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第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬

第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬
第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬

第二部分英汉互译常用方法和技巧

第一章词义的选择、引申和褒贬

导入材料

情学生翻译以下的短语和句子,并讨论英语和汉语的词义是否对等?翻译时是否可以简单地凭词语的释义选择对应的词语。

1)做人

误译:do person

正译:be a man

2)The child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard.

误译:那个孩子穿着生日服装在院子里到处跑。

正译:那个孩子光着身子在院子里到处跑。

解析:“in his birthday suit”是一种戏谑的说法,意为“光着身子”。

3)His father is forty something.

误译:他父亲有40件事缠身。

正译:他父亲40多岁。

解析:基数词+something表示“××多……”,“××几……”。上例适用于表示年

龄,下例用来表示时刻和金额。

e.g. Annie didn’t catch the six something train.

David spent fifty something on a new pair of glasses.

4)Every tom, Dick and Harry danced in the hall then.

误译:当时,汤姆,迪克和哈里三人都在大厅里跳舞。

正译:当时,人人都在大厅里跳舞。

解析:在英美国家,Tom, Dick 和Harry等人名是很普通的,就像中国的“张

三,李四,王五”那样,因此,every Tom, Dick and Harry (口语)意为“人人”,

“一般人”,“不管张三李四什么人”等。

5)This car is in repair.

误译:这辆车在修理中。

正译:这辆车情况良好。

解析:in repair 意为“完好”,“修好”,“情况良好”。“This car is under repair.”

才表示“这辆车在维修中”。

翻译,意味着将一种语言所表达的意思用另外一种语言忠实地表达出来。然而,任何两种语言都不可能有完全对应的词汇以及其他表意系统,所以我们在翻

译的时候,一定要仔细地分析词汇的真正含义,力求翻译的准确,而不是简单地

逐词死译。

6)它有两大优点。

误译:It has two big fine dots.

正译:There are two strengths about it.

一、词义的选择( diction/ choice of words)

英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义现象。一词多类是说一个词往往属于多个词类,具有几个不同的意义。一词多义是说同一个词在同一词类中,往往有几个不同的词义。在翻译的过程中,在弄清原句的结构后要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义:

1.根据词在句子中的词类选择和确定词义。

2.根据上下文及词在句中的搭配关系选择词义。

1)发货deliver goods

2)发传单distribute

3)发言speak at a meeting

4)发光发热emit light and heat

5)发电generate electricity

以上各句中,“发”均作为动词,但是在英译时,要根据它在句中的实际意义,选择不同的词汇。

又如:

1)What did you have for breakfast?

译:你今天早饭吃了什么?

2)I bought this dictionary for five dollars.

译:我用五块钱买了这本字典。

3)I am all for it.

译:我完全赞成。

再看一下,下面的一组句子:

1)I haven't had my holiday photos developed yet.

译:我还没洗假期的照片。

2)She's developed some very strange habits

译:她最近养成了一些怪习惯。

3)This exercise is designed to develop the shoulder and back muscles.

译:这个练习是为锻炼肩部和背部肌肉而设计的。

又如:

1)He is the last man to come.

译:他是最后来的。

2)He is the last man to do it.

译:他绝不会干那件事。

3)He is the last person for such a job.

译:他最不配干这个工作。

课堂练习题

翻译下列的句子

1)For all your explanations, I understand no better than before.

译:尽管你做了解释,我还是不懂。

2) It looks as if we are in for a big storm.

译:看来我们一定会碰上一场暴风雪。

3) Now that you are in for it, you must carry on.

译:既然你已经做了,就得做下去。

4) The fear is that these minor clashes may develop into all-out confrontation.

译:担忧的是这些小的冲突会发展成全面对抗。

5) Large cracks began to develop in the wall.

译:墙上出现了一些大的裂纹。

6)We must develop a new strategy to deal with the problem.

译:我们必须找出解决问题的策略。

7)He should be the last (last) man to blame.

译:怎么也不该怪他。

8)He is the last man to consult.

译:根本不要找他商量。

9)This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

译:我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。

课后练习题

1. 试分析下列短语中,斜体字的具体词义,他们在翻译成英语时,该如何翻译。

打电话make a phone call 打仗fight a battle

打麻将play mah jong

打冷战shiver

打文件type the document 打瞌睡nod

打太极拳practice taiqiquan 打响指snap one’s fingers 打喷嚏sneeze

打毛衣knit a sweater

开门open a door

开车drive a car 开飞机pilot a plane/ fly a plane 开会hold a meeting

开工go into operation

开绿灯give free rein to

开玩笑make a joke

开灯turn on a light

开夜车burn the midnight oil 开关switch

开机器operate a machine

开花blossom

开业start a business

2.根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系确定斜体部分在句中意义,并翻译句子.1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her.

译:脱鞋与穿鞋对她是一种痛苦,但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。

2)An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an air trip and they practiced taking off time after from restricted space.

译:在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号加班一样大小的一块地方,他们一次又一次的练习从这一块有限的面积上起飞。

3)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working as though about to take

译:他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子上,好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。

4)Their first major design was a pleated denim jean wit h external pockets dubbed ‘baggies’ that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers.

译:他们的头一项重要设计师一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤,这种裤子人们称为“袋子”,在中学和大学中首先流行,接着别的服装商也都很快仿制起来。

3. 试分析下列短语中,斜体字的具体词义,他们在翻译成汉语时,该如何翻译。

1) I haven't seen the film, so don't spoil it for me by telling me what happens.

译:我还没看那电影呢,不要告诉我内容破坏我的兴致。

2) The dessert will spoil if you don't keep it in the fridge.

译:这甜点,如果不放在冰箱里会坏的。

3) Since she supported none of the candidates, she spoiled her ballot paper.

译:由于她谁也不支持,所以她毁了她的选票。

4) When I'm feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make me feel better.

