04年河海博士英语试卷

河海大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

Part ⅠListening Comprehension

(略)

PartⅡV ocabulary (10%)

Part A (0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has one word or a set of words underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

21. The report sets out strict inspection procedures to ensure that recommendations are properly implemented.

A. made up of

B. carried out

C. put into operation

D. charged with

22. The head of the navy heaped scornon both the methods and motives of the conspirators.

A. admiration

B. passion

C. contempt

D. offense

23. One of the most provocativeideas of modern physics was initiated by the British theorist P.Dirao.

A. stimulating

B. popular

C. enduring

D. powerful

24. The story of Peter Pan is so fascinatingthat all the children like it.

A. interesting

B. adventurous

C. entrancing

D. extraordinary

25. The young girl showed wonderful facilityfor learning languages.

A. liking

B. imagination

C. delight

D. aptitude

26. In the Pacific Northwest, as climate and topography vary, so do the species that prevailin the forests.

A. dominate

B. reproduce

C. rebuild

D. invade

27. Although the work needs to be done more exhaustively, efforts have been made to collect the songs and ballads of the American Revolution.

A. precisely

B. selectively

C. frantically

D. thoroughly

28. There are still some outdated prejudices lurkingin the minds of individuals.

A. existing

B. hiding

C. remaining

D. emerging

29. In buying a suit, a difference often cents in price is negligible.

A. negligent

B. negotiable

C. insignificant

D. consequential

30. Modern nursing practices not only hastenthe recovery of the sick but also promote better health through preventive medicine.

A. permit

B. accelerate

C. determine

D. accompany

Part B (0.5 point each)

Directions: There are ten sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

31. She considered herself always in the right, and anybody s suggestion.

A. skimped

B. sent down

C. sneered at

D. submitted to

32. He was present in his role of school manager, church warden and donor.

A. dedicated

B. triple

C. providential

D. religious

33. Since you are so weak, you should take every precaution against catching cold.

A. critical

B. comparable

C. distinct

D. conceivable

34. An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of that produces it.

A. causality

B. margin

C. persistence

D. purpose

35. Mr. Li is the present of the presidential chair of the company.

A. transaction

B. prescription

C. professor

D. incumbent

36. Agreement made by the President with other countries the approval of the Senate.

A. is subjected to

B. is subject to

C. draws out

D. substitute for

37. The economy is showing signs of .

A. halting

B. overflowing

C. outbreaking

D. faltering

38. Their experiments show that the strain of wheat grows more quickly and is resistant to disease.

A. newly planted

B. newly cultivated

C. hybrid

D. imported

39. In that country the coins are so that one has to carry great quantities to make a single purchase.

A. diminished

B. debased

C. degraded

D. defaced

40. Richard Cramer was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for his on the effects of war on individuals in the Middle East.

A. commentary

B. communication

C. assertion

D. declaration

PartⅢUse of English (15%)

Part A (10%)

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.

Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to 41and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of 42the available employment more widely.

But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to 43employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions 44which many of us can work for ourselves, 45for an employer?

The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people s work has taken the 46of jobs. The industrial age may now be 47to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. 48, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment as its history shows, has not meant 49freedom.

Employment became widespread 50the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them 51the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living 52themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from the people s homes.

53, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, 54, many people s work lost all connection 55their home lives and the places in which they lived.

56, employment put women 57a disadvantage. It became customary for the husband to go out to

58employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife.

All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to 59some effort and resources away from the 60goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.

41. A. be blamedB. have been blamedC. blameD. blaming

42. A. sharingB. makingC. takingD. looking

43. A. makeB. treatC. findD. get

44. A. onB. atC. toD. in

45. A. thereforeB. rather thanC. asD. other than

46. A. sizeB. shapeC. formD. format

47. A. takingB. makingC. comingD. becoming

48. A. ButB. AndC. ThereforeD. For

49. A. economicalB. economicC. economyD. economics

50. A. duringB. sinceC. beforeD. when

51. A. forB. ofC. toD. until

52. A. forB. ofC. withD. to

53. A. So thatB. After thatC. LaterD. So

54. A. actuallyB. naturallyC. correctlyD. eventually

55. A. toB. withC. forD. of

56. A. MeanwhileB. Generally speakingC. ThereforeD. Actually

57. A. intoB. inC. onD. at

58. A. payingB. paidC. payD. being paid

59. A. makeB. takeC. switchD. get

60. A. possibleB. impossibleC. practicalD. impractical

Part B (5%)

Directions: Each of the following sentences has 4 underlined parts marked A, B, C, and D. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and correct it. Then transfer your answers onto the ANSWER SHEET.

