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托福写作学生版

托福写作讲义

目录

第一讲托福写作简介 (1)

第二讲综合写作步骤要点 (2)

第三讲综合写作句子模板 (5)

第四讲作文保分关键点 (7)

第五讲独立写作高分范文 (8)

第六讲托福好事例 (43)

第七讲托福评分标准 (45)

第八讲万能模板 (48)

第九讲托福作文遣词造句 (53)

第十讲独立写作题目和思路 (60)

附录基础语法和自然拼读 (103)

第一讲托福写作简介

托福写作一共分两部分:

综合写作(分钟)

1._______分钟阅读一篇短文,主要记下文章________和一些主要________,为下面的听力部分做准备。

2.听一段材料,与刚阅读过的短文内容有关,一般是对阅读材料中观点的_______,那考生就要针对每个观点分别记下听力中给出的__________和__________。有时听力的内容是对阅读材料观点的_____________,________和__________也要相应记下

3.写一篇________字以上的作文,写作时间为_______分钟。

第一段_______________________,第二段相应总结听力中给出的______________或听力中_____________________。

听完听力之后,原来的阅读文章会_________________________,左边是阅读文章,右边空白处是写作文的地方。(总结阅读材料主要做到______,尽量用与文章不同的__________。总结听力部分主要做到信息全面,不要出错误,把给出的_______也列举出来)

独立写作(_____分钟)

考生看到一个题目(一般是那种A好还是B好或者你认为如何如何怎么样的题目),______小时,写_______字以上的文章。

第二讲综合写作步骤要点

1.总结听力材料summarize the lecture:

The speaker talks about

The lecture discusses/is mainly discussing

The professor made the point that

2.引出要点introduce key points:

First/second/third

First/then/another point is that

Or express the key point directly in a topic sentence.

3.引出例子introduce examples or reasons:

For example(instance)/one example is/such as/that is

4.增加例子add examples or reasons:

Next/Furthermore/another example is/in addition

5.对比观点Show contrast between ideas:

However/In contrast/on the contrary/on the other hand/but

6.精彩opening:

1)The lecture discusses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…

2)The professor made the point that….The reading does not discuss this point.

Another important point is that…,but the reading does not discuss the point.

Finally,the Professor stated that….

In general,the Professor discusses problems of…that the reading does not include.

3)According to the lecture,….On the other hand/while the reading stated that…

The professor made the point that….On the contrary/however/in contrast,the writer demonstrated an idea that…

The lecture supports/illustrates the idea that…

The lecture contradicts/refutes/is in contrary to/is the opposite of the idea that…对材料的指称:

The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture

The writer/narrator/reading material/writing

Paragraph1First key point from the lecture

Examples from the lecture

Explanation or connection to the reading

Paragraph2Second key point from the lecture

Examples from the lecture

Explanation or connection to the reading

Paragraph3Third key point from the lecture

Examples from the lecture

Explanation or connection to the reading

示例模板:

The lecture is mainly discussing______,________and___________by_________,challenging what are stated in the reading passage that_________,_________and_______.

First of all,the speaker thinks that___________.In contrast,the reading passage believes that _____________.So,the lectures totally disagree with the view made in the reading.

Second,the speaker discusses___________,Contradicting what is stated in the reading that

_____________________.

Finally,the speakers raises the issue that___________.This point disagrees with the point that ________________demonstrated in the reading.

So,the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.

第三讲综合写作句子模板

1.in the lecture,the professor made several points about.......the professor argues that.....However, the reading passage contends that......The professor's lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of point that are contrary to....

2.the first point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is that....According to the professor...........differs from the reading in that the reading states.....The point made by the professor casts doubt on the reading because....

3.Another point that the professor uses to cast doubt on the reading is....The professor claims that.....However,the reading states.....This point is contradicted by.....

4.Finally,the professor stated that,on the contrary of reading,......In other words,.....This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates,because.....

differ from,disagree with,cast doubt on,conflict with,challenge

5.In the lecture,the professor made several points about...The lecture argues that.....The points made by the professor agree with.....In fact,the examples used by the professor support...

6.In the lecture,the professor made several points about...The lecture argues that.....The points made by the professor agree with.....In fact,the examples used by the professor support...

7.Furthermore,the professor bolsters the reading by stating that....

The professor claims that.....This point agrees with the reading,which contends that.....

8.Finally,the professor states that,in support of the reading,.....Specifically,.....This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicats because

enhance,uphold,,justify,to substantiate,to advance,

The lecture is mainly discussing______,________and___________by_________,challenging what are stated in the reading passage that_________,_________and_______.First of all,the speaker thinks that___________.In contrast,the reading passage believes that_____________.So, the lecture totally disagree with the view made in the reading.