译:我心情不好的时候就去逛街,放纵一下--几件新衣服就可以让我心情好起来。5)Mr. Harvey, unable for once to do exactly as he wanted, sulked just like a spoilt child. 译:因为不能做自己想做的事情,汉维先生像孩子般的生闷气。

3.翻译中原语词汇确定基础上的目的语词汇的选择

A. 通过对词义的正确理解,尽量避免在翻译中的词汇的机械对应。

例如:英语水平:English proficiency

生活水平:living standard

游泳水平:swimming skill.

1) 他的游泳水平还很高。

误译:His swimming level is very high.

正译:He has become quite good at swimming.

2) 他的英语水平比我高。

误译:The level of his English is higher than that of mine.

正译:He knows more English than I.

又如“关心”一词的英译:

1) 关心人民生活

误译:to be concerned about the living of the people

正译:to care about the well-being of the people.

2) 关心局势发展

误译:be concerned about the development if the situation.

正译:to follow the development closely.

3) 共同关心的问题

误译:issues of common concern

正译:issues of mutual interest

B. 词语选择中应当注意的几个方面

从第一章中已经谈到过,英汉语言、文化的差异,在词汇的理解、选择与翻译中也应当注意到英语汉语的差异。

请看下面的例句:

1)注意身体

误译:Notice your body.

正译:Pay attention to your health.

评析:虽然没有语法错误,但不符合英语的表达习惯,显得有些失礼。因为body一词在英余种含义有多种,其中还有“遗体”之意。

2)我一点也不敢放松自己。

误译:I daren’t loosen myself.

正译:I daren’t relax my efforts.

评析:这里的意思是丝毫不敢怠慢。如果英语翻译为loosen, 那么表示的是松开某东西。

3)他去广场北边的公共厕所了。

误译:He went to the common toilet/ public toilet to the north side of the square.

正译:He went to the toilet to the north side of the square.

评析:英语中没有common toilet 或者public toilet 这种表达方法。用toilet就足够了。或使用men’s, ladies’.

4)精神文明

误译:spiritual civilization

正译:ethical and culture progress

评析:“精神文明”这一词,广义上涵盖了思想道德、文化科学、体育卫生、哲学理论、民主法制等上层建筑的东西,狭义上主要指伦理道德。“精神文明”曾经被翻译为spiritual civilization,在外国人的心目中此种说法含有宗教色彩。现在已经根据不同的场合、文体等不同的预警因素,译成ethical and culture progress以及ideological and cultural advancement 等

其他词语。例如:建设社会主义物质文明和精神文明to build a socialist society with both high material standards and high ethical and cultural standards 或者to build socialist civilization with a high cultural level and moral standards/ 精神文明单位a model unit in moral standards/ 搞精神文明to promote ethical progress/ 文明礼貌月the virtues and ethics month/ 讲文明礼貌to behave civilly/ 文明经商to conduct ourselves honorably in commercial transactions 从以上的各例中,可以了解到由于文化的差异,在翻译时,要注意目的语的相应表达方式与源于表达方式的差异。特别是在翻译某些有“中国特色”或“外国特色”的表达时,尤其要注意,如:

分配不公误译:unequal distribution 正译: unfair distribution

压力大的工作误译:stressful job 正译: demanding job

宣传误译:propaganda 正译:publicity

个体经济误译:individual economy 正译:the family business

精神力量误译:spiritual force 正译:moral force

5)This is a most interesting book.

误译:这是一本最有趣的书。

正译:这是一本非常有趣的书。

评析:在一般情况下,在形容词和副词前的most是最高级的标志,但在most 前加不定冠词a 表示“十分、非常”,又如:an most beautiful girl一个非常漂亮的女孩; a most dangerous place 一个非常危险的地方。

上面的例句中,都牵涉到了冠词的用法,冠词是现代英语、汉语语法、词汇差异的一个重要表现,因而译者应当尤其注意。一字之差,往往会造成整个意思的改变。如:in trade

at a crossroads

in front of the car

in office

in word

a red and a white flower

in the trade

at the crossroads

in the front of the car

in the office

in a word

a red and white flower

另外,值得引起注意的是英语或汉语独有的一些语法、词汇或句型在英汉互译中都应当引起译者足够的重视。

C. 段落翻译实例

段落翻译中会涉及到各种翻译技巧,选词也尤其重要。下面是与选词技巧相关的段落翻译实例。

例如:

他饮他的花酒,我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界:自我安定。

面对别人得成功与荣耀,我喝我的清茶,我明白那掌声已有所属,匆匆忙忙赶过去,不会有成功等着你,还是自己在创业绩吧,跟着别人永远只能摸着成功的尾巴。

自我安定可不是找一个安静的所在,而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境。“定”是一种境界,是居于多变之中的不动摇,只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向,才能做到“他饮他的花酒,我喝我的清茶。”

译:

Human life, it seems to me, needs a placidity of mind. While others may be wining and dining. I’m content with plain tea.

Not dazzled by other people’s aura of success and glamour. I’ll indulge in my simple pleasure. Clearly aware where the credit goes, I won’t join in the rush in the vain hope of accepting the prize to be handed me on a plate. The best a blind follower can do is tailing after winners. The only alternative is to create wonders of one’s own.

Enjoying the tranquility of mind does not mean hiding oneself in a haven. What is meant is the maintenance of such a mental state in the midst of chaos, i.e. moral immovability amidst kaleidoscopic changes. Only a person has attained this plane can be a real master of his destiny, contenting himself with the purest and simplest pleasure.

