国际经济学

B

1.Unlike the mercantilists, Adam Smith maintained that:

a. Trade benefits one nation only at the expense of another nation

b. Government control of trade leads to maximum economic welfare

c. All nations can gain from free international trade

d. The world's output of goods must remain constant over time

2.According to the principle of comparative advantage, specialization and trade increase a nation's total output since:

a. Resources are directed to their highest productivity

b. The output of the nation's trading partner declines

c. The nation can produce outside of its production possibilities curve

d. The problem of unemployment is eliminated

3.If a production possibilities curve is bowed out (i.e., concave) in appearance, production occurs under conditions of:

a. Constant opportunity costs

b. Increasing opportunity costs

c. Decreasing opportunity costs

d. Zero opportunity costs

4.If Hong Kong and Taiwan had identical labor costs but were subject to increasing costs of production:

a. Trade would depend on differences in demand conditions

b. Trade would depend on economies of large-scale production

c. Trade would depend on the use of different currencies

d. There would be no basis for gainful trade

5.If Canada experiences increasing opportunity costs, its supply schedule of steel will be:

a. Downward-sloping

b. Upward-sloping

c. Horizontal

d. Vertical

6.Which of the following suggests that a nation will export the commodity in the production of which a great deal of its

relatively abundant and cheap factor is used?

a. The Linder theory

b. The product life cycle theory

c. The MacDougall theory

d. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory

7.Assume that Country A, in the absence of trade, finds itself relatively abundant in labor and relatively scarce in land.

The factor endowment theory reasons that with free trade, the internal distribution of national income in Country

A will change in favor of:

a. Labor

b. Land

c. Both labor and land

d. Neither labor nor land

8.The Leontief paradox:

a. Was applied to the product life cycle theory

b. Suggested that the U.S. exports labor-intensive goods

c. Found that national income differences underlie world trade patterns

d. Implied that diseconomies of scale occur at low output levels

9.Linder's theory of overlapping demand provides an explanation of:

a. Product life cycle theory

b. Factor endowment model

c. Economies of large-scale production

d. Intraindustry trade

10.In explaining international trade, the product life cycle theory focuses on

a. Tastes and preferences

b. The role of technological innovation

c. Per-capita income levels of nations

d. Both b and c.

11.The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight welfare losses for the home economy. These losses consist

of the:

a. Protective effect plus consumption effect

b. Redistribution effect plus revenue effect

c. Revenue effect plus protective effect

d. Consumption effect plus redistribution effect

12.When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, its tariff policy

generally results in a:

a. Effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate

b. Nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate

c. Rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates

d. Fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates

13.When the production of a commodity does not utilize imported inputs, the effective tariff rate on the commodity:

a. Exceeds the nominal tariff rate on the commodity

b. Equals the nominal tariff rate on the commodity

c. Is less than the nominal tariff rate on the commodity

d. None of the above

Figure 4.1 illustrates the demand and supply schedules for pocket calculators in Mexico, a "small" nation that is

unable to affect the world price.

Figure 4.1.

Import Tariff Levied by a "Small" Country

14.Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, Mexico's producer surplus and consumer surplus respectively equal:

a. $5, $605

b. $25, $380

c. $45, $250

d. $85, $195

15.Consider Figure 4.1. With a per-unit tariff of $3, the quantity of imports decreases to:

a. 20 calculators

b. 40 calculators

c. 50 calculators

d. 70 calculators

16.Which of the following refers to a market-sharing pact negotiated by trading partners to moderate the intensity of

international competition?

a. Orderly marketing agreement

b. Local content requirements

c. Import quota

d. Trigger price mechanism

17.Which trade restriction stipulates the percentage of a product's total value that must be produced domestically in order

for that product to be sold domestically?

a. Import quota

b. Orderly marketing agreement

c. Local content requirement

d. Government procurement policy

18.If a tariff and an import quota lead to equivalent increases in the domestic price of steel, then:

a. The quota results in efficiency reductions but the tariff does not

b. The tariff results in efficiency reductions but the quota does not

c. They have different impacts on how much is produced and consumed

d. They have different impacts on how income is distributed

Figure 5.1 illustrates the steel market for Mexico, assumed to be a "small" country that is unable to affect the

world price. Suppose the world price of steel is given and constant at $200 per ton. Now suppose the Mexican

steel industry is able to obtain trade protection.