61. WereAthe Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that it couldBdramatically transform a family ranCenterprise that still gets 90% of itsDrevenues from newspapers.

62. Conversation calls for aAwillingness to alternate the role of speaker with oneBof listenerC, and calls for occasional digestive pauses byDboth.

63. As long asApoor people, who in general are colored, are in conflictBwith richer people, who in general are lighterC skinD, there s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.

64. All those left undoneAmay sound greatlyBin theory, but even the truest believerC has great difficulty whenDit comes to specifics.

65. Even ifAautomakers modify commercially produced cars to run onBalternative fuelsC, the cars won t catch on in a big way whenDdrivers can fill them up at the gas station.

PartⅣReading Comprehension (30%)

Directions: In this part of the test, there are five passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D, and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage 1

So far as I know, Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished, the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it, but a laborer today can rightly be called a wage slave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family.

The antithesis to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity; society could not care less whether we play it or not.

Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do: what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. The difference does not, for example, coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job; a gardener or cobbler may be a worker, a bank clerk, a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of coronaries and forget their wives birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom from compulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.

66. The best title for the passage could be .

A. Work, Labor and Play

B. Ways Leading to Happiness

C. The Most Desirable Job in the World

D. The Necessity of Leisure

67. If a person wishes to be happy,.

A. he must have something to do

B. he must realize the essential difference between work and labor

C. he must feel free first of all

D. he must do something valuable to society

68. A man is a laborer if .

A. what he likes to do is not recognized by society

B. he has to make a living or supporting his family

C. he cannot get paid for what he does

D. he is forced to do what he doesn t enjoy

69. According to the passage, what is society s attitude toward the game we play?

A. Society regards play as another kind of labor.

B. Society doesn t care what we play at all.

C. Society forbids us to play any game.

D. Society cares for private games very much.

70. Which of the following kinds of person is a worker?

A. A teacher who enjoys working with students.

B. A white collar employee who is well paid.

C. A man who doesn t mix work with play.

D. A man who has good appetite and enjoys good health.

71. What does the laborer think of leisure?

A. He thinks he has no time for it since he has to support his family.

B. He wishes to have as little leisure as possible.

C. He hopes to have more leisure to play.

D. He thinks it more important than health and family.

Passage 2

Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior. The clock works all the time even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insect when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away. And it tells animals when to eat, sleep and wake. It controls body temperature, the release of some hormones and even dreams. These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.

Man has known about them for thousands of years. But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until 1729. In that year French astronomer, Jean Jacquesd “Ortous de Mairan”, noted that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time every morning, and closed them at the same time every night. The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time. Later scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans. They learned that man s biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man made clock. About four years ago an American doctor, Eliot Weitzman, established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works. The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world. They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms. Dr. Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness. The laboratory is in the Monteflore Hospital in New York City. It has two living areas with three small rooms in each. The windows are covered, so no sunlight or moonlight comes in. There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas. It contains computers, one way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area. The instruments measure heartbeat, body temperature, hormones in the blood, other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep. A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room 24 hours a day during an experiment. They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is. In the first four years of research, Dr. Weitzman and his assistant have observed 16 men between the ages of 21 and 80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six months. Last month, a science reporter for The New York Times newspaper, Dava Sobol, became the first woman to take part in the experiment. She entered the laboratory on June 13th and stayed for 25 days. Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time, which were published in the newspaper.

