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食品专业英语Lesson6课文与讲解.docx

食品专业英语Lesson6课文与讲解.docx
食品专业英语Lesson6课文与讲解.docx

Lesion 6 Amino Acids (1)

课题引入(时间:5分钟):

1、结合营养学上氨基酸的知识,说明氨基酸类英文资料的必要性。

讲授新内容

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一、例文中第一部分的翻译学习(时间:20分钟) Amino acids are produced using a range of technologies including direct fermentation, biotransformation of precursors using cells or enzymes, extraction of protein hydrolysates and chemical synthesis. They have a variety of uses as nutrients and flavours in the food and feed industries. Table 1 indicates the annual demand, production methods and applications of amino acids in the food industry. Important amino acids with non-food applications include L-arginine, L-gludtamine, L-histidine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-valine.

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二、例文中第二部分的翻译学习(时间:10分钟) While fermentation or biotransformation processes have been developed for production of all amino acids except glycine, L-cysteine and L-cystine, not all of these processes are commercially viable. L-asparagine, L-leucine, L-tyrosine, L-cysteine, and L-cystine are produced by purification of protein hydrolysates. 在食品和饲料工业中,氨基酸具有诸如作为营养素和提高风味的多种用途。

氨基酸的生产有很多途径,包括直接发酵法、用细胞或酶合成前提的方法、蛋

白水解物抽提法和化学合成法。

表1指在食品工业中,生产氨基酸的每年的产量、方法和应用目的。

重要的非食品用氨基酸包含L-精氨酸、L-谷氨酰胺、 L-组氨酸、 L-亮氨酸、 L-苯丙氨酸、 L-酪氨酸和L-缬氨酸。

在发酵或生物合成的生产过程中,现已经可以生产除甘氨酸、L-半胱氨酸和胱

氨酸之外所有的氨基酸了,但并不是所有的生产方法都可进行商业生产。

L-天冬酰胺、L-亮氨酸、L-酪氨酸、L-半胱氨酸和L-胱氨酸的生产是对蛋白水解物的提纯方法。

Chemical synthesis is more economical for production of optically-inactive racemic 化学合成方法更适宜生产不旋光的外消旋混合物D-和L-异构体,如D、L-蛋

氨酸,D、L-色氨酸和甘氨酸。

mixtures of D- and L-isomers, and D, L-Methionine, D, L-tryptophan and glycine are

produced in this way. Processing involving amino acylase enzymes may be used to

在上述生产中,可以使用氨基转移酶

来解决消除外消旋混合物的产生。resolve these racemic mixtures.

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三、例文中第二部分的翻译学习

Microbial strains from the genera Croynebacterium and Brevibacterium have 人们已经认识到,发酵生产氨基酸中重要的菌株来源于棒状杆菌和短杆菌属。

assumed major importance in the production of amino acids by fermentation. Natural 自然界分离的这些野生菌株就能够分泌大量的谷氨酸。

isolates of these strains can excrete large quantities of glutamic acid. Because of cell

metabolic regulatory mechanisms, particularly end-prodcut repression and inhibition, 由于细胞有代谢调节机制,特别是终产物的抑制作用,野生的种群很少分泌大

量水平的氨基酸。

substantial levels of amino acids are rarely excreted by wild-type isolates. Production

of commercial quantities of the amino acids has been dependent on the successful 商业上生产氨基酸的产量就决定于能否成功应用可分泌大量氨基酸的菌株突变体。

development of deregulated mutants. The two most important methods involve use of

auxotrophic and regulatory mutants or a combination of the two. Auxotrophic mutants, 有两种重要的方法可获得营养缺陷体和调控突变株,或者两者同时缺陷的突变体。which lack the enzyme needed to form the regulatory effector metabolite (often the

end-product), many accumulate and excrete the metabolic intermediate which is the

substrate for the eliminated enzyme. A lysine auxotroph, for example, lacks an enzyme in the pathway necessary for lysine synthesis and requires lysine, or a metabolic precursor which can be converted to lysine, for growth. End-product inhibition by the amino acid product of an unbranched biosynthetic pathway may be avoided by the development of regulatory mutants, having an altered feedback-insensitive key enzyme, thus allowing accumulation of the particular amino acid. Analogues of the end-product, which are also capable of inhibition of the sensitive key enzyme, may be used in screening methods for selection of analogue-resistant or regulatory mutants. Revertants may be selected from auxotrophic mutants (apparently lacking the key regulatory enzyme) which produce a modified deregulated enzyme.

