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Standalone photovvoltaic module testing facility

STANDALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE OUTDOOR TESTING FACILITY FOR

UAE CLIMATE

Kapil Kumar, S. D. Sharma, Lokesh Jain

CSEM-UAE Innovation Center LLC

Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

Tel: +971-07-2446929, Fax: +971-07-2446951

Abstract

CSEM-UAE Innovation Center LLC has established a well equipped lab in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE to test and characterize the Photovoltaic (PV) module. In the actual field conditions PV module gives quite different results compare to specified results by the manufacturer due to high temperature, dusty and humid climate of UAE. Therefore outdoor testing and characterization of PV module is essential to design any PV powered systems for UAE. The testing and characterization are conducted according to the International Standards of relevant committees of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the International Electro technical Commissions [1 - 5]. Our R & D team helps the manufacturer to develop innovative PV applications and let them to start the business for the UAE market. CSEM also contributes to improve the PV efficiency in the UAE climate with the innovative solutions. CSEM has developed an Autonomous Monitoring and Control Unit (AMCU) and Smart GreeNet platform for the different performance parameters including I–V and temperature distribution over the PV module using wireless sensor networking.

To provide our participation, we have already started the standalone outdoor performance testing. It will include continuous measurement and collection of performance data of stand alone PV system which can be used to improve system design and make systems more cost effective for UAE market. This research paper will provide the details about the outdoor testing and characterization facility, solar radiation measurement facility and performance results of Sharp and Flexcell PV modules. The effect of dust, temperature and irradiance on PV performance will also be investigated.

Keywords: Photovoltaic, Current – Voltage, International Standards, Efficiency

1. Introduction

The UAE has started to adopt new technologies to advance energy efficiency and conservation. This will make UAE less dependent on conventional energy. Solar power generation is becoming clean and gentle way to produce electricity on earth. It is expected to play a very important role in meeting electricity demand and reduction in green house gases produced by use of fossil fuels, in near future. Stand alone photovoltaic system will represent a suitable solution for rural areas where electricity demand is low. It is also important to state that the use of solar energy in rural regions will protect these areas from pollution, since the use of solar home systems avoids large amount of CO2 emissions. [6] The climatic and geographic conditions of UAE provide special advantages over other countries. The UAE is full of sunshine all year round and plenty of space to install the photovoltaic systems. Due to dusty and humid climate conditions of UAE makes essential to develop a testing facility for photovoltaic modules. This will help PV system designer to get real performance picture of photovoltaic modules.

This paper will explain the variation in module performance parameters due to harsh climatic conditions of UAE. All relevant variables like IV curve, module temperature, irradiance etc. which determine and characterize the power output of the modules will be monitored on a continuous basis throughout the measurement periods. This Paper summarizes monitored results of PV module over three months in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.

The test methods and procedures chosen for this purpose are based on consensus standards of relevant committees of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the International Electro technical Commissions.

2. Experimental set-up

2.1 Standalone PV set-up

For standalone PV set-up a stand with single axis movement has been designed. The PV module for outdoor testing will be mounted on aluminum frame with the base of M.S and whole system will be placed on the roof of CSEM-UAE building. For the experiments the system will be facing south direction at fixed angle of PV module. The angle can be varied between 0 to 90 o. Fig 1 shows actual set up for outdoor testing of PV Module with mechanism for single axis movement to test module at different tilt angle of module with the horizontal plane.

Optimum tilt angle with fixed orientation can be determined by searching for the values of tilt angles for which the total radiation on PV surface would be maximum. A pyranometer is also placed in the plane of PV module to get falling solar radiation on the surface of PV module. To measure module temperature, temperature sensors have been poisoned on the back of PV module. Some sensors have also been placed on the front side of PV module to get idea about temperature profile on the PV module surface.

Fig 1: Standalone PV module set-up

2.2 CSEM-UAE Solar Station

The three important measurements which are critical to design any solar powered system are Diffuse Solar Radiation, Beam Radiation and Global Radiation. These all measurements will help to design an application of PV Module for United Arab Emirates. Different modules technologies respond differently to changes in irradiance and temperature [7].

Fig 2: Solar station at CSEM-UAE Innovation Center

For all three measurements, the data is being transferred by ADAM Modules. ADAM -4018, 8-Channels Analog Input Modules have been used to get values of solar radiation. All data acquired from measurements will be stored in a personal computer. System will create .txt file automatically which can be modified by user. The data can be utilized for predicting the performance of a solar powered system for UAE Climate.