解析:第一段共两句。按照英语这种文体的表达模式,翻译时应把钱粮据顺序颠倒一下,是译文符合英文的习惯,第一句为总提,第二句为具体解释。

按外研社《汉英词典》(修订版),“花酒”的译文为:“a dinner party with singsong girls in attendance”但译文太长,词意也不切合,不应照搬。比较接近的词是wine and dine。这个动词短语往往指在大饭店吃喝宴请。(Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary,1987.)外研社《汉英词典》(修订版)为“清茶”提供两条译文:green tea, tea served without refreshment.但原文中并不强调和哪一种茶叶,也不讲究喝茶时是否吃点心。而是与低级的追逐名利的心态,腐朽的吃喝文化针锋相对,干预清贫,乐于清高。“清”字译作plain较适合。作形容词时可表示“朴素的”,“简朴的”等意思。如plain water, plain living.所以,“清茶”译作plain tea.

在第二段中,作者很可能在暗指新时期的常见现象:一些人先富了起来,生活明显得变得阔绰,有一批人便“一窝蜂”盲目地跟着上。作者认为应该继续“喝清茶”,从而点明了“清茶”和“花酒”的含义。“dazzled by…”描写那些看到别人“成功”,“荣耀”后头昏目眩随即尾随的可怜虫的神态。“清茶”在此处不应再译为“plain tea”, 应该译作“simple pleasure”。因为中国的文人雅士认为喝茶是一种简朴的乐趣。

课堂练习题

翻译下面的句子。

1)要发奋图强,把我军的军政素质提高到一个新的水平。

译:We must work had to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.

2) 各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。

译:Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership.

3) 我们关心中国是否能保持持续发展。

译:We would like to know whether China will be able to achieve a sustainable development. 4)领导人对两国关系非常关心。

译:Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relati

5)He took the chair at the board of the directors.

译:在公司的董事会上他担任主席。

评析:take the chair 是一个固定词组,是“担任主席”的意思,如果表示“入座”要用take a chair,两者的意思完全不同。

6)A fluent speaker never lacks a word but an accurate speaker never lacks the word.

译:一个讲话流利的人从不会缺少词汇,但讲话精确的人从不缺少恰当的词汇。

评析:这里的a word与the word不作“一个词”、“那个词”解,前者泛指“词汇”,后者特指某些词汇。

7)We have 365 days in a year.

译:一年有365天。

评析:本句的we 不能译作“我们”,因为在正式语体中,we 还表示“人类”。如:Do we have the right to destroy the world in which we live? 本句按汉语的习惯译为“一年有365天”。

课后练习题

1. 下面句子的翻译是否正确,如果不正确,请找出错在在那里,并改正。(注意

斜体部分的意思。)

1)In his first year in office, he has given all men and creeds, no matter how

preposterous, a respectful hearing.

误译:在办公室的第一年,他对所有的人,所有的主张,不管这些人多么荒唐,这些主张多么荒谬,他都洗耳恭听。

正译:在他任职的第一年,他对所有的人,所有的主张,不管这些人多么荒唐,这些主张多么荒谬,他都洗耳恭听。

评析:in the office 表示“在办公室”,但这里是in office, 是一个固定词组,意思是人质、执政。同样的情况还有go to church & go to the church; go to hospital & go to the hospital; at sea & at the sea等等。

2) There is always some water in the air around you. You cannot see for it is in the form

of water vapor.

你周围的空气中常有水分。你看不见它,因为它是以水汽的形式存在的。

2.翻译下面的段落

一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。女孩是他的同事,他们在一个办公室的工作。

小伙子性格内向,不善言辞,他不知道如何向女孩子表达他的爱慕之意。写情书吧,小

伙子是学理工的,一直搞技术工作,满脑子的图形,就是没有一句有文采的话。小城也没有鲜花店,电影电视里常说的那一套无从说起。至于直截了当地告诉女孩子说“我爱你”,小伙子就更没有那胆量了。

译文:

One young man was secretly in love with a girl, one of his fellow office workers.

Being a man of few words and not good at expressing his feelings, he did not know how to unbosom himself of his love for her. He had thought of writing love letters to her, but he had been a student of technology and was now working as a technician. He could not for the life of him dig out one beautiful from a mind, which was stocked full with diagrams and graphs. Presenting flowers, as is often seen and over TV and in films, was out of the question, there being no flower shop in this small town. As to a face-to-face confession of love, he absolutely had not the guts to do so.

解析:“…他的同事,他们在一个办公室工作。”这部分的翻译不宜这样:“…colleagues, working in the same office.”宜译作:“…one of his fellow-office workers.”第二段“小伙子性格内向…”在本段中表示的是“话不多”,不应该用词性太重的词,而且,原文也较口语化,所以选用“a man of few words.”“不善言辞”不是指外交家不善谈判,政客不善演讲,老师不善讲课,而是讲小伙子不善于向姑娘诉说爱情。“not good at speaking”或“not good at making speeches”不太妥当。建议译作:“not good at expressing his feelings”。

“表达他的爱慕之意”译作“express his love for her”似乎过于平淡。我们用“unbosom himself of his love to her.”“学理工的”在此处,译作“technology”就够了,不必照搬词典中的“science and technology”.如:麻省理工学院:Massachusetts Institute of Technology.“满脑子的图形”中的“图形”,应该指的是理工科的图形(因为小伙子是搞理工科的),所以应该选用diagrams和graphs。Diagrams常指显示机器工作原理的图,graphs常指数字升降,比较等的曲线图。“直截了当地告诉女孩子说‘我爱你’”中的“直截了当”不宜译作“straightforward, blunt, point-blank”这三个词常用来指表达意见提出批评时“不拐弯抹角”这里建议选用a face-to-face confession of love。

二、词义的引申

英汉互译时,有时会遇到某些词,在辞典上找不到适当的词义,如照样硬搬,逐字死译,会是以文生硬晦涩,不能确切的表达原意。这时,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词的基本意思出发,进一步引申词义,选择比较恰当的目的语词汇来表达。看下面的例句:a.将词义作抽象化的引申

1)There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape is his nature.