72. The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in .

A. the regulation of body temperature

B. the secretion of hormones

C. animal reproduction

D. many aspects of plant and animal physiology

73. In his observation, the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening and closing cycles .

A. even when it was kept in a murky place all day

B. even if it was placed in the moonlight

C. even when he was observing it from a dark place

D. even during the night time

74. The sentence “They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.” (Paragraph 2, Line 9) probably means .

A. They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks, without referring to a man made clock

B. They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to them

C. They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythms

D. They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life

75. In the experiment conducted by Mr. Weitzman, the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day .

A. in order to observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different times

B. so as not to be recognized by the people

C. so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is when he starts work

D. so as to leave the people s circadian rhythms in disorder

76. What is Mr. Weitzman s ultimate purpose of establishing a laboratory?

A. He wanted to have his experiment report published in the newspapers.

B. People are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.

C. He wanted to find a way to treat people s diseases.

D. He could gain some reputation for the first scientific observation of circadian.

77. Miss Sobol left the laboratory .

A. on June 13th

B. on June 25th

C. at the end of June

D. on July 7th

Passage 3

There are hidden factors which scientists call “feedback mechanisms”. No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate. Here s one example: plants and animals adapt to climate change over centuries. At the current estimate of half a degree centigrade of warming per decade, vegetation may not keep up. Climatologist James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a year faster than trees can naturally migrate. Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die. The 1,000 kilometer wide strip of forest running through Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia could be cut by half. Millions of dying trees would soon lead to massive forest fires, releasing tons of CO2and further boosting global warming.

There are dozens of other possible “feedback mechanisms”. Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness, which may actually damp down global warming. Others, like the “albedo” effect is the amount of solar energy reflecte d by the earth s surface. As northern ice and snow melts and the darker sea and land pokes through, more heat will be absorbed, adding to the global temperature increase.

Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades. Delay will simply make the problem worse. The fact is that

some of us are doing quite well the way things are. In the developed world prosperity has been built on 150 years of cheap fossil fuels.

Material progress has been linked to energy consumption. Today 75 per cent of all the world s energy is consumed by a quarter of the world s population. The average rich world resident adds about 3.2 tons of CO2yearly to the atmosphere, more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen. The US, with just seven per cent of the global population, is responsible for 22 per cent of global warming.

78. “Feedback mechanisms” in paragraph 1 most probably refer to .

A. how plants and animals adapt to hidden factors

B. how plants and animals interact with the changing climate

C. how climate changes

D. how climate zones shift

79. We can learn from the passage that .

A. some feedback mechanisms may slow down global warming

B. the basic facts of global warming are unknown

C. developing countries benefit from cheap fossil fuels

D. developed countries have decided to reduce their energy consumption

80. The word “emission” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .

A. admission

B. entrance

C. ejection

D. agitation

81. James Hansen predicts that the shift of climate zones will be accompanied by .

A. the cutting of many trees

B. desirable environmental changes

C. successful migration of species

D. unsuccessful migration of trees

82. It can be inferred from the passage that .

A. the developing world has decided to increase its energy consumption

B. a third world citizen adds less than a ton of CO2yearly to the atmosphere

C. the world climate would soon gain its balance if we stopped greenhouse gas emissions

D. future prosperity of the world is dependent on cheap fossil fuels

83. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

A. Impact of global warming on climate

B. Prosperity and cheap fossil fuels

C. Material progress and energy consumption

D. Plants and animals in the changing climate

Passage 4

Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines: the Bug Eyed Monster, embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive, is about to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde, curvaceous, scantily clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time, the aspects of human

life that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for no other literary form does quite the same things.

The question is: what is science fiction? And the answer must be, unfortunately, that there have been few attempts to consider this question at any length or with much seriousness；it may well be that science fiction will resist any comprehensive definition of its characteristics. To say this, however, does not mean that there are no ways of defining it nor that various facets of its totality cannot be clarified. To begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary sub genre which postulates a change (for human beings) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily be modified and expanded, and probably changed, in the course of this exploration, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure.

The first point that science fiction is a literary sub genre is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek s RUR (Rossum s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known；the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. To say that science fiction is a sub genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories.

Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, character, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel.

84. Science fiction is called a literary sub genre because .

A. it is not important enough to be a literary genre

B. it cannot be made into a dramatic presentation

C. it shares characteristics with other types of prose fiction

D. to call it a “genre” would subject it to literary jargon

85. Which of the following does not usually contribute to the theme in a piece of science fiction?

A. narrator

B. setting

C. character

D. rhyme

86. The view of science fiction encouraged by pulp magazines, while wrong, is nevertheless .

A. popular

B. deranged

C. elegant

D. fashionable

87. An appropriate title for this passage would be .

A. On the Inaccuracies of Pulp Magazines

B. Toward a Definition of Science Fiction

C. A Type of Prose Fiction

D. Beyond the Bug Eyed Monster

88. The author s definition suggests that all science fiction deals with .

A. the same topics addressed by novels and short stories

B. the unfamiliar or unusual

C. Karel Capek s well known postulate

D. the conflict between science and fiction

89. One implication of the final sentence in the passage is that .

A. the reader should turn next to commentaries on general fiction

B. there is no reason for any reader not to like science fiction

C. there are reasons for enjoying science fiction

D. those who can read and analyze fiction can also do so with science fiction

Passage 5

“Refrigerator production in China jumped from 1.4 million units in 1985 to 10. 6 million in 1998,”according to David Fridley, a researcher in the Department of Energy s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.