2.3 Measuring Instruments

a. Pyranometer: A CMP series of Kipp & Zonen pyranometer is used to get the global radiation. It is high quality radiometer designed for measuring short-wave irradiance on a plane surface (radiant flux, W/m 2) which results from the sum of direct solar radiation and the diffuse radiation incident from the hemisphere above the instrument.

b. Shadow Ring: Kipp & Zonen CM121 Shadow ring along with a pyranometer gives the diffuse solar radiation.

c. Pyrheliometer: An instrument that measure an amount of beam solar radiation. This is positioned normal to sun’s radiation with the help Eppley SMT two axis tracker. The SMT two axis trackers takes input of Latitude and longitude of the location along with date and time and positions the Pyrheliometer with pre calculated angles.

d. Daystar: I-V curve Tracer : It will give I-V curve for photovoltaic modules at different solar radiation in outdoor conditions.

3. Measuring methods

3.1 CSEM-UAE Measurement system

Measurements included global radiation on tilted surface, current and voltage readings of PV panel, module temperature, and ambient temperature. For global radiation a pyranometer were placed in the same plane of PV module. The data for global radiation on tilted surface have been recorded from 13-02-2007 to 13-04-2007 for further processing. This method has been used for researchers to provide real performance of solar cell, PV module and PV array by I-V Characterization [8].

Current- Voltage readings through photovoltaic module were monitored by CSEM-UAE AMCU Flyer Unit and digital multimeter under varying load applied by variable resistance. Ambient and Module temperature was measured by putting LM-20 temperature sensor on the rear side of PV module.

Fig 3: Schematic circuit diagram of PV module measurement system

3.2 I-V Characterization of PV module

Experiments can be performed by placing module on stand alone PV set-up. CSEM-UAE is equipped with Daystar 100C I-V curve tracer. Day star I-V curve tracer and CSEM-UAE AMCU flyer unit have been used to monitor the I-V characteristics of PV modules.

Fig 4: Daystar I-V curve tracer

The DS tracer generates a complete current-voltage (I-V) curve that characterizes photovoltaic system under outdoor testing conditions. It obtains an I-V curve by varying the electrical impedance connected across the PV module or array output terminals. Varying the impedance from zero to infinity causes the array operating point to change from I sc to V oc . The DS-Tracer accomplishes this impedance change by connecting the module or array to a capacitive load. As the capacitor charges, the array moves through its

operating range and presents a set of current and voltage values that form the I-V curve. This system can provide I-V characterization up to 50 kW systems.

Fig 5: Schematic diagram for I-V characterization of PV module or PV array

4. Experimental Results and discussion

PV module outdoor testing facility was installed on the roof of CSEM-UAE Innovation Center, at Ras Al Khaimah (Longitude: 25.6° N, Latitude: 55.9° E ), United Arab Emirates.

For experiments multi-crystalline silicon (Model NE-Q5E2E, Sharp Electronics Corporation, USA) rating 165 peak power has been chosen. PV module was mounted as standalone at a fixed tilt angle of 30o facing true south. Table1 shows electrical parameters of PV module.

Table1: Electrical parameters for experimental PV module

Sharp Ne-Q5E2E

Parameters

Unit

Value

Open Circuit voltage (V oc

)

43.1

Maximum Power voltage (V

pm )

34.6

Short Circuit current (I

sc )

5.46

Maximum power current (I pm

)

4.77

Maximum power (P

m )

165

Encapsulated solar cell efficiency

(η

)

-- -

14.6 Module efficiency ---- 12.7

In general PV module efficiency drops by 0.5% per oC increase in module temperature. To know the variation of module and surface temperature, sensors have been positioned on rear and front side of PV panel. Three sensors have been positioned on the rear side of panel.

18 sensors were placed on the front side of panel to know the temperature profile of module surface.

Fig 6: Positioning of temperature sensors on rear and front side of PV module

Module temperature of Sharp PV module goes upto 60 oC on a clear day in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE. The standard procedure for measuring the temperature coefficients for modules and arrays are not yet standardized. The measured data for temperature distribution of PV module is going to be investigated and CSEM-UAE will try to develop a standards method for measuring temperature coefficients of different type of PV module. Other issues related to the measurement of temperatures coefficients in the laboratory are documented elsewhere [9]. Fig 7 shows temperature distribution of over PV module with variation of solar irradiance and ambient temperature. These operating conditions decide the sizing of PV array for a PV system designer.

and front side, exposed to partly cloudy day of March 1-03-2006, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE

Continuous monitoring of current-voltage values by CSEM-UAE AMCU Flyer unit will give performance of PV module under real operating conditions. Fig 8 shows variation of PV module efficiency with irradiance and module temperature. PV module efficiency varies in between 8 – 10 %, which is differing from specified value at STC (Standard Testing Conditions; 25 o C, 1000 W/m2) by 3 - 4 %. This efficiency drop occurs due to high temperature rise of PV module surface and dust deposition on the surface of PV module.