译:他的本性及残暴又狡猾。

2)Every life has its roses and thorns.

译:每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

3)半夜听到狼嚎,他感到毛骨悚然。

译:He was horror-stricken when he heard the cries of the wolves at midnight.

又如某些词组:

make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此薄彼

lick somebody’s boots 巴结

stick to one’s last 安分守己

keep something under one’s hat 保密

be in one’s pocket 被某人操纵

put one’s cards on the table 表明观点

eat like a bird 吃得极少

break the ice 打破僵局

be driven from pillar to post 被逼得走投无路

turn thumb down on something 反对

谦虚态度modesty

发展过程development

稳定性stability

灵敏度sensibility

无知的表现ignorance

鸡毛蒜皮trifling

顺手牵羊walk off with something

b. 将词义作具体的引申

所谓具体译法,就是把原文中比较抽象的词语、词组、成语或句子,用意义比较具体的词语、词组、成语或句子翻译出来。

1)He was a tough proposition.

译:他是一个难以应付的家伙。

2)We Zanzibar would like to build a coloured society where all men can have

equal opportunity.

译:我们桑给巴尔人员已建立一个有不同种族构成、机会均等的社会。

6)你不要过早乐观。

译:Don’t count your chickens before they are h atched.

c. 通过对词典的释义进行引申。

1)The rest of the day was anti-climactic.

译:高潮过去了,这一天与下来的事就是尾声了。

注:句中,原文的意思是“这一天一下来的时间是反高潮的。”句义令人费解,译者巧妙地把翻译成“尾声”,并用“高潮”、“尾声”前后对衬,含义立时明朗。

2)He swallowed his rising anger.

译:他竭力按下升起的怒火。

3)Those who feel it is okay to tell white lies soon go colour-blind.

译:认为说小谎无害的人,很快会变得不辨大笑。

d. 段落翻译示范

One of the things we have to understand about Japanese society is its gender structure, a structure similar to what the United States had in 1950s. Women do all the domestic labour. Men are in the factories and shops and they are working long hours, but they don’t do much work when they come home. They don’t take care of children, they don’t do housework, cooking, etc.. In the U.S., they are both men and women in the work force and both men and women at home. Japanese workers may work longer in the marketplace, but you have to calculate the total amount of work that people do to figure out how hard people are working and how much leisure time they have.

误译:我们必须了解日本社会的一个特点,那就是它的性别结构,类似美国50年代的结构。妇女包揽所有的家务劳动,男人到工厂、商店上班,工作时间很长,但回到家里就干不了多少活了。他们不管看孩子,不做家务,不做饭,等等。在美国有很多男人和女人都在劳动大军之列,也有都在家里的。日本工人可能在市场里工作的时间较长,但我们在估计人们工作的辛苦称度以及它们有多少闲暇时间时,必须把整个工作量都算进去。

解析:仔细对照原文,不难发现译文的问题所在(斜体划线部分)。“在美国有很多男人和女人都在劳动大军之列,也有都在家里的”属于误译,给人“夫妻双双失业”的误解。另外,“日本工人可能在市场里工作的时间较长”,给人误解,让人觉得“所有日本男人都在市场里工作”。本段的主旨是美、日性别结构的区别,日本是男人工作,女人管家务,而美国是男女都工作,也都管家务。作者在谈到男女社会分工时运用了两组词语:

(1)

in factories and shops in the work force

in the marketplace (2)

do domestic labour

take care of children

do housework, cooking, etc.. at home

一旦上下文联系起来,词义就明了了:第一组词与“上班”有关,按这一思路marketplace,也就不是“市场”,而应引申为“工作地点”(即上下文所说的工厂、商店等)。

第二组与“做家务”有关,于是,at home便不是“在家里”,而应该引申为“做家务”。这样,该部分可以改译为:“在美国,男女都参加工作,也都从事家务劳动。”另外,最后一句的较好的译法为“日本工人可能在工作单位的劳动强度和闲暇时间多少时,必须把全部劳动都算在内。”

课堂练习题

翻译下列句子

2)John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.

译:约翰为人可靠,它既忠诚又老实。

注:英国伊丽莎白女王时代,耶稣教徒为了表示对政府的忠诚,拒绝罗马天主教在星期五吃鱼的习俗,因此“不吃鱼”表示“忠诚”的意思。

2)是他们夫妻之间的事情,你去插一脚干吗?

译:That’s business of their own, between wife and husband. Why should you get involved in it?

3) 这消息让我出了一身冷汗。

译:I was extremely terrified by the news.

4) No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.

译:对她在工作中表现的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。

5) Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition.

译:她的冷漠态度把许多参观者挡在展览馆门外。

6) 他每天要处理很多棘手的问题。

译:He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.

7) Calculation never made a hero.

译:举棋不定永远成不了英雄。

8) You ought to consider the ifs now and then. Thinking about it sometimes prepares you for when.

译:要经常考虑“假若”。有时,考虑“假若”就为“一旦”作了准备。

9) Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

译:教育的目的使用虚心代替无知。

课后练习题

1.通过引申词义的方法,翻译下列的句子.

1) She sailed into the room.

译:她仪态万方地走进了房间。

2)We must keep our powder dry.

译:我们要时刻提高警惕。

3)The battlefield became something holy. It was not touched.

译:这战场几乎已经成为一个圣地了。他依然保持着当年的旧观。

4)The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.

译:对于大多数去北京的外国访客,万里长城是必不可少的参观旅游项目。

5)The engine has given a consistently good performance.

译:这台发动机一直工作很好。

6)Heat from the sun comes to us by radiation.

