2在101.33kPa 、0℃时亨利系数E=0.167×104kPa ，则： 3.查表，得SO2在101.33kPa 、30℃时亨利系数E=0.485×104kPa ，则： 例：在P =1000kPa ，T =25℃下，含CO2 y =0.06的空气与含CO2为0.1g/L 的水溶液接触 问：(1)将发生吸收还是解吸？ (2)如气体与水溶液逆流接触，空气中的CO2含量最低可能降到多少？ 解： (1)判断过程方向 CO2气相中分压 p CO2 = P y =1000×0.06=60 kPa 查得25℃下CO2溶解在水里的 E =1.66×105 kPa 浓度可以按水处理 ( P =1000kPa ，T =25℃)： CO2在水中的摩尔分数(溶解度0.1g/L 液)： 与水溶液达平衡的分压 p CO2 = 60 kPa (2)吸收过程的极限 气体与水溶液逆流接触，极限时吸收塔有无限多块塔板或填料吸收塔无限高，出口气 体中CO2含量最低可能降到与进塔的水溶液达平衡的分压 或 0068.01000/8.6/* min 2===P p y CO 由液相向气相转移传质过程为解吸，24SO 48001033101104850∴<=??===e e y y ....x P E mx y 由气相向液相转移 传质过程为吸收，24 SO 16001033 101101670∴>=??===e e y y ....x P E mx y 003 00100130060240300130104850620230SO 2400106202104850424...x x ...y y ....m y x y y ....x P E mx y e e e e e =-=-=-=-=??==∴>=??===液相推动力：气相推动力：由气相向液相转移传质过程为吸收， 3 /4.5518 997m kmol M C ===ρ4 101.44 .5544/1.0-?===C c x kPa Ex p CO 8.6101.41066.145*2=???==-*22CO CO p p >kPa p p CO CO 8.6*min ,22==

O.Henry’s writing styles O.Henry is one of the American famous short-story writers. His novels expose the darkness of capitalism from different angles, describe the difficult life of lower class, praise their sincere friendship, love and desire to blessed life. He always write a comedy ending to express deep social meaning, serious social reality and higher level. Furthermore, it points out the inevitability. As we all know O.Henry’s ending is always unexpected. He will suddenly change the inner world of the figures in an unbelievable way, or reverse the fate of the hero. In most time, it will make people feel in track, but the majority will think it reasonable after a while, such as “The Cop and the Anthem”. In the passage, Souby wanted to be in a prison so he made troubles outside. However, his hopes always were defeated. When Souby was reclaimed by the Anthem and decided to live a new life. Unfortunately, policemen put him into prison on some trumped-up charge. When all people assume he will be safe through life, policemen took him to a court. This is a typical O.Henry’s ending, which puts people into a dark hole with thinking deeply. And yet O.Henry just use this way to reflect the reality of being unable to distinguish the good from the bad. The artistic effects of O.Henry’s ending does not always appear in the end. For example, there are two plots in the “The Cop and the Anthem”. One is that Soupy molested a woman, but in an opposite manner, the woman molested him. The other is that Soupy took away a cus tomer’s illegal umbrella. Both a simple and attractive woman and a well-dressed customer give readers a decent feeling, but in fact, they are not the people what we are thinking. I believer everyone will think it is incredible like me. Only if we think carefully is it normal. After all, those people really exist in our society. Is everyone in upper-class noble, kind and well-behaved? Of course not, someone just put their dirty behaviors under their beautiful mask. In order to express the inner dirtiness, O.Henry had to decorate a lot in the passage. Although what it is isn’t as how it is, in short, it is reasonable. O.Henry’s ending exposed the public morals going from bad to worse of capitalism in the humors.