A significant degradation in PV module efficiency is observed due to accumulation of dust particles on the surface of PV. Detail study to know the affect of dust particle on PV module efficiency is in progress.

operating conditions of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE

: 708 W/m2, 45.4 oC, P max = 93.9 Watt

: 890 W/m2, 39.4 oC, P max = 114.0 Watt

: 900 W/m2, 40.5 oC, P max = 119.64 Watt

Fig 9: I-V characteristics of Sharp multi crystalline PV module at different irradiances and temperature, 0n 26 August 2007 and also shown maximum power produced by PV modules.

I – V characteristics experiments has been conducted using International Standards. Day Star equipment is used to measure I – V, P max parameters. This instrument is recommended by several researchers and certified PV labs. Fig. 9 shows that there is a linear increase in photo-generated current due to increase in solar radiation [10, 11]. It is observed that increase in current and power produced by multi-crystalline PV module results due to increase in irradiance level. Sharp, 165 watt PV module stores the solar energy at the average rate of 553 Wh/day.

Conclusion

The main objective of the PV module testing was to know the actual performance of PV module in harsh conditions of UAE. This will help to PV system designer to design PV systems for growing market of United Arab Emirates. Experimental results show that PV module efficiency drops by 3-4% due to high range of PV module temperature {50-60oC}.

PV module has also been characterized by Day star I-V curve tracer. It also shows change in power output due to high ambient temperature on the site.

Future Work

In future CSEM-UAE Innovation Center will perform following tasks:

i.To provide I-V characterization for different

PV modules (including thin films) in real

outdoor conditions of UAE.

ii.Continuous monitoring of PV performance parameters for full one year to know the

actual output energy of Sharp, PV module for

operating conditions of UAE.

iii.Monitored data for temperature variation will also be investigated to get useful results

which can help to PV industry.

iv.Mathematical modeling to predict the PV performance in any outdoor condition v.Simulation and formulation on the basis of experimental data

Acknowledgement

A number of people contributed to the work documented on this paper. The authors are grateful to System Engineering team of CSEM-UAE Innovation Center to help us for positioning the wireless temperature sensors over PV module and also grateful to Mechatronics team for developing AMCU Flyer Unit for continuous measurement of current- voltage produced by panel at different time interval. References

[1] ASTM Standard Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays Using Reference Cells, standard E1036 West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Material, 1998. [2] ASTM. Standard Test Method for Saltwater Pressure Immersion and Temperature Testing of Photovoltaic Modules for Marine Environments, standard E1597.West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Material, 1998

[3] IEC.Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics, standard IEC60904.International Electrotechnical Commission

[4] IEC. Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules –Design qualification and type approval IEC1646. International Electrotechnical Commission [5]IEC.Photovoltaic (PV) stand-alone systems – Design verification, standard IEC62124. International Electrotechnical Commission

[6] Wouters FPH, Loois G, Van der Weiden TCJ, Adam HG, Rentz H. Joint implementation and the role of utilities in the dissemination of solar home systems in developing countries. In: proceedings of 14th European Photovoltaic Solar energy Conference, Barcelona, 1997

[7] del Cueto JA. Comparison of energy production and performance from flat plate photovoltaic module technologies deployed at fixed tilt. Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. 2002, p. 1523-6

[8] Murat Kacira, Mehmet Simsek, Yunus Babur, Sedat Demirkol. Determining optimum tilt angles and orientations of photovoltaic panels in Sanliurfa, turkey

[9] K. Emery, et. Al. “Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic cells, modules, and systems, “25th IEEE PVSC, 1996, pp. 1275-1278

[10] Meyer EL, van Dyk EE. Degradation analysis of silicon photovoltaic modules. Proceedings of the 16th European Photovoltaic solar Energy Conference. 2000, p. 2272-5

[11] van Dyk EL, Meyer El, Scott BJ, O’Connor DA, Wessels JB. Analysis of photovoltaic module energy output under operating conditions in South Africa. Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. 1997, p. 1197-200

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2.have been in Hong Kong for two days 在香港两天ave a fanta度过一段美妙的时光ave fun 玩得开心ave a good/great /nice /wonderful time 过得愉快lf 玩得开心，过得愉快ller coaster 过山车ve at high （/top/full）speed 高速运动补充：at low speed 低速ugde 在乘坐的过程中ave a quick meal 吃一份简餐way 在路上way to 在……的路上补充：与way有关的短语ways(同步练习上介绍的是：in a way)在某种程度上 2.by the way 顺便问一下’s way 挡住某人的去路 4.lost one‘s way 迷路 5.all the way 一路上，沿路way 在路上，即将发生ake one’s way 某人动身（去某处），前进d one’s way 找到路，找到解决方法uch as 例如（一般后面跟多个例子） 10.get excited 兴奋起a parade of ……的游行 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e81853210.html,alater a傍晚best paday一天中最好的部分a 拍照a 4-D film 一场4D电影dg 购物a couple of 一对，几个let me have a look 让我看看ad of 以……的速度 20.hurry to do sth 赶着做某事

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