Figure5.1.AlternativeNontariffTradeBarriersLeviedbya"Small"Country

19.Referring to Figure 5.1, suppose the Mexican government imposes an import quota equal to 2 tons of steel.

If foreign exporters behave as monopoly sellers, and Mexican importers behave as competitive buyers, the overall

welfare loss of the quota to Mexico equals:

a. $200

b. $400

c. $600

d. $800

20.Referring to Figure 5.1, suppose the Mexican government imposes an import quota equal to 2 tons of steel.

If the Mexican government auctions import licenses to the highest foreign bidder, the overall welfare loss of the

quota to Mexico equals:

a. $200

b. $400

c. $600

d. $800

21.The World Trade Organization was established by the ____ of multilateral trade negotiations:

a. Kennedy Round

b. Tokyo Round

c. Uruguay Round

d. Clinton Round

22.A trade policy designed to alleviate some domestic economic problem by exporting it to foreign countries is known as

a (an):

a. International dumping policy

b. Trade adjustment assistance policy

c. Most-favored-nation policy

d. Beggar-thy-neighbor policy

23.Which of the following is not a major factor that encourages developing nations to form international commodity

agreements?

a. Inelastic commodity supply schedules

b. Inelastic commodity demand schedules

c. Export markets that tend to be unstable

d. Secular increases in their terms of trade

24.A primary goal of international commodity agreements has been the:

a. Maximization of members' revenues via export taxes

b. Nationalization of corporations operating in member nations

c. Adoption of tariff protection against industrialized nation sellers

d. Moderation of commodity price fluctuations when markets are unstable

25.Which of the following represents the stage where economic integration is most complete?

a. Economic union

b. Customs union

c. Monetary union

d. Common market

26.Customs union theory reasons that the formation of a customs union will decrease members' real welfare when the:

a. Trade diversion effect exceeds the trade creation effect

b. Trade production effect exceeds the trade consumption effect

c. Trade consumption effect exceeds the trade production effect

d. Trade creation effect exceeds the trade diversion effect

27.Assume that the formation of a customs union turns out to include the lowest-cost world producer of the product in

question. Which effect could not occur for the participating countries?

a. Trade creation-production effect

b. Trade creation-consumption effect

c. Trade diversion

d. Scale economies and competition

28.Which type of multinational diversification occurs when the parent firm establishes foreign subsidiaries to produce

intermediate goods going into the production of finished goods?

a. Forward vertical integration

b. Backward vertical integration

c. Forward horizontal integration

d. Backward horizontal integration

29.Which of the following best refers to the outright construction or purchase abroad of productive facilities, such as

manufacturing plants, by domestic residents?

a. Direct investment

b. Portfolio investment

c. Short-term capital investment

d. Long-term capital investment

30.Multinational enterprises may provide benefits to their source (home) countries because they may:

a. Secure raw materials for the source country

b. Shift source country technology overseas via licensing

c. Export products which reflect source-country comparative disadvantage

d. Result in lower wages for source-country workers

1.The trade theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo viewed the determination of competitiveness from the demand

side of the market.

2.According to the principle of absolute advantage, international trade is beneficial to the world if one nation has an

absolute cost advantage in the production of one good while the other nation has an absolute cost advantage in the

other good.

3.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that relative differences in labor productivity underlie comparative advantage.

4.The factor-endowment theory highlights the relative abundance of a nation's resources as the key factor underlying

comparative advantage.

5.The nominal tariff rate signifies the total increase in domestic productive activities compared to what would occur

under free-trade conditions.

6.When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the

result tends to be a high rate of protection for domestic producers of the final product.

7.Although the Tokyo Round of international trade negotiations reduced the Buy-American restrictions of the U.S.

government, many state governments have maintained restrictive Buy-American policies.

8.A subsidy granted to import-competing producers is intended to lead to increased domestic production and decreased

imports for the home country.

9.The high point of U.S. protectionism occurred with the passage of the Kennedy Act in the 1960s.

10.With the passage of the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, U.S. average tariffs were raised to over 50 percent on protected

imports.

11.Most developing-nation exports go to industrial nations while most developing-nation imports originate in industrial

nations.

12.The majority of developing-nation exports are primary products such as agricultural goods and raw materials; of the

manufactured goods exported by developing nations, most are labor-intensive goods.

13.Under the variable levy system of the European Union, EU farmers are protected against import competition by tariffs

that vary inversely with the world price.

14.Trade creation tends to more than offset trade diversion for a home country forming a customs union with partner

countries when: (1) the tariff rate in the home country is high prior to the formation of the customs union; (2) there

are a large number of countries forming the customs union.