The Global Environmental Facility, through the United Nations Development Program, has decided to fund $9.3 million of the $40 million program to help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators. The refrigerator project began in 1989 when the EPA signed an agreement with the government of China to assist in the elimination of CFCs from refrigerators. Berkeley Lab has been involved in the project since 1995 through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, developing the market transformation program based on the success of the first phase of the project, which involved designing and testing CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free, energy efficient refrigerators. Fridley says that beyond his technical supervisory role, the Laboratory will be involved in training and working with the State Bureau of Technical Supervision as the new efficiency standards are developed.

“Market transformation,”Fridley explains, “is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product, in this case to a more energy efficient, environmentally favorable product through voluntary, market based means such as technical assistance and training for manufacturers, consumer education, and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient produce.”“Collectively, we developed a technical training program for Chinese refrigerator manufactures interested in developing CFC free, efficient refrigerators; a financial incentive program to motivate manufacturers to build the most efficient refrigerator possible; and a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies that acquire refrigerators in bulk,” Fridley says.

In 1998, the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA. “It is not widely known in the United States, but China has had an energy efficiency policy in place since the early 1980s,” says Mark Levine, Environmental Energy Technologies Division director and an a dvisor to the Chinese government on energy efficiency. “The government of China is committed to using energy more efficiently, and this has allowed the economy to grow at nearly twice the rate of energy consumption.”

“The Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant, direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions. We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project, as well as on our other refrigerator production projects in energy data analysis, appliance efficiency standards, and technical advice on cogeneration plants,” adds Levine.

90. The main idea of this passage is .

A. about refrigerator production in China

B. about the energy efficient refrigerator project in China aided by the UN

C. about the American aid to the Chinese government in environmental protection

D. about the tremendous increase of China s refrigerator production

91. From what the two American researchers said we can conclude that .

A. the American experts working in the refrigerator project are disappointed China s refrigerator production

B. the American researchers are particularly worried about China s over emission of CFC into the air

C. the American researchers in refrigerator technology enjoy their opportunity to work in China

D. the American experts sees China as the best place to increase their export of refrigerator technology

92. According to Fridley, “Market transformation” means .

A. giving a practical guide to the consumers needs as which products are better

B. strengthening the training of designers and manufacturers and educate the consumers to distinguish right products from the fake ones

C. producing high quality products that can reach the international standards for environmental protection

D. trying to meet the demand of the consumers by improving the quality of products comprehensively

93. The following statements about Berkeley Lab are true EXCEPT .

A. It began a project with the government of China in 1989 to assist in the development of CFC free, efficient refrigerators

B. It provided technical assistance and training for Chinese refrigerator manufacturers

C. It helped to develop a mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies

D. It cooperated with the government of China on several refrigerator projects

94. The pronoun “it” in the sentence “It is not widely known in the United States” (paragraph 5) may refer to .

A. an International Climate Protection Award

B. the EPA, that is, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

C. the refrigerator project mentioned in the passage

D. the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies

95. The reason why the Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project is important to China s further development is that .

A. the project will have a direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions

B. the Chinese government is eager to improve its people s living conditions

C. the Chinese government is determined to protect the environment from being destroyed by industrial pollution

D. the Chinese government is eager to up to date the production of its electronic industry PartⅤTranslation (20 %)

Part A (10%)

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Virtue and intelligence belong to human beings as individuals freely associating with other individuals in small groups. So do sin and stupidity. But the subhuman mindlessness to which the demagogue makes his appeal, the moral imbecility on which he relies when he goads his victims

into action, are characteristic not of men and women as individuals, but of men and women in masses. Mindlessness and moral idiocy are not characteristically human attributes; they are symptoms of herd poisoning. In all the world s higher religions, salvation and enlightenment are for individuals. The kingdom of heaven is within the mind of a person, not within the collective mindlessness of a crow.