没有支路得生物合成途径生产的氨基酸终产物的抑制作用也许可以通过调控突变体的发展而避免,该调控突变体具有对反馈抑制不敏感的关键酶,从而可以积累某些特殊的氨基酸。 营养缺陷突变体就是缺少某种酶,可调控代谢受体的形成(一般是终产物);积累或分泌需要的代谢中产物可作为消除该酶抑制反应。

例如,赖氨酸缺陷体,缺少赖氨酸合成途径中的一个酶,必需添加赖氨酸或者其代谢前提才能转化成赖氨酸来满足生长需求。

终产物类似物也能对抑制敏感的关键酶产生抑制作用;这时可以选择抗类似物的或可调节类似物作用的突变体,来屏蔽此种抑制作用。

从营养缺陷突变体(显然缺失关键调节酶)中筛选回复子,其可意产生一种能更好解除抑制的酶。

没有支路得生物合成途径生产的氨基酸终产物的抑制作用也许可以通过调控突变体的发展而避免,该调控突变体具有对反馈抑制不敏感的关键酶,从而可以积累某些特殊的氨基酸。

Lesion 6 Amino Acids (2)

——Glutamic Acid Production

课题引入(时间:5分钟):

1、结合上节课学习的内容和营养学上氨基酸的知识,说明氨基酸类英文资料的必要性。

讲授新内容

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一、例文中第一段的翻译学习(时间:10分钟)

The flavour-enhancing properties of sodium glutamate were discovered in

在20世纪初谷氨酸钠的鲜味增强作用在日本被发现,

Japan at the start of the twentieth century and a fermentation process for its 目前通过谷氨酸钠棒状杆菌发酵来生产,每年世界市场有400000吨。

production by Corynebacterium glutamicum currently supplies and annual world market of about 400 000t.

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二、例文中第二段的翻译学习(时间:15分钟)

Molasses or starch hydrolysates are generally used for commercial production of 糖蜜或者淀粉水解物通常被用来进行谷氨酸棒状杆菌和相关菌系的谷氨酸商品生产glutamic acid by C. glutamicum and related strains. An ample supply of a suitable

nitrogen source such as ammonium salts is essential, since NH3 is incorporated into 适当氮源,例如铵盐的充足补充是非常必要的,因为NH是氨基酸分子的组成部分。

the amino acid molecule. Glutamic acid producing bacteria can also utilize urea as

谷氨酸生产菌也能利用尿素作为氮源。

nitrogen source. The concertration of ammonium ion must be maintained at a low 铵离子浓度必须在介质中维持较低的水平,因为较高浓度对细胞生长和产物形成是有害的。level in the medium as higher concentrations are detrimental to cell growth and

product formation. The pH of medium tends to drop due to cell glutamate excretion

and ammonium ion assimilation, and gaseous ammonia is used as a means of 介质中的pH是逐渐降低的,这是由于细胞谷氨酸的释放和铵离子的消耗。simultaneously medium nitrogen level and a fermentation pH optimum of 7.0-8.0.

气态氨通常被用来作为监测介质中实时氮水平的指标。发酵的最适pH是7.0-8.0。Glutamate biosynthesis is an aerobic process requiring oxygen throughout the 谷氨酸盐的生物合成是一个需氧过程,需要通过发酵来获得氧气。fermentation.

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三、例文中第三段的翻译学习(时间:20分钟)

Glutamate-producing bacteria require biotin for growth but accumulation of the 谷氨酸盐生产菌的生长需要生物素,在生物素浓度为0.5μg/g细胞(干重)时

amino acid is maximum at a critical biotin concentration of 0.5μg/g cells (dry), 氨基酸的积累量达到最大值。但该条件不是达到菌最大生长值的条件。

which is sub-optimal for maximum growth. Excess biotin, while supporting abundant

growth, impairs glutamate accumulation. Addition of C16-C18saturated fatty acids 过量的生物素在维持足够的生长时,会消弱谷氨酸盐的积累。在生长过程中添加C16-C18 during growth also permits accumulation of glutamate even in presence of high biotin 饱和脂肪酸甚至在高浓度生物素存在的条件下也能促进谷氨酸盐的积累。concentrations. This is because accumulation of the amino acid id primarily controlled

by its rate of excretion rather than by its rate of biosynthesis. Biotin is a co-factor of 这是因为氨基酸的积累主要受它释放速率而不是生物合成速率的影响。

acetyl CoA carboxylase(羧化酶), the first enzyme in the pathway for biosynthesis of 生物素是乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的协同因子,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶是油酸(不饱和的,C18:1)oleic acid (unsaturated, C18:1 ) and its subsequent incorporation into phospholipids.