译:太阳通过辐射给我们热量。

2. 翻译下列短语。

1)walk on air 洋洋得意

2)get the green light 得到许可

3)mend one’s fences 改善关系

4)poke one’s nose into 干涉

5)jump out of one’s skin 大吃一惊

6)残暴的行为brutality

7)同情心理sympathy

8)单枪匹马all by oneself

9)黔驴技穷at one’s wit’s end

10)狗急跳墙do something desperate

3.翻译以下段落

The ability to do several things at once has become one of the great measures of self-worth for 21st century Americans. It’s called multitasking, and it takes many forms.

At one example, why go out to lunch when you can eat at your desk, talk (or at least half-listen) to a client on the phone, scroll through your e-mail, and scan a memo simultaneously?

And why simply work out on treadmill when you could be watching television and talking on a portable phone at the same time?

译文:同时做几件事情的能力已经成为21世纪美国人衡量自我价值的重要尺度之一。这叫做一心多用,其表现形式五花八门。

举个例子,当你可以一边在办公桌前用餐,一边和客户通电话(哪怕不是全心全意地听),查阅电子邮件,浏览备忘录时,干吗还要到外面去吃饭呢?

还有,既然你可以在看电视的同时用移动电话通话,干吗要一个心眼地做单调的工作呢?

三、词义的褒贬

英汉词汇都有褒贬之分。有些词有其两面性,他们有贬义,但有时也可能不带贬义,

是中性词;有褒义,有时也可能不带褒义。在翻译的过程中,为了忠实于原文,必须正确理解原作者的立场与观点,然后使用合适的感情色彩,选择于原文一致的褒义、中性或是贬义词汇来表达。

例如:

1)Her husband was a brave pilot during the Second World War.

译:她的丈夫是二战期间一位勇敢的飞行员。

2)The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

译:那个莽撞的司机在这次车祸中丧生。

3)These boys are old enough to be self-respecting.

译:这些男孩大了,应该有自尊心了。

4)She is quite unpopular among her colleagues fore she is so egotistic.

译:她在同事中吃不开,因为她太自私自利了。

5)Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.

译:很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。

6)Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.

译:他虽然年轻,但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。

7)这位女演员在舞会上真是仪态万方。

译:The film star appeared in all her glory at the ball.

8)这个政客在那场辩论中真实丑态百出。

译:The politician acted like a buffoon during that debate.

9)张将军真是足智多谋啊!

译:General Zhang is really wise and resourceful!

10)那个敌军参谋长可是诡计多端的呀!

译:The enemy chief of staff has a whole bag of tricks.

11)她父亲是个有名的外科医生。

译:Her father is a famous surgeon.

12)黄金荣在旧上海是有名的大流氓。

译:Huang Jinrong was a notorious rogue in Shanghai in the old times.

还有一些常见的词,即有褒义和中性义,又有贬义。这样的词汇,在决定词义和进行翻译时,尤其要注意。例如:

funny: 褒义

a. a funny story 滑稽的故事

b. a funny writer 风趣的作家

c.He is being funny. 她在逗乐

中性

a.There is something funny about the matter. 事情有点蹊跷。

b. A funny black hat 古怪的黑帽子

贬义

a.You’ll be sorry if you try anything funny in class. 你要是在课堂上玩什么鬼

花样,肯定要后悔的。

b.She is a bit funny sometimes. 他有时候疯疯癫癫的。

c.Don’t get funny with your boss. 不得对老板放肆!

由于:褒义

a.thanks to…

b.by virtue of…

中性

a.owing to …

b.due to…

c.because of…

d.as a result of…

e.in view of…

贬义

in consequence of…

又如下面的短文:

丑妻

S君有妻,丑。为此颇感自豪,常于有靓妻之友面前夸口:丑妻是宝,见了恶心,不见省心,出门放心,免得有第三者插足。友听毕,掩口笑道:君言差矣,常言道:以为最安全的却是最危险,岂不闻情人眼里出西施吗?S君听毕,顿悟,叹道:听君一席话,胜读十年书,差一点大意失荆州!

译文:

The Advantages of Having A Plain Wife

Mr. S had an unprepossessing wife, of who he was very proud, so much so that to his friend who has a beautiful wife, he often raved his spouse like this: “A plain wife is an absolute treasure, unpleasant to look at, but out of mind and out of sight and free from suspicion when the husband is away from home. And there is no fear of ‘another man’.”

On hearing this, his friend couldn’t help a smile and the following comment, “Forgive me, sir, for pointing out that you are wrong there. As the saying goes, the greatest danger resides in the false sense of security. Haven’t you heard of love being blind?”

Suddenly and thoroughly enlightened by his friend’s kind warning, Mr. S sighed with feeling, “How true it is that one can learn more from the talk of a wise person than from ten years’ reading! Otherwise I may lose her through oversight.”

解析:本文翻译的重点是抓住汉语“意合”地特点,整体把握S君地心态,

“丑妻”照字面意思译作An ugly wife, 不能算错,但是英美人一般不会这样直接地说人丑,ugly 带有贬义。这里宜用委婉语,如:unprepossessing 或者homely等。

另外,题目在翻译时应当添补,因为全文讲的不是“丑妻”,而是拥有丑妻的感受。所以建议译作The Advantage of Having A Plain Wife.

第一句话中“妻”出现了三次,不宜来回使用同一个词wife,所以译文中用spouse 做了替换。“夸口”不宜译作brag或boast,而译作rave, 不及物动词,表示“(高烧病人)呓语”或“(神经病似地)赞颂”,用rave about比brag about更传神。

“不见省心”。按《现代汉语词典》,“省心”是“不操心”,有的汉英词典把“省心”译作save worry,如果此处没有语境,这是一种不错的选择。在文中我们可以选择英语的谚语(out of sight, out of mind),这样译:…but (she is) out mind (the moment she is)out of

sight.