Part B (10%)

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate it into English. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

我不知道，通过“心灵之窗”，即眼睛，来深入了解朋友的心是怎么回事。我只能通过我的指尖来“看见”脸部外形。我能够觉察到欢笑、忧伤，以及许多其他的明显的感情。我根据触摸我朋友的脸的感觉来辨认他们，但是我不能靠触摸来真正地描绘他们的神情。当然，通过其他手段，通过他们向我表达的思想，通过他们向我显示的不论什么样的行动，我也了解他们的个性。但是我被剥夺了更深入了解他们的可能，因为我相信，要达到那种更深入的了解，必须要亲眼看到他们。

PartⅥWriting (15%)

Directions: Write a composition on the following topic:

Some young people like to carry out a research project on their own, while others like to do it in a group. Which way do you prefer? Explain why.

Your composition should be no less than 200 words on the ANSWER SHEET.河海大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening comprehension

(略)

Part ⅡVocabulary

Part A

2l. B “recommendations are properly implemented”的意思是“建议得到正确执行”。make up of：由……组成；carry out: 贯彻，执行；put into operation:使生效；charge with:控告。应选B。

22. C“heaped scorn on”的意思是“非常瞧不起……”。admiration：羡慕；passion：激情；contempt:轻视，不尊重；offense:进攻。应选C。

23.A“the most provocative ideas”的意思是“最引起兴趣的观念”。stimulating：有刺激性的，激发人兴趣的；popular:流行的；enduring:不朽的；powerful:有力的。应选A。

24.C“so fascinating that all the children like it”的意思是“太使人着迷了，因此所有孩子都喜欢它”。interesting:有趣的；adventurous:充满危险的；entrancing:使人入神的；extraordinary:特别的。应选C。

25.D“showed wonderful facility for learning languages”的意思是“在学习语言方面表现出非凡的才能”。liking:喜欢；imagination:想象；delight:高兴；aptitude:才智，能力。应选D。

26. A “the species that prevail in the forests”的意思是“主宰森林的物种”。dominate：统治，占优势；reproduce:繁殖；rebuild:重建；invade:侵入。应选A。

27.D“done more exhaustively”的意思是“更彻底地做”。precisely：正好；selectively：有选择地；frantically: 疯狂地；thoroughly:彻底地。应选D。

28.B“lurking in the minds of individuals”的意思是“隐藏在人们的意识中”。existing：存在于；hiding:隐藏于；remaining:残存于；emerging:出现在。应选B。

29.C“a difference of cents in price is negligible”的意思是“价格方面的差距可以忽略不计”。negligent:疏忽的；negotiable:可以协商解决的；insignificant:可以忽略的；consequential:因果的。应选C。

30.B“hasten the recovery of the sick”的意思是“加快了病人的康复速度”。permit：容许；accelerate:加速；determine:决定；accompany:陪伴。应选Ｂ。

Part B

31. Cskimp: 节约使用；send down:监禁，击落；sneer at:讥讽，嘲笑；submit to:服从。根据前面的considered herself always in the right 可知，应选Ｃ。

32．B dedicated：专注的；triple：三重的；providential：幸运的；religious：虔诚的。根据后面的school manager，church warden and donor可知，应选B。

33．Dcritical：关键性的；comparable：可比较的；distinct：明显的；conceivable：可能的。every修饰要填的词，而要填的词修饰precaution，所以应选D。

34．Acausality：因果关系；margin：边缘；persistence：持续；purpose：目的。the chain of causality 是习惯搭配，意思是“一连串的因果关系”。

35．D transaction：交易；prescription：规定；professor：教授；incumbent：在职者，现任者。the presidential chair of the company修饰要填的词，所以应选D。

36．Bis subjected to：使经历或遭受某事物；is subject to：须经……，必须得到……；draw out：抽出；substitute for．代替。要填的词的宾语是the approval of the Senate，所以应选B。37．D halting：停止；overflowing：泛滥；outbreaking：爆发；faltering：疲软。要填的词的主语是economy，所以应选D。

38．Cnewly planted：刚种植的；newly cultivated：刚栽培的；hybrid：杂交的；imported：进口的。要填的词修饰strain of wheat(小麦品种)，所以应选C。