Second,the speaker discusses___________,Contradicting what is stated in the reading that

_____________________.Finally,the speakers raises the issue that___________.This point disagrees that________________demonstrated in the reading.

So,the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.

第四讲作文保分关键点

要写好此篇作文关键有以下几点:

1.考生必须从根本上掌握英语的结构。阅读时,记下这些_________和support points的_________.

2.听力时,考生要记下说话者是如何_______这些Points的。注意的是说话者的________不一定按照阅读文章的演进顺序进行。

如果points没有漏掉,接下来的关键就是考生如何表达说话者和阅读内容的关系了。

The lecture is mainly discussing______,________and___________by

_________,challenging what are stated in the reading passage that_________,_________and

_______.

First of all,the speaker thinks that___________.In contrast,the reading passage believes that _____________.So,the lecture totally disagrees with the view made in the reading.

Second,the speaker discusses___________,Contradicting what is stated in the reading that _____________________.

Finally,the speakers raises the issue that___________.This point disagrees that

________________demonstrated in the reading.

So,the contents in the reading passage are totally jeopardized by the speaker and the speaker has totally different ideas on the topics made in the reading.

第五讲独立写作高分范文

Highways or public transportation,which should be given preferential financing?

Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways,or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation(buses,trains,subways)?Why?Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

『分析』

资金运用的基本原则a higher input-output ratio is desirable。

政府也需要盈利

高速公路,是有盈利的。并且有利于促进经济繁荣,进一步增加税收。

公共交通,是政府开销。但是市政府的职责。

结合我国情况选择立场。比如:可以认为目前要大力发展高速公路,而其收入可以用来开发公共交通。

『范文』

As China continues along the road of economic development,new demands are being put on the transportation infrastructure of the country.This is particularly evident in the cities,where daily traffic jams are unavoidable facts of life.Faced with a mounting traffic crisis,I believe the government should focus on improving public transportation instead of improving roads and highways.Public transportation is cheaper,better for the environment,and a better long-term solution for meeting the transportation demands of the future.

The traffic crisis in large cities is mainly due to the increase in the number of private cars on the road.If30people each drive their own private cars to work in the morning,polluting emissions from these30cars pollute the air.Having30extra cars on the road not only means more traffic,it also means that all cars on the road will run their engines longer to produce more pollution while they idle in traffic jams.On the contrary,if those same30people take the bus to work,there would be less traffic,and even less pollution.More bus and subway lines would also save much space now wasted on parking lots,which makes sense from both environmental and city-planning perspectives. Investment in public transportation also makes sense for the customer.The most expensive public transportation in the city costs about5yuan.Two trips across the city every day for a whole year would still be less than a fifth of the cost of a new car,not to mention the inevitable expenditure of

maintaining a good performance of the car.Taking into account the considerable upkeep expenses of a car,gas,insurance,and repairs,owning a car is much less economic and convenient than is taking the bus or the subway.

While some people would argue that investing money on highways is imperative for holistic benefits of our country,I personally believe the need for solving current traffic disasters that are prevalent in most such major cities as Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangzhou is more urgent.The problem has already become the biggest headache of local governments and their residents,and would cost even more if not handled promptly.

The causes of people's longevity today

In general,people are living longer now.Discuss the causes of this https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e4203127.html,e specific reasons and details to develop your essay.

『分析』

现象描述:20世纪初全球平均年龄(life expectancy)大约45岁。到20世纪末,这个数字已经增长到70岁左右。

人们越来越长寿的原因:

越来越好的饮食条件,饮食卫生,越来越科学的饮食模式

越来越发达的医疗技术、越来越完善的医疗保健系统

经济稳定、社会稳定。极端的例子:前苏联(the previous Soviet Union)解体(disintegration/breakup)后,俄罗斯的平均年龄大幅度下降

『范文』

Among various factors that contribute to today's longevity of people are three most obvious ones: the improvement of food conditions,the development of modern medical technology,and finally current stability of economy in our country.

Food conditions are better than before and are still being developed with a rapid pace.First of all, foods are more hygienic.People today drink untainted mineral water,sterilized skim milk,which are cheaply supplied in supermarkets.Furthermore,foods are more nutrient.Not to mention various carefully designed nutrient products.People can just ignore the possibility of being dystrophic, since they can keep nutrient balance by simply taking a cheap pill of vitamin compound every day. Another essential improvement that contributes to people's longevity is swiftly developing medical technology.Development of modern medical technology has always been amazing.Certain diseases such as tuberculosis,pneumonia,and dysentery are now easy to remedy with low expenses,but in the past,they are all probably lethal ones.The dental technology seems developed little except its exorbitantly charged bill,yet the simplest technology contributes to people's longevity most.It is not difficult to imagine that if an individual who lived in the past got a toothache,without certain dental care which is common today,he was certainly in an awful prospect:he might even die of a toothache!