“出门放心”这句话应这样理解:S君出差在外时,S君可以放心,其老婆不会乱搞婚外情。建议用be free from suspicion, 表示无可怀疑的,如主语是已婚女性,则表示“道德正派,忠于丈夫的”。“第三者插足”中的“第三者”不宜译作“the third party”(谈判,争端中的第三方)。

“掩口笑道”不必按字面翻译,因为这是一篇为了增加汉语的传统风味,故意使用半文不白文风的幽默小品,翻译时应该吃透精神。用符合英语文化的习惯语言表达。译作:On hearing this, his friend couldn’t help a smile…

“君言差矣”这句话很有礼貌,十分文气,翻译时尽量传达这一特点,所以建议译作:forgive me, sir, for pointing out that you are wrong there.

“…以为最安全的却是最危险…”这句不宜这样译:what is the safest is the most dangerous 或the safest place is the most dangerous。这样的译文现场嫌长嫌罗嗦,而且原文也并不是指地点的安全与否,而是指一种心态,所以我们建议译作:the greatest danger resides in the false sense of security. The false sense of security表示“虚假的安全感”,用在此处是恰当的。

“情人眼里出西施。”的意思是“自己所钟情的女子,即使长相平常,也感到和西施一样美。”简而言之,指的是男性对女性的盲目的钟爱。而汉英字典上提供了不同的译法,如,Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder 或gazer,适应范围较宽,也可指人对物,对儿女盲目的爱。建议译作:Haven’t you heard of love being blind?

“听君一席话,胜读十年书”吴光华提供的译文是:I profit more from one consultation with you than from ten years of reading. 陈欣望在《汉英语林》中提供的译文是:To listen to your lecture is really better than to study for ten years.但是在语境中,翻译必须与上下文连贯,随意建议译作:How true it is that one can learn more from the talk of a wise person than from ten years of reading!

“大意失荆州”用以指麻痹大意的恶果。S君的顿悟,只能理解为“S君”今后要提防。所以我们译作:otherwise I may lose her through oversight。

课堂练习题

1)The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents’ advice.

译:这个犟男孩不肯听父母的忠告。

2)The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

译:侵略者遭到了当地人民的顽强抵抗。

3)All the inventors have a restless mind.

译:所有发明家都有一个探索不止的头脑。

4)She is fidgety and restless.

译:她生性急躁好动。

5)The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war.

译:这对老夫妇执著地寻找它们在战争中对市的女儿。

6)She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

译:她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。

7)他们忠心耿耿地报销自己的祖国与人民。

译:They serve their motherland and people with loyalty and devotion.

8)这些死心塌地的纳粹分子为他们的第三帝国效命。

译:These die-hard Nazis went all out to serve their Third Reich.

9)这位导演别具匠心,在剧中安排了一场演员走到观众当中的戏。

译:The director showed his ingenuity by arranging a scene in which the actors went into the audience of the play.

10)这家伙老是别出心裁,招摇撞骗。

译:The guy is always trying to be different so as to swindle and bluff.

课后练习题

翻译下列的句子

1)John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

译:约翰是个积极肯干的推销员,他工作干得很出色。

2)Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized the power.

译:希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。

3)Hans was obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man

he had ever seen.

译:汉斯说,这位先生是他见过得最有胆识的人。这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。

4)Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.

译:布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时感到非常荣幸。

5)没想到他们的封建思想是那样的顽固不化。

译:I did not expect that their feudal ideas would be so incorrigibly obstinate.

6)几个月在林雪生活,既锻炼了他们的机智英勇,又锻炼了他们坚忍不拔的毅力。

译:Several months in the snowy forest have forged their cleverness and courage and given them a firm and indomitable will.

7)由于党的农业政策,我国千千万万农名走上了致富的道路。

译:Thanks to the policies of the Communist Party of China on agriculture, millions of peasants in China are getting rich.

8)由于两次世界大战的爆发,各国任命蒙受了极大的灾难。

译:People of all countries have suffered great calamities in consequence of the two World Wars.

9)诗人应该具有丰富的想象力。

译:A poet should have rich imagination.

10)真遗憾,你的想象力太丰富了。

译:What a pity! You’ve got into wild flights of fancy.

四、常用词的选择

选词是一项非常复杂的工作,它牵涉极广。由于篇章限制,本节通过常用词的选择误译以及正确译法范例来进行讲述。

例如:

1) 我们应该促使音乐、语言和教学的结合。

误译:We should promote the combination of music, language and mathematics.

正译:We should integrate of music, language and mathematics.

评析:Integrate: to make into a whole by bring all parts together, to unify. 与Promote the combination意思相近,但更简洁、地道。

2) 我感谢陆登庭校长的邀请,使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节,来到美国你们这座古老而又现代的学府。

误译:I wish to thank President Rudenstine, for inviting me to this ancient yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.

正译:I wish to thank President Rudenstine for inviting me to this old yet modernized institution of the United States in this golden fall.

评析:对于大学来说,old显然比ancient更合适

3)近年来,城市出现了大龄未婚女青年群。

误译:In recent years, groups of old unmarried girls have made their appearance in cities.

正译:In recent years, groups of elder unmarried girls have made their appearance in cities.

评析:大龄,表示“年长的”,并非“年老的”或“老龄的”。

4) 这个研究所属于科学院。

误译:The institute is belonged to the Academy of Science.

正译:The institute is attached to the Academy of Science.

评析:belong 有“属于”的含义,但是它是不及物动词,不用于被动语态。表示“附

属”用attach更为常见。

5) 如果发生创伤,最重要的是预防感染。

误译:If an injury should happen, it is then very important to prevent infection.

正译:If an injury should occur, it is then very important to prevent infection.

评析:injury(伤), pain(痛), disease(病)的发生常常用occur, develop, 或result, 不用happen. Happen多指发生事故。

6) 雅典被举为下一届奥运会的会址。

误译:Athens was chosen as the site for the coming Olympic Games.

正译:Athens was selected as the site for the coming Olympic Games.