本页是最新发布的《对欧亨利小说英文版的评价》的详细参考，感觉写的不错，希望对您有帮助，看完如果觉得有帮助请记得（CTRL+D）收藏本页。 作者们的小说一般对我们有很大的影响。但是评价要怎么写呢?下面是为大家带来对欧亨利小说英文版的评价，相信对你会有帮助的。 Reaction to an Article——Short Stories of O.Henry O.Henry is a nice master of short story at the twentieth century in America.His unique sense of humor is full of depression and sad emotions.Due to this kind of bitter laughter,we could feel exaggerated,cynical,witty and humorous when we read them. Throughout O.Henry’s work,the plot develops unexpectedly at the end of the story.When the readers feel dismayed,they actually believe that the author really gives a reasonable end of the story.It’s quite fantastic.Henry is also good at observing things and focus on details,which makes his writing lively.Anyhow,“The Gift of the Magi”and “The Last Leaf”give me an impression mostly. The Gift of the Magi mainly tells the story that the day before Christmas,poor Della want to give her husband Jim a surprise.However,she only had one dollar and eighty-seven cents.She knew that the little money was not enough to buy a nice present.So Della sold her long,beautiful hair which fell about her shoulders “like a cascade of brown waters”.Then,Della looked all over the shop,finally buying a platinum fob chain,which can be matched with Jim's watch.But,Jim wanted to surprise Della as well.He sold his proud gold watch and bought her a set of bs that Della had watched long in a Broadway’s window.After reading this article,it really gives me a big shock.In this story,the main characters all lost their most valuable things ——Jim’s golden watch and Della’s beautiful hair.Behind this,I saw they loved each other deeply.The love in their family letting me feel that cold Christmas Eve has be e the warmest heaven just because of their gifts.It is so selfless that that they can sacrifice their most valuable things in order to give each other the best gift.I learned how to respect others’love and how to love others.With this kind of love,mutual understanding between man and woman could full of trust and affection.I firmly believe that the world will have a better tomorrow as long as our hearts full of love. The story The Last Leaf described a young couple of good friends Sue and Joanna,who “found their tastes in art,chicory salad and bishop sleeves so congenial that they joint studio resulted”.Unfortunately,an unseen stranger,whom the doctors called Pneumonia,spread in the in that city and Joanna got it seriously.One day afternoon,Joanna was desperately looking out of the window and was counting the leaves on the ivy tree.She firmly convinced that she would leave the world after the last leaf fell.She hadn't any passion for the future life.Sue has no other better way but to ask help from Mr.Behrman,an old poor artist who lived on the ground floor beneath

定律简介 亨利定律Henry's law，物理化学的基本定律之一，是英国的W.亨利在1803年研究气体在液体中的溶解度规律时发现的，可表述为：“在一定温度下，某种气体在溶液中的浓度与液面上该气体的平衡压力成正比。”这一定律对于稀溶液中挥发性溶质也同样有用。 编辑本段详细内容 实验表明，只有当气体在液体中的溶解度不很高时该定律才是正确的，此时的气体实际上是稀溶液中的挥发性溶质，气体压力则是溶质的蒸气压。所以亨利定律还可表述为：在一定温度下，稀薄溶液中溶质的蒸气分压与溶液浓度成正比。 一般来说，气体在溶剂中的溶解度很小，所形成的溶液属于稀溶液范围。气体B在溶剂A中溶液的组成无论是由B的摩尔分数xB，质量摩尔浓度bB，浓度cB等表示时，均与气体溶质B的压力近似成正比。用公式表示时亨利定律可以有多种形式。如： PB=Kx,B·xB PB=Kb,B·bB PB=Kc,B·cB 式中pB是稀薄溶液中溶质的蒸气分压；xB是溶质的物质的量分数；k 为亨利常数，其值与温度、压力以及溶质和溶剂的本性有关。由于亨利定律中溶液组成标度的不同，亨利系数的单位不同，一定温度下同一溶质在同一溶剂中的数值也不一样，上式中的xB、bB（质量摩尔浓度）或cB（物质的量浓度）等表示时k值将随之变化。Kx，Kb，Kc的单位分别为Pa，Pa·mol^-1·㎏，Pa·mo^l-1·m^3。 只有溶质在气相中和液相中的分子状态相同时，亨利定律才能适用。若溶质分子在溶液中有离解、缔合等，则上式中的xB（或mB、cB等）应是指与气相中分子状态相同的那一部分的含量；在总压力不大时，若多种气体同时溶于同一个液体中，亨利定律可分别适用于其中的任一种气体；一般来说，溶液越稀,亨利定律愈准确，在xB→0时溶质能严格服从定律。 编辑本段实例 温度不同，亨利系数不同，温度升高，挥发性溶质的挥发能力增强，亨利系数增大。换而言之，同样分压下温度升高，气体的溶解度减小。

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面 （ 2016 届） 论文（设计）题目 作者 学院、专业 班级 指导教师（职称） 论文字数 论文完成时间 大学教务处制