Current societal and economic stabilization is also a very indispensable factor.People have less pressure in a more stable society,the less pressure they suffer,the healthier they are.Today's ideal stabilization even provides people an opportunity to secure their future—buy insurances.Various

types of insurances are readily available,which make people feel safe,and have to a large extent reduced people'anxieties,and therefore indirectly contribute significantly to the longevity of people.

Do you like a new movie theater being built in your neighborhood?

It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood.Do you support or oppose this plan?Why?Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

『范文』Many people consider our town a small provincial backwater,lacking both culture and the amenities of modern life.Building the recently proposed movie theater would be a step in the right direction,away from our backwards past,and towards participation in the larger world.It will create jobs,spark economic activity,and provide entertainment and culture for our young people. Movie theaters are necessarily large-scale affairs,attract a large amount of customers,and accordingly need to employ a fairly large number of people as ushers,concession stand chefs and attendants,ticket sellers,and janitorial staff,as well as projection technicians,managers, accountants,and other higher-level professionals.The employees would be drawn from the local population,and considering the tight job market in the area,the movie theatre would provide much needed full or supplement incomes for at least thirty families in the area.

Going to the movies is usually an evening experience that either precedes or comes directly after eating dinner.For this reason many restaurants,cafes,bars,music shops,and other leisure and entertainment venues spring up around movie theatres.People who are going to the movies have disposable incomes and have already left their houses in search of a good time.This is an ideal market,and local entrepreneurs are certain to capitalize on the opportunity to open up new business ventures and develop the lucrative area around the movie theater,further invigorating the local economy.

In addition to providing jobs and developing the local economy,a movie theater will bring us a little bit closer to the outside world.We will be able to participate in popular culture.A movie theater is one step in this direction,and if we can successfully transform our sleepy little hamlet into a regional cultural hot spot,we will be able to keep our young people from migrating to larger cities that they consider more developed and sophisticated.Our young people are our most precious resource and we should do everything to keep them here.

Is it true that media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Television,newspapers,magazines,and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e4203127.html,e specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

『分析』

不能同意这个观点——因为这样的说法过于片面。

有些..媒体(大众传媒mass media)表现得过于关注名人。但是真正的起因(the real cause)却是大众(the public;the broad masses of the people)本身——大众过于关注名人以及名人的私生活。媒体不过是在迎合大众(cater to the needs of customers;过去几年里,电视一直迎合大众的口味。In the past several years,television has been playing to the gallery.),因为媒体也是商业机构(commercial organization),

也要盈利(profit-driving)。

不是所有....媒体都在一味迎合大众,也不是所有的television program,newspaper column 都在关注名人。

『范文』

It is true that television programs concerning personal lives of celebrities always receive the highest audience rating.It is also true that newspapers and magazines are constantly reporting stories, which are usually beyond confirmation,about famous people,and that autobiographies written by public figures are always on the top10best-sellers'list.It seems that we live in a world where a few individuals are drawing nearly all attentions.Nevertheless,it is not exactly precise to criticize the mass media,including television,newspapers,magazines and so forth,for paying too much focus on the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.

In fact,it is the public,to a large extent,rather than mass media,that is paying too much attention on personal lives of celebrities.Most organizations of mass media industry,being inherently commercial,are driven by business motivations.Television program producers,as well as columnists and writers,are always aware of what the public want to see,therefore tend to pander to tastes of the public.To put in another way,the mass media is audience-oriented,and the phenomenon is well interpreted and manipulated that when famous people such as actors,athletes and rock stars give their opinions,many people listen.It is the nature of the public,who are curious enough about personal lives of famous people,since they can never be famous.

On the other hand,it is holistically detrimental for the society if the mass media pay too much focus

on famous few so as to ignore the rest of the individuals.After all,the mission of the mass media is not merely to cater to the needs of customers,but has a much wider scope,such as to tell the truth, to define what is good and what is bad;to promote cultural values,and the list could be endless. More popular science programs should be produced by television,more reports on poor rural lives should be publicized,more books concerning not famous but respectable people such as,nurses who are fighting SARS fearlessly,teachers who are performing their duties regardless of poverty of remote villages,journalists who publicize their pieces under political menace,and this is another endless list should be written.

Does human activity improve or damage the earth?

Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed(damaged)by human activity.Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live.What is your opinion?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

『分析』

不要急于选择。两种观点都过于含混。Human activity指的是什么?