15.International trade in goods and services and flows of productive factors are substitutes for each other.

Is it possible for a low nominal tariff rate to understate the effective rate of protection? What is tariff escalation?

[KEYS]

P A R T I

1 – 5 C A B A B

6 - 10 D A B D B

11- 15 A B B A B

16- 20 A C D D B

21- 25 C D D D C

26- 30 A C B A A

PART II

1 – 5 F T F T F

6 - 10 T T T F T

11- 15 T T T T T

P AR T II I

Is it possible for a low nominal tariff rate to understate the effective rate of protection? What is

tariff escalation?

Yes. In some countries, the effective rate of protection is more than twice the nominal rate. The effective

rate of protection takes into account the effects of tariffs levied on raw materials and intermediate goods. Tariff structures of industrialized nations have generally been characterized by rates that give greater protection to intermediate and finished products than to primary commodities. This is referred to as tariff escalation.

A

1.Unlike Adam Smith, David Ricardo's trading principle emphasizes the:

a. Demand side of the market

b. Supply side of the market

c. Role of comparative costs

d. Role of absolute costs

2.In a two-product, two-country world, international trade can lead to increases in:

a. Consumer welfare only if output of both products is increased

b. Output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries

c. Total production of both products, but not consumer welfare in both countries

d. Consumer welfare in both countries, but not total production of both products

3.The trading-triangle concept is used to indicate a nation's:

a. Exports, marginal rate of transformation, terms of trade

b. Imports, terms of trade, marginal rate of transformation

c. Marginal rate of transformation, imports, exports

d. Terms of trade, exports, imports

4.International trade is based on the notion that:

a. Different currencies are an obstacle to international trade

b. Goods are more mobile internationally than are resources

c. Resources are more mobile internationally than are goods

d. A country's exports should always exceed its imports

5.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Japan enjoys a comparative advantage over France in steel relative

to bicycles" is equivalent to:

a. France having a comparative advantage over Japan in bicycles relative to steel

b. France having a comparative disadvantage against Japan in bicycles and steel

c. Japan having a comparative advantage over France in steel and bicycles

d. Japan having a comparative disadvantage against Japan in bicycles and steel

6.Which of the following is a long-run theory, emphasizing changes in the trading position of a nation over a number of

years?

a. Theory of factor endowments

b. Comparative advantage theory

c. Theory of the product cycle

d. Overlapping demand theory

7.Hong Kong is relatively abundant in labor, while Canada is relatively abundant in capital. In both countries the

production of shirts is relatively more labor intensive than the production of computers. According to the factor

endowment theory, Hong Kong will have a(n):

a. Absolute advantage in the production of shirts and computers

b. Absolute advantage in the production of computers

c. Comparative advantage in the production of shirts

d. Comparative advantage in the production of computers

8.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory explains comparative advantage as the result of differences in countries':

a. Economies of large-scale production

b. Relative abundance of various resources

c. Relative costs of labor

d. Research and development

9.The factor endowment theory states that comparative advantage is explained

a. Exclusively by differences in relative supply conditions

b. Exclusively by differences in relative national demand conditions

c. Both supply and demand conditions

d. None of the above

10.In explaining international trade, the product life cycle theory focuses on

a. Tastes and preferences

b. The role of technological innovation

c. Per-capita income levels of nations

d. Both b and c.

11.A lower tariff on imported aluminum would most likely benefit:

a. Foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers

b. Domestic manufacturers of aluminum

c. Domestic consumers of aluminum

d. Workers in the domestic aluminum industry

12.Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariff rate and applies a

higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?

a. Tariff quota

b. Import tariff

c. Specific tariff

d. Ad valorem tariff

13.Should the home country be "large" relative to the world, its imposition of a tariff on imports would lead to an increase

in domestic welfare if the terms-of-trade effect exceeds the sum of the:

a. Revenue effect plus redistribution effect

b. Protective effect plus revenue effect

c. Consumption effect plus redistribution effect

d. Protective effect plus consumption effect

Figure 4.1 illustrates the demand and supply schedules for pocket calculators in Mexico, a "small" nation that is

unable to affect the world price.

Figure 4.1.