39．Adiminished：贬值的；debased：品质恶劣的；degraded：退化的；defaced：丑化的。根据后面的carry great quantities to make a single purchase可知，应选A。40．Acommentary：评论，评注，通常与of、on搭配使用；communication：交流，传达；assertion：断言，声明；declaration：宣言，声明。根据后面的on the effects of war可知，应选A。

PartⅢUse of English

Part A

41．Cto blame是习惯搭配，意思是“应受谴责的”。应选C。

42．Ashare：分配；make：制造；take：拿走；look：看，望。要填的词的宾语是the available employment，根据前面的high unemployment is probably here to stay可知，应选A。43．Btreat．．．as...是习惯搭配，意思是“把……看成……”。应选B。

44．D要填的词与which搭配，引导从句修饰conditions。condition通常与in搭配。应选D。45．Bfor ourselves与for all employer显然是对立的，所以应选rather than(而不是)。46．Ctake the form of是习惯搭配，意思是“以……形式表现”。应选C。

47．Ccome to an end是习惯搭配，意思是“结束”。应选C。

48．A前面的句子说“This seems a discouraging thought”，而后面的句子说“it conld offer the prospect of a better future for work”，说明前后句子的意思转折，所以应选A。49．Beconomical：节约的；economic经济上的；economy：经济；economics：经济学。要填的词修饰freedom，所以应选B。

50．D后面是一个从句，所以A不对；如果用since和before，则主句应该用完成时态，所以也不对。应选D。

51．Bdeprive sh．of...是固定搭配，意思是“剥夺某人的……，使某人丧失……”。应选B。52．Aprovide for的意思是“为……提供生活费”；provide with的意思是“给……提供，以……装备”。应选A。

53．C根据前面‘的Then可知，此处应该是讲时间的先后，所以应选C。

54．D本句话还是讲时间的先后，所以应选D。

55．Bhave／lose connection with是习惯搭配，意思是“保持／失去与……的联系”。应选B。56．A前面段落讲的是工业革命对家庭造成的影响，本段讲的是对女性造成的影响。说明前后段落连贯，所以应选A。

57．D put sb．at a disadvantage是固定搭配，意思是“使某人处于不利地位”。应选D。58．B要填的词修饰employment，根据后面的leaving the unpaid Work of home and family to his wife可知，此处讲的是有薪金的工作，所以应选B。

59．C要填的词应该与away from．．．to搭配，只有switch可以。switch from to意思是“从……转换成……”。应选C。

60．D possible：可能的；impossible：不可能的；practical：实际的；impractical：不实际的。要填的词修饰goal，根据后面的creating jobs for aU可知，应选D。

Part B

61．Cfamily ran修饰enterprise不对，应改为family run。

62．BB指代的是前面的the role，用one不对，应改为that。

63．DD应该与前面的colored一样，是形容词，所以用skin不对，应改为skinned。64．BSound是连系动词，后面不能接副词，所以用greatly不对，应改为great。

65．DD应该与前面的won t搭配，所以用when不对，应改为until。

Part ⅣReading Comprehension

Passage 1

66．A主旨题。文章第一段指出“Miss Hannah Arendt was the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor．”，然后具体说明了labor；第二段说“The antithesis to labor is play．when we play a game，we enjoy what we are doing，otherwise we should not play it，．．．”；第三段指出“Between labor and．play stands work．”，随后具体说明了work。这说明，本文主要讲的是labor、work和play之间的关系。只有A可以表达此意。

67．C细节题。第一段第二句话说“To be happy，a man must feel，firstly free．．．”，这与c 符合。

68．D细节题。第一段最后一句话说“A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it．．．”,这与D符合。

69．B细节题。第二段最后一句话说“．．．society could not care less whether we play it or not．”，这与B符合。

70．A细节题。第三段第二句话说“A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do”。这说明，工人是对其工作感兴趣，并且得到社会支付的报酬者。这与A符合。B和c明显不对；文中没有提到D。

71．C细节题。文章最后一句话说“To the laborer，on the other hand，leisure means freedom from compulsion．so that it is natural for him to imagine the fewer hours he has to spend laboring，and the more hours he is free to play，the better．”，这与C符合。A和D与文章的意思不符；B与文章的意思相反。

Passage 2

72．D细节题。文章第一段指出“The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open．It tells insect when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away．And it tells animals when to eat，sleep and wake．It controls body temperature，...”。这说明，生物钟控制动植物生理的许多方面。这与D符合。A和B不全面；文中没有提到C。