生物合成通路的第一个酶,随后它又掺入磷脂。

C16-C18 saturated fatty acid repress acety CoA carboxylase. Phospholipids appear to C16-C18饱和脂肪酸抑制乙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性。

regulate the permeability of the cell to glutamate and sub-optimal biotin 磷脂看来具有调节细胞中谷氨酸盐、不适生物素浓度或C16-C18饱和脂肪酸渗透的功能,concentrations or C16-C18saturated fatty acids to decrease the concentration of 因此降低细胞中磷脂的浓度,能增加细胞谷氨酸的渗透。

phospholipids in the cell, thereby increasing cell permeability to glutamate.

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四、例文中第四段的翻译学习(时间:10分钟)

Even in the presence of excess biotin, glutamic acid producing bacteria, grown in 在青霉素存在下的谷氨酸生产菌,在过量生物素存在的条件下也能积累大量的谷氨酸盐。

the presence of penicillin, can accumulate large amounts of glutamate. Penicillin

inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis and the enhanced accumulation of glutamate is

thought to result from the formation of swollen cells with weakened cell walls, 青霉素抑制细菌细胞壁的合成,导致了肿胀细胞的形成,消弱了细胞壁,破坏了细胞resulting in damage to the permeability barrier of the cell membrane.

膜的渗透障碍,提高谷氨酸盐的积累。

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五、例文中第五段的翻译学习(时间:25分钟)

Under optimized conditions for glutamate production from hexose, the 对己糖生产谷氨酸进行优化条件,控制EMP途径是最关键的;其是连接糖

转化成三羧酸的桥梁。

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway predominates, channeling carbon precusors into the tricarboxylic acid. The NADPH + H+ formed in the oxidative decarboxylation(氧

化脱羧) of isocitrate (异柠檬酸盐) to α-ketoglutarate provides the reduced co-factor 在异柠檬酸盐氧化脱羧转化为α酮戊二酸时形成的NADPH+H+提供了减少与NH3 which together with NH3 is required for conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate 共同协同作用的协同因子,这些对α酮戊二酸通过谷氨酸盐脱氢酶转化为谷氨酸盐是必须的。

【免费下载】食品专业英语教案professional communication

Lesson11 Professional Communication 1、Resume A resume is a brief summary of the details of a person’s life that are of interest to fellow professionals. It can make or break you in your search for a job or in application for an admission to a university. A strong resume may be the sole difference in getting a call for an interview. An effective resume may win you a job interview.1.1Q: What should be included in a resume?A: Almost every resume should include sections about objective, education, work experience, publications, personality.(1) Objective :You should offer your goal of acquiring a certain position.(2) Education: Stress your high marks here. Remember to include any training related to the position you are applying. (3) Work experience: make certain you include your part-time job and summer employment you had during your college years in this section.(4) Personal: you should tell the employer about yourself. Share the information about what you like to do in your free time. This information offers areas the employer can talk about and lighten the interview.1.2如何写英文简历英文简历的格式结构包括页眉部分、教育背景、工作经历和个人资料四部分。1.2.1页眉部分 1)名字, 名字有7种写法:例如“李扬”: 1) Yang LI 2) YANG LI 3) Yang Li 4) Yang Li 5) Li, Yang 6) Li Yang 7) LI Yang 2)地址 北京以后要写中国,但不必用PRC 等,因为用 China 简单清楚。邮编的标准写法是放在省市名与国名之间, 起码放在China 之前,因为是中国境内的邮编。 、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术,不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范问题,而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中,要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等,要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式,为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题,合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则:在分线盒处,当不同电压回路交叉时,应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理;同一线槽内,强电回路须同时切断习题电源,线缆敷设完毕,要进行检查和检测处理。、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备,在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验;通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系,根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求,对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验;对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作;对于继电保护进行整核对定值,审核与校对图纸,编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案,编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案;对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题,作为调试人员,需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料,并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况,然后根据规范与规程规定,制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术,电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时,需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全,并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围,或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理,尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作,并且拒绝动作,来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此,电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术,要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时,需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。

(完整版)食品专业英语词汇

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天津农学院食品专业英语期末试题答案a卷

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