Import Tariff Levied by a "Small" Country

14.According to Figure 4.1, the deadweight cost of the tariff totals:

a. $60

b. $70

c. $80

d. $90

15.Consider Figure 4.1. The tariff would be prohibitive (i.e., eliminate imports) if it equaled:

a. $2

b. $3

c. $4

d. $5

16.Suppose the government grants a subsidy to domestic producers of an import-competing good. The subsidy tends to

result in deadweight losses for the domestic economy in the form of the:

a. Consumption effect

b. Redistribution effect

c. Revenue effect

d. Protective effect

17.The imposition of a domestic content requirement by the United States would cause consumer surplus for Americans

to:

a. Rise

b. Fall

c. Remain

unchanged

d. None of the above

18.If a tariff and an import quota lead to equivalent increases in the domestic price of steel, then:

a. The quota results in efficiency reductions but the tariff does not

b. The tariff results in efficiency reductions but the quota does not

c. They have identical impacts on how much is produced and consumed

d. They have identical impacts on how income is distributed

Figure 5.1 illustrates the steel market for Mexico, assumed to be a "small" country that is unable to affect the

world price. Suppose the world price of steel is given and constant at $200 per ton. Now suppose the Mexican

steel industry is able to obtain trade protection.

Figure 5.1. Alternative Nontariff Trade Barriers Levied by a "Small" Country

19.Consider Figure 5.1. Suppose the Mexican government provides a subsidy of $200 per ton to its steel producers, as

indicated by the supply schedule SM (with subsidy).

The total cost of the subsidy to the Mexican government equals:

a. $200

b. $400

c. $600

d. $800

20.Consider Figure 5.1. Suppose the Mexican government provides a subsidy of $200 per ton to its steel producers, as

indicated by the supply schedule SM (with subsidy).

As a result of the subsidy Mexican steel producers gain ____ of producer surplus.

a. $200

b. $400

c. $600

d. $800

21.The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has generally been associated with:

a. Falling tariffs

b. Increases in the volume of trade

c. Intensifying the worldwide depression

d. Efforts to liberalize nontariff trade barriers

22.The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its successor, the World Trade Organization, have resulted in:

a. Termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goods

b. Termination of import tariffs applied to manufactured goods

c. Encouragement of beggar-thy-neighbor policies

d. Reductions in trade barriers via multilateral negotiations

23.Concerning the price elasticities of supply and demand for commodities, empirical estimates suggest that most

commodities have:

a. Inelastic supply schedules and inelastic demand schedules

b. Inelastic supply schedules and elastic demand schedules

c. Elastic supply schedules and inelastic demand schedules

d. Elastic supply schedules and elastic demand schedules

24.To help developing countries expand their industrial base, some industrial countries have reduced tariffs on designated

manufactured imports from developing countries below the levels applied to imports from industrial countries.

This scheme is referred to as:

a. Generalized system of preferences

b. Export-led growth

c. International commodity agreement

d. Reciprocal trade agreement

25.Which economic integration scheme is solely intended to abolish trade restrictions among member countries, while

setting up common tariffs against nonmembers?

a. Economic union

b. Common market

c. Free trade area

d. Customs union

26.Which trade instrument has the European Union used to insulate its producers and consumers of agricultural goods

from the impact of changing demand and supply conditions in the rest of the world?

a. Domestic content regulations

b. Variable import levies

c. Voluntary export quotas

d. Orderly marketing agreements

27.A static welfare effect resulting from the formation of the European Union would be:

a. Economies of scale

b. Trade diversion

c. Investment incentives

d. Increased competition

28.Suppose that a steel manufacturer headquartered in Japan sets up a subsidiary in Canada to produce steel. This practice

is referred to as:

a. Conglomerate integration

b. Forward vertical integration

c. Backward vertical integration

d. Horizontal integration

29.Suppose General Motors charges its Mexican subsidiary $1 million for auto assembly equipment that could be

purchased on the open market for $800,000. This practice is best referred to as:

a. International dumping

b. Cost-plus pricing

c. Transfer pricing

d. Technological transfer

30.Firms undertake multinational operations in order to:

a. Hire low-wage workers

b. Manufacture in nations they have difficulty exporting to

c. Obtain necessary factor inputs

d. All of the above

1.It is possible for a nation not to have an absolute advantage in anything; but it is not possible for one nation to have a

comparative advantage in everything and the other nation to have a comparative advantage in nothing.

2. Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage was of limited relevance to the real world since it assumed that labor was

only one of several factors of production.

3.The theory of overlapping demands applies best to trade in manufactured goods.

4.Decreasing cost conditions lead to complete specialization in the production of the commodity of comparative

advantage.