评析:select有“精选”的意思,而choose也表示“选择”,但不强调经过周密考虑后的选择。

7) 在晚会上,邀请一位外国老师为我们唱几首民歌。

误译:At the party a foreign teacher was required to sing some folk songs for us.

正译:At the party a foreign teacher was requested to sing some folk songs for us.

评析:require 是“要求、命令”,指提出要求的人有权要求对方做某事。Request 是“请求”,比ask正式。

8) 第二次世界大战时中国和美国结成联盟。

误译:China entered into ally with the United States in the Second World War.

正译:China entered into alliance with the United States in the Second World War.

评析:名词alliance 意思是“联盟”,名词ally的意思是“盟国”。例如:China was one of the allies in the Second World War. Ally作为动词有“结盟”的意思。例如:Great Britain was allied with France in the Second World War.

9) 最近人口统计显示中国人口已经超过13亿。

unit5词义的选择与引申

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2012商务英语1班 自主实践商务英语翻译竞赛——————词义选择、引申与褒贬 12010401003厉雪 12010401004付思宇

目录 第一部分内容简介 (1) 第二部分翻译技巧归纳及译例分析 (2) 一、词义的选择 (2) 二、词义的引申 (4) 三、词义的褒贬 (8) 第三部分小结 (10) 第四部分句子翻译 (11) 第五部分短篇翻译 (13) 一、原文及译文 (13) 二、解析 (14) 第六部分参考文献 (16)

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英语四级翻译常用词汇及基本句型

英语四级段落翻译常用词汇:中国历史与文化 京居U Peking opera 秦腔Qin opera 功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi 口技ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏shadowplay 折子戏opera highlights 杂技acrobatics 刺绣embroidery 苏绣Suzhou embroidery 泥人clay figure 书法calligraphy 中国画traditional Chinese painting 水墨画Chinese brush painting 中国结Chinese knot 火药gun powder 印刷术printing 造纸术paper-making 指南针the compass 青铜器bronze ware 瓷器porcelain; china 唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing 武术martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化Con fucian culture 象形文字pictographic characters 文房四宝(笔墨纸观) the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean

《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kin gdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Man sio ns 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Classic of Mou ntai ns and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals 《史记》Historical Records 《诗经》The Book of Songs 《易经》The I Chi ng; The Book of Chan ges 《礼记》The Book of Rites 《三字经》Three-character Scriptures 八股文eight-part essay 五言绝句five-character quatra in 七言律诗seve n-character octave 旗袍cheongsam 中山装Chinese tunic suit 唐装Tang suit 风水Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历Solar calendar 阴历Lunar calendar 闰年leap year 十二生肖zodiac 春节the Spring Festival 元宵节the Lantern Festival 清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节the Drag on-boat Festival 中秋节the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节the Double-ninth Day 七夕节the Double-seventh Day 春联spring couplets 庙会temple fair 爆竹firecracker 年画(traditi on al) New Year pictures 压岁钱New Year gift-money 舞龙drag on dance 元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯festival lantern 灯谜Ian tern riddle 舞狮lion dance 踩高跷stilt walking 赛龙舟dragon boat race 胡同hutong 山东菜Shandong cuisine 川菜Sichuan cuisine

第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬

第二部分英汉互译常用方法和技巧 第一章词义的选择、引申和褒贬 导入材料 情学生翻译以下的短语和句子,并讨论英语和汉语的词义是否对等?翻译时是否可以简单地凭词语的释义选择对应的词语。 1)做人 误译: do person 正译: be a man 2)The child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard. 误译:那个孩子穿着生日服装在院子里到处跑。 正译:那个孩子光着身子在院子里到处跑。 解析:“ in his birthday suit ”是一种戏谑的说法,意为“光着身子”。 3)His father is forty something. 误译:他父亲有 40 件事缠身。 正译:他父亲 40 多岁。 解析:基数词+ something表示"xx多......... ” "xx几.... ”上例适用于表示年 龄,下例用来表示时刻和金额。 e.g. Annie didn 't catch the six something train. David spent fifty something on a new pair of glasses. 4)Every tom, Dick and Harry danced in the hall then. 误译:当时,汤姆,迪克和哈里三人都在大厅里跳舞。正译:当时,人人都在大厅里跳舞。 解析:在英美国家, Tom, Dick 和 Harry 等人名是很普通的,就像中国的"张三,李四, 王五”那样,因此, every Tom, Dick and Harry ( 口语)意为"人人” ,

reference-词义的选择与引申A

Translate the following sentences into Chinese:(Pay attention to the underlined words) 1.You can tell the very rich by their evening dress. 你可以从晚礼服上认出那些极为有钱的富人。 2.I would not do such a thing for all the riches of the world. 即使世上一切财富都归我,我也不愿干这种事情。 3.We are enclosing a blank form of our s/c, and hope that you will confirm your agreement to the general terms and conditions in it。 现附寄我公司的空白销售确认书(销售合同),盼确认同意其中的条款。 4.The duration of the trade agreements are to be three years. 这些贸易协定的期限为三年。 5.He does thriving-business in repairing cars. 他的汽车修理业办得很红火。(这里的business 意为“一种……业务”) 他的汽修生意很兴旺。 6.They have five businesses to talk over with your agent. 他们有五件事同你方代理人商谈。 7.She runs a business from her home. 她在家里管理一家商业公司。(她在家里经营着一家商店。)(这里的business 意为“商号、商行”)8.The accident did a lot of damage to the car. 汽车在这次事故中受到严重损坏。(这次事故使汽车受到严重损坏。) 9.The court awarded $5,000 damages to the injured man. 法院判给伤者5000美元赔偿费。 10.We are engaged in the import and export of machinery. 我们经营机械进出口业务。 11.Our imports fall short of our exports. 我们的进口商品少于出口商品。 12.Clocks give us a measurement of time. 钟表为我们计时。(这里的mearurement 意为“测量”the act of measuring) 钟表为我们提供了一种计时的方法。 13.He makes the measurements everyday. 他每天的工作是量尺寸。(a length, height, etc. found by measuring) 14.We have done our best to hasten shipment. 为加速装运我们已尽了最大努力。 15.We make two shipments a week to Japan. 我们每周向日本发两次货。(shipments 意为“装运的货物”) 16.We insist that you should keep your word by establishing the relevant L/C on time. 我们坚持你应该信守诺言,按时开出信用证。 17.If you fiddle with my camera again you and I are going to have words. 如果你再摆弄我的照相机,咱们就非吵架不可。 18.He is ill; that accounts for his absence. 他生病了,这是他缺席的原因。(他因病缺席。) 他之所以缺席是因为生病了。 19.In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy. 他在这场战斗中消灭了五个敌人。 20.I want you to account for every cent you spent. 我要你把花费的每分钱都交代清楚。