73．A细节题。第二段第三句话说“...that one of his plants opened its leaves at the same time

every morning，and closed them at the same time every night．The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the time．”，这与A符合。

74．A词义题。第二段第六句话说“They learned that man s biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25 hours instead of the 24 hours on a man made clock．an American doctor established a laboratory to study hoq our biological clock works．The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world．They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms．”。这说明，人类可以根据自身的生物钟活动，无需根据人造钟。这与A符合。

75．C细节题。第二段后半部分指出“Adoctor or medical technician is on duty．．．during an experiment．They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches, so the person in the laboratory has no idea what time it is．”，这与C符合。

76．C细节题。第二段第十句话说“Dr．weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by aging and mental illness．”，这与C符合。

77．D细节题。第二段倒数第二句话说“she entered the laboratory on June 13th and stayed for 25 days．”，这说明她离开的时间应该是7月7日。这与D符合。

Passage 3

78.B细节题。第一段第二句话说“No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate．”，这与B符合。

79．A归纳题。第二段第二句话说“Higher temperatures will fuel condensation and increase cloudiness，which may actually damp down(阻碍)global warming．”，这与A符合。B、C和D 都与文章的意思相反。

80.C词义题。第二段第五句话说“Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate would continue for decades．”，根据前面的greenhouse gas 可知，该词的意思应该是“排放”。这与C符合。

81．D细节题。文章第一段指出“James Hansen predicts climate zones will shift toward the poles by 50 to 75 kilometers a yea．Species that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment will die．”．这说明，气候带的迁移会导致许多树木的死亡，它们不可能随着迁移。这与D符合。A和B与文章的意思不符；C与文章的意思相反。

82．B推论题。文章最后一段第三句话说“The average rich world resident adds about 3:2 tons of Co2 yearly to the atmosphere，more than four times the level added by each Third World citizen．”，这说明B正确。文中没有提到A；C和D与文章的意思不符。

83．A主旨题。文章指出“No one knows quite how they will interact with the changing climate．Millions of dying tress Would soon lead to massive forest fires，further boosting global war．ming．There are dozens of other possible“feedback mechanisms”，which may actually damp down global warming．Even if we were to magically stop all greenhouse gas emissions tomorrow the impact on global climate Would continue for decades．”。这说明，本文主要讲的是“全球变暖对气候的影响”。这与A符合。B、C和D只是文章部分段落的内容，不能表达文章的中心意思。

Passage 4

84．C细节题。第三段最后一句话说“¨To say that science fiction is a sub genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general—that is，it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories．”，这与C符合。

85．D细节题。第四段第二句话说“Every piece of science fiction，whether short story or novel．must have a narrator，a story，a plot，a setting，character，language，and theme．”，这说明，文中提到了A、B和C。只有D没有提到。

86．C细节题。第一段第一句话说“...science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines：...embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive，．．．science fiction rarely emphasizes sex，and when it does，it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction”，这说明，科幻小说虽然受到人们的排斥，但是它很高雅。这与C符合。

87．B 主旨题。文章第一段首先介绍了人们对科幻小说的看法，第二段指出“The question is：what is science fiction? And the answer must be that．．．”，随后，文章具体解释了科幻小说。这说明，本文主要讲的是科幻小说的定义。这与B符合。A、c和D都是文中提到的细节，不能表达文章的中心意思。

88．A 细节题。文章第三段指出“specifically，science fiction is either a short story or a novel...it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories．”，这说明，作者认为，科幻小说与其他长篇和短篇小说的许多特征一样。这与A符合。

89．D推论题。文章最后一句话说“In short，the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction，and the ways of studying and analyzing it，are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel．”。这说明，能够阅读、研究和分析其他小说的人同样可以阅读、研究和分析科幻小说。这与D符合。

Passage 5

90．B主旨题。文章第二段指出“The Global Environmental Facility，through the united Nations Development Program，has decided to．．．help the government of China transform its market for refrigerators．The refrigerator project began in 1989…to assist in the elimination of CFCs fron refrigerators”，然后具体说明了该计划，第五段指出“In 1998，the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA．”，最后一段引用联合国官员的话说“The Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant，direct effect on reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions．”。这说明，本文主要讲的是联合国援助中国生产高能冰箱的计划。这与B符合。