饮食起居:广东人把某种海豚(dolphin)吃得almost extinct;美国人养宠物鹦鹉(parrot),导致南美洲很多

稀有品种(rare species)濒临灭绝。

科学研究:好的例子很多,比如电的发明。不好的也很多,克隆(clone)技术、基因重组(gene engineering)技术,可能导致道德(moral value)的沦丧(deteriorated;ruined);诺贝尔的发明(炸药explosive)究竟杀了多少人?塑料袋(plastic bags)的发明,导致了多少white pollution?

战争:从来都是灾难。生化武器,比如炭疽病毒(anthrax)

结论:人类的行为对地球的影响,有好的,也有坏的。很难说哪一种更多。

相关题目:

『范文』

The environment is usually changed to benefit human life.Cars and roads make transportation fast and easy,factories make products that make our lives more comfortable,public services in cities like water treatment,electricity,and waste disposal make our lives more convenient.All of these advances,however,come with a significant environmental cost.Human activity does significant damage to the Earth.

One of the main effects of human activity on an area is water pollution.Dumping waste materials from human activity into rivers and streams is popular because the waste seems to disappear downstream.The main sources of water pollution are factory waste,oil and gas runoff from highways,and untreated human waste.When this waste dumped into rivers,the water downstream becomes undrinkable and unusable for agriculture,and also kills plant and animal life in the rivers. Clean air and water is a prerequisite not only for human life,but also for all life on the planet.But air is now being polluted by modern transportation,notably gas-powered automobiles,as well as electrical generators that burn fossil fuels and pour polluting chemical waste into the air.This makes the air much less healthy to breathe.The air-borne pollution also falls back to the earth in the form of acid rain,which destroys plant life and human buildings.

Another serious long-term effect of air pollution is global warming.For the past several decades scientists have noted a disturbing rise in the average temperature of the earth that caused by the rise of greenhouse gases,air pollutants created by burning fossil fuels,in the atmosphere.Scientists believe that if humans continue to increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,the temperature of the earth will continue to rise.Eventually,this could melt the polar ice caps and cause devastating costal flooding all over the world.Major cities like Hong Kong,Shanghai,and Dalian might be totally destroyed.

Therefore,I believe human activity has caused serious problems while it has improved the world in which we live.It is time to realize this hazard and take action to prevent further disaster while making progress.

A transportation vehicle that has changed people's lives

Choose one of the following transportation vehicles and explain why you think it has changed people's lives.

?automobiles

?bicycles

?airplanes

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

『分析』

应该选择automobiles。注意,要回答为什么...汽车改变了人们的生活。

汽车改变了人们的时间、空间观念,进而改变了人们的生活。

汽车使货物的远程运输成为可能,进而使人们可以购买更多的商品。

汽车使汽油变得格外重要,直接间接导致了很多中东地区的战争。

汽车使空气污染更加严重,导致人们的健康受到影响

相关题目:

『范文』

Automobiles,as the exponent of modern transportation vehicles,virtually have contributed to modern life more than most people have imagined,even though automobiles,as is true of all other technologies,have also created many problems.

The advancement of modern transportation,certainly including that of automobiles,has made more goods available in local markets.For example,in China,some fruits are only cultivated in the southern part of the country and not in the northern,such as litchi,sugarcane,pineapple—partly due to sheer gradient of temperature.Thanks to the advancement of modern transportation system, people in the northern part of the country can now get those southern cultivated fruits readily available in almost every local market.In the far past when such system didn't exist,when goods could be transported only by primitive tools such as carts,some fruits such as litchi were the privilege of imperial household.

At the same time,the development of modern transportation has also made goods in local markets much less expensive.Take litchi for example again.Two decades ago,litchi was pretty expensive, and was a luxury.But the development has made the transportation easier and the cost lower and lower.On the other hand,due to previous Edited by Lost Lawyer factors,more merchants are engaged in the business that simultaneously intensified the competition,which certainly affected the

prices.Thus,the price of litchi subsequently dropped.The same goes for other goods as well.Today, people are able to buy almost any goods they want no matter where the origin of the goods is,and to make choice among more counterparts,and the best of all,to take the goods home with less expenditure.

Moreover,advanced transportation vehicles such as automobiles have to some extent made people more independent than before.It is not hard to imagine that50years ago a young widow who lived in a small village and whose husband had died when she was23had little chance to get married again,for the sake of the tradition or culture,or whatever.But if that happened in the present day, things would be entirely different.Advanced transportation vehicles being readily available,she could easily get to another city within at most2days and by lower expenses,say from the small village located in the north east of China to the far southern city,Guangzhou-several thousands of miles away.That's a big city,that's a new city,and nobody knows her there;she has a brand new start,and she is entirely independent.

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