当前常用政治术语的英文翻译

当前常用政治术语的英文翻译 作者:夜孔守望| 来源:沪江博客 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the gre at rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside

中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一(第二、第三)代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设,不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力,永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大人民的根本利益,是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源,是我们党始终站在时代前列,保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。

词义选择和词义引申

词义选择和词义引申 词义的选择和词义引申是翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。其本身也是英语翻译中最基础的工作,准确把握词义,并在必要时加以适度的引申,是保证译文质量的前提和基础。一方面,英语和汉语各自都有丰富的词汇,各自的词义又极其繁复;另一方面,这两种语言差异巨大,其词义关系错综复杂,往往难以找到词义完全对应的词。 如run堪称为典型的多义词。在较大规模的词典里,其释义可达上百个之多。譬如,《英汉大词典》在run条下一共提供了117个义项,包括不及物动词性34个,及物动词性40个,名词性38个,形容词性5个。显然,其中许多义项,即使是那些属于动词性的,都不能用汉语的“跑”来对译。例如: (1)London Transport run extra trains during the rush-hour. 伦敦运输公司在交通高峰时间增开加班列车。(2)Election campaigns in Britain run for three weeks. 英国选举活动持续三周。 (3)The lease on my house has only a year to run. 我那房子的租期只有一年了。 (4)“Eight shot dead by gunmen”ran the newspaper headline.报纸标题为“枪手枪杀八人”。 (5)He has no idea of how to run a successful business. 他不知道把企业办好的方法。 (6)The dyes in this fabric are guaranteed not to run in washing. 这种织物所用染料保证不会在洗涤时渗化。(7)The foreword of the book runs for six pages. 这本书的前言长达6页。 (8)Urban unemployment is running at 15 percent. 目前,城市失业率保持在15%。 (9)The party is running two candidates in the next election. 该党将在下届选举中提出两名候选人。 (10)Check everything and run the whole test again. 把一切检查一遍,然后再把试验重做一遍。 以上十个例句中都包含run一词,尽管均用作动词,其词义都不尽相同。毋庸言,如果将其作名词和形容词时的义项考虑在内,run的词义会更加纷繁多样。 诚然,在英语词汇占绝大多数的多义词并不个个都像run那样释义如此繁多,但判定其在具体语境中的确切含义,并将之恰如其分地译成汉语往往同样需要花费相应的气力。往往一词之发疏,全篇不顺。对初学翻译的人来说,遇到英语多义词时必须结合上下反复推敲,切忌望词生义,不求甚解。尤其是遇到用多义词时,绝不有想当然地把自己印象中的词义放到译文中去,翻译实践告诉我们:似懂非懂的地方,往往最容易出错。 如:.Dr. Cooper has called for a smoke-free America by the year2000. [误] 库伯博士号召在2000年以前建立一个自由吸烟的美国。 [误] 库伯博士号召在2000年以前建立一个免费吸烟的美国。 [正] 库伯博士号召在2000年以前使美国成为一个无人吸烟的国家。 所有的例子都说明了词义选择和词义引申在考研翻译中的重要性。因此,在翻译中绝不能拘泥于自己所记忆的词典提供的基本释义,机械地用固定的汉语词替换对应的英语词。正确的做法应当是,在掌握每一个单词基本释义的基础上,根据这个单词所处的语境,根据上下文提供的各种线索,判定其确切含义;同时,还需要按照汉语的表达习惯和汉语的搭配方式,选用恰当的词语表达这一意义。 一、词义的选择 英语与世界上任何一种语言一样,都存在着一词多义的现象。所谓一词多义,即是指同一个词在同一种词类中,具有几个不同的词义。在英语与汉语中,很难找到一词一义的对应情况。这就需要我们在翻译过程中理解英语原文中单词的意思,然后努力地寻找在汉语中与这个英语单词具有相同意义的常用表达方法。就home这个词而言,大多数人都知道有“家”的意思。但是,上下文不一样,home的翻译就完全不一样,如: I’ll see her home tonight 今晚我送她回家。 India is the home of elephants. 印度是大象的生长地。 He’s at home with the classics. 他精通古典文学 New homes are for sale. 新房出售。 She’s at home where she is. 她在哪儿都自由自在。

英语四级翻译常用词汇及基本句型

英语四级段落翻译常用词汇:中国历史与文化京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫Kungfo 太极Tai Chi 口技 ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadowplay 折子戏 opera highlights 杂技 acrobatics 相声 witty dialogue comedy 刺绣 embroidery 苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy 中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术 paper-making 指南针 the compass 青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain; china 唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne

秋千swing 武术 martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家Mohism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu 孙子Sun Tzu 象形文字 pictographic characters 文房四宝(笔墨纸观)the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning 《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean 《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius 《孙子兵法》The Art of War 《三国演义》Three Kingdoms 《西游爷己》Journey to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes 《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers 《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror 《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals

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