5.For a "small" country, a tariff raises the domestic price of an imported product by the full amount of the duty.

6.Although an import tariff provides the domestic government additional tax revenue, it benefits domestic consumers at

the expense of domestic producers.

7.A subsidy granted to import-competing producers results in a welfare loss to the economy by an amount equal to the

protective effect plus the consumption effect.

8.According to the cost-based definition of dumping, dumping begins to occur when a firm sells a product at a price that

is less than average variable cost.

9.U.S. tariffs on imports from countries issued normal-trade-relations (most-favored-nation) status are often three or four

times as high as those on comparable imports from nations not receiving that status.

10.According to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and its successor, the World Trade Organization, only

bilateral trade negotiations can take place between a country and its trading partners.

11.For developing countries, a key factor underlying the instability of primary-product prices and export receipts is the

high price elasticity of demand for products such as tin and copper.

12.Empirical research indicates that the demand and supply schedules for most primary products are relatively inelastic to

changes in price.

13.When a group of countries establish a free-trade area, they achieve the highest stage of economic integration.

14.A free-trade area is an association of trading countries whose members agree to remove all trade restrictions among

themselves, while each member country imposes identical trade restrictions against nonmember countries.

15.Foreign direct investment would occur if Mobile Inc. of the United States acquired sufficient common stock in a

PartⅢ What are the intent and impact of domestic content requirements?

P A R T I

1 – 5 C B D B A

6 - 10 C C B A B

11- 15 C A D D D

16- 20 D B C D C

21- 25 C D A A D

26- 30 B B D C D

P A R T I I1 – 5 F F T T T

6 - 10 F F F T F

11- 15 F T F F T

P AR T II I

What are the intent and impact of domestic content requirements? Domestic content requirements try to limit the practice of job outsourcing and also encourage the development of domestic industry. They stipulate the minimum percentage of a product's value that must be produced in the home country for that product to be sold there. Domestic content protection tends to impose welfare losses on the domestic economy in the form of higher production costs and higher-priced goods.

黄卫平、彭刚《国际经济学教程》第3版配套题库

黄卫平、彭刚《国际经济学教程》第3版配套题库 黄卫平、彭刚《国际经济学教程》（第3版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】 目录 第一部分考研真题精选 一、单项选择题 二、多项选择题 三、判断题 四、名词解释 五、简答题 六、计算题 七、论述题 第二部分章节题库 第一章绪论 第二章古典国际贸易理论 第三章国际贸易价格的确定 第四章国际贸易的现代与当代理论（Ⅰ） 第五章国际贸易的现代与当代理论（Ⅱ） 第六章国际贸易政策分析

第七章国际收支分析 第八章汇率决定理论 第九章国际货币危机与国际货币体系 第十章要素的国际流动 第十一章国际经济非均衡传导 第十二章宏观经济的内外均衡 第十三章经济一体化与国际经济秩序 第十四章经济全球化分析 ? 试看部分内容 考研真题精选 一、单项选择题 1以下哪一项表述是正确的？（）[中央财经大学2018研] A．绝对优势理论强调黄金和白银是国家财富的主要支撑，对充满活力的商业是非常重要的 B．正和博弈指博弈中一个国家盈利而另一个国家受损 C．比较优势理论传达的基本信息是无限制的自由贸易比限制的贸易创造更多的世界生产量

D．要素禀赋仅包括各国拥有劳动力和资金资源的程度，而不包括拥有土地的程度 【答案】C查看答案 【解析】A项，重商主义强调金银的重要性，力图通过奖出限入的措施保证和扩大贸易顺差，以达到金银流入的目的。B项，正和博弈是指博弈双方的利益都有所增加。D项，要素禀赋包括各国拥有劳动和土地资源的程度。 2在李嘉图的比较优势论中，国际贸易产生的原因是两国的（）。[北京邮电大学2015研] A．绝对劳动生产率差异 B．相对劳动生产率差异 C．绝对生产要素禀赋差异 D．相对生产要素禀赋差异 【答案】B查看答案 【解析】李嘉图的比较优势论认为国际贸易的产生不仅在于绝对成本的差异，而且还在于比较成本的差异，比较成本的差异来源于相对劳动生产率差异。 3国际生产折中理论所阐述的跨国公司对外直接投资必须具备的“三个优势”不包括下列哪一项？（）[中央财经大学2018研] A．市场竞争优势 B．所有权优势

国际营销学大纲

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