传播学经典理论英文翻译
1.Opinion Leaders
Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others.
2.The Spiral of Silence
For a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. "
3.Gatekeeper
Lewin was first proposed this idea.
The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see .
4.Selective exposure hypothesis
Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not
indiscriminate, but more willing to choose the contents that are the same or similar to their opinion, and for the contents of this confrontation or conflict, there is a tendency to avoid.
5.Knowledge Gap Theory
Because the people who have higher economic status is usually much faster to get information than those of low socioeconomic status, therefore, the more information is transmitted by the mass media , the knowledge gap between the two types of people is more tend to expand.
6.Agenda Setting Theory
Mass media report an issue or not directly affect people's perception on the subject.
Mass media highlights an issue will cause people to pay more attention to the issue.
Mass media on a range of topics give different levels of coverage according to a certain order of priority, it will affect people’s judgment about importance of these issues .
7.Magic bullet theory
The message sent by the mass media is like a magic bullet, but the audience as the target without protection ,so the audience can easily be knocked down by the message sent by the mass media.
The theory is that mass media have powerful force which can directly affect audience.
Text One An Introduction to Communication
ii) Key Words & Expressions:
communication n. 传播
journalism n. 新闻学
transfer n.& v. 传递，迁移
information n. 信息
circulation n. 流通，运行，循环，传播
convey v. 传送，传递
feedback n. 反馈，反应
medium n. 媒体，媒介，中介
II. Text Study
STUDY PREVIEW communication is an important word in our today’s academic study in journalism, sociology, psychology, economics & politics. It’s also heard more & more often in our daily life. So what is communication?
Communication:
The transfer of social information & the circulation of social information systems.
Social:
When we say “communication”in our study, we usually mean human communication, not animal communication; a “communication”happening in a society, not in other environments such as natural, physical or biological ones.