91．C细节题。文章最后一段指出“We at Berkeley Lab are grateful to have the chance to work with the people and government of China on this project ’，这与c符合。A和B与文章的意思相反；文中没有提到D。

92．C词义题。文章第三段指出“Market transformation，”Fridley explains，“is the process of shifting consumer demand for a product，in this case to a more energy efficient，environmentally favorable product through voluntary．market based means．．．and financial incentives to manufacture and sell the more efficient produce．”。这与C符合。A、B和D 都与文章的意思不符。

93．D细节题。A与第二段第二句话的意思相符；B与第三段的意思相符；C与第四段的意思相符。只有D与文章的意思不符。

94．C词义题。文章第五段指出“In 1998，the refrigerator project was awarded an International Climate Protection Award by the EPA．“It is not widely known in the United States…”。这说明，it 指的是前面的the refrigerator project。这与C符合。

95．A细节题。文章最后一段第一句话说“The Energy Efficient Refrigerator Project will have a significant，direct effect on reducing greenhou se gas and pollutant emissions．”，这说明A 正确。

Part VTranslation

Part A

【参考译文】

美德和智慧属于人类，就像个体可以与小群体中的其他人自由结交一样。罪过和愚蠢也是这样。但是，引起鼓动者兴趣的低等动物的无知以及在其鼓动受害者采取行动时所依赖的道德愚蠢不是人们作为个体的特性，而是人们作为群体的特性。无知和道德白痴并不是人类的品质；它们是芸芸众生的症状——中毒。在世界上所有高等宗教信仰中，拯救和教化是针对个体的。天堂存在于一个人的思想中，并不具有人类的共同无知。

Part B

【参考译文】

I don t know what it is to understand a friend deeply through the“window of soul ’．eyes．I can only“see”the shape of face through my fingertips．I can sense joy，mourn，and many other obvious feelings．I identify my friends by touching their faces，but I can t really describe their feelings by touching．of course，I can know their personalities by other methods—by the thoughts they expressed to me，and by whatever action they did．However，I am deprived the possibility of understanding them further．because I believe that you must see them with your own eyes if you want to get the deeper understanding of them．

Part VIWriting

【参考范文】

Depending on their academic trainings as well as their own preferences, when it comes to doing a re search project, young scholars can be classified into two distinct groups on whether they favor individual work or teamwork. Though both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, I would select thegroup work approach.

There are three reasons for my choice. First of all, scientific research is necessarily a joint effort. Asit is known to the majority of young scientists who have newly entered the world of science as a serious ca reer, if a person s work is to be called science, the work has to be evaluated and recognized by his col leagues both far and near. Also, modern science has already formed the consensus that for any significantscientific work, there must first exists a scientific community, which means there have to be some fairlyagreed upon topics of study that demands coordination among researchers before any meaningful outcomecan be obtained. Last but not least, from a practical perspective, today s scientific research has made itimpossible for any individual to carry out all the work all by herself. For example, a social scientist whoknows a lot about human behavior may have an inadequate knowledge of statistics and therefore he has to rely on collaborative work from another researcher who is familiar with the details of technical side of theresearch in question.

As a summary, I strongly believe that scientific research must be a joint effort instead of an individu al job. Too much emphasis on an individual researcher s talent and inspiration might do a lot of harm tothe advancement of science. Any young scholar should bear this in mind.

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2015年考博 单选： 有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》） 阅读理解： 第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect every- body is equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念) 第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。第一题问：文章开头是什么意思，我选择了，和传统广告一样，互联网广告也是为了促使消费者冲动消费。有一题问：下列哪些选项作者没提及：我选了传统广告在较长的竞争中必然会战胜网络广告方式。有一题关于互联网广告的：我选择了需要做些change来保持他的竞争性什么的。最后一题问作者对互联网广告的态度：uncertain,objective,X,X.另两个记不清了，我选的客观的。 第三篇：关于脸书，推特等这些网络平台火的原因，强调以前的网络平台web1.只是让你看别人提供的content，而web 2.如这些社交平台是让你能跟别人交流自己creat content,而不是enjoy 别人提供的content.一题问：Myspace社交平台火的原因：我选了有content的那个选项。有题问下面哪个选项作者没提及：我选了大家怀念web1.那个选项。 第3篇This reading comprehension focuses on social networks. It's followed by key vocabulary

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