英语原创毕业论文参考选题(200个) 一、论文说明 本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业本科论文3000起，具体可以联系qq 805990749。下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。 二、原创论文参考题目 1、(英语毕业论文)A Study on the Characteristics and Functions of English Euphemism （开题报告+论文+文献综述） 2、(英语毕业论文)论马可?吐温小说中的讽刺技巧 3、(英语毕业论文)中英礼貌用语差异 4、(英语毕业论文)从《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧看女性的社会地位 5、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯?思特里克兰德的追寻自我 6、(英语毕业论文)The Tragic Destiny of Brett Ashley in The Sun Also Rises 7、(英语毕业论文)从美国电影中透视个人主义：以《当幸福来敲门》为例 8、(英语毕业论文)中美隐私观的跨文化视角分析（开题报告+论文） 9、(英语毕业论文)观电影《刮痧》简析中西文化价值冲突(开题报告+论文) 10、(英语系经贸英语)中国儿童消费市场乱象分析及应对策略 11、(英语毕业论文)An Exploration to Humor Translation in The Million Pound Note: An Functionalist Approach（开题报告+论文+文献综述） 12、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯?思特里克兰德的追寻自我 13、(英语毕业论文)《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《牡丹亭》中女性主义意识的对比研究 14、(英语毕业论文)莎士比亚的悲剧对当代女性的影响 15、(英语毕业论文)An Analytical Research on the Errors in Junior High Students’English Writing( ) 16、(英语系经贸英语)浅析国际资本流动——以中国为例 17、(英语毕业论文)基于中西文化差异的翻译策略研究 18、(英语毕业论文)高中生英语学习成败归因现状调查及对策（开题报告+论文） 19、(英语毕业论文)论《呼啸山庄》中希斯克里夫性格的双重性 20、(英语毕业论文)从关联理论看《茶馆》两个英译本中修辞格的处理（开题报告

道尔顿分压定律（也称道尔顿定律）描述的是理想气体的特性。这一经验定律是在1 801年由约翰·道尔顿所观察得到的。在任何容器内的气体混合物中，如果各组分之间不发生化学反应，则每一种气体都均匀地分布在整个容器内，它所产生的压强和它单独占有整个容器时所产生的压强相同[1]。也就是说，一定量的气体在一定容积的容器中的压强仅与温度有关。例如，零摄氏度时，1mol 氧气在22.4L 体积内的压强是101.3kPa 。如果向容器内加入1mol 氮气并保持容器体积不变，则氧气的压强还是101.3kPa，但容器内的总压强增大一倍。可见，1mol 氮气在这种状态下产生的压强也是101.3kPa 。 道尔顿[2]（Dalton）总结了这些实验事实，得出下列结论：某一气体在气体混合物中产生的分压等于在相同温度下它单独占有整个容器时所产生的压力；而气体混合物的总压强等于其中各气体分压之和，这就是气体分压定律（law of partial pressu re）。 需要注意的是，实际气体并不严格遵从道尔顿分压定律，在高压情况下尤其如此。 当压力很高时，分子所占的体积和分子之间的空隙具有可比性；同时，更短的分子间 距离使得分子间作用力增强，从而会改变各组分的分压力。这两点在道尔顿定律中并 没有体现。 §3.3 拉乌尔定律和亨利定律--溶液的蒸气压力我们知道，液体可以蒸发成气体，气体也可以凝结为液体。在一定的温度下，二者可以达成平衡，即液体的蒸发速度等于蒸气的凝结速度。达到这种平衡时，蒸气有一定的压力，这个压力就叫做此液体的饱和蒸气压（简称蒸气压）。蒸气压与温度有关，温度越高，分子具有的动能越大，蒸发速度越快，因而蒸气压越大。 溶液的蒸气压除与温度有关外，还与浓度有关。拉乌尔定律和亨利定律所描述的就是溶液蒸气压和浓度之间的关系。 3.3.1 拉乌尔定律 1887年法国物理学家拉乌尔（Raoult）在溶液蒸气压实验中总结出著名的拉乌尔定律。拉乌尔定律指出：如果溶质是不挥发性的，即它的蒸气压极小，与溶剂相比可以忽略不计，则在一定的温度下，稀溶液的蒸气压等于纯溶剂的蒸气压与其克分子分数的乘积。即 式中 --溶剂的蒸气压，溶质是不挥发性时，即为溶液的蒸气压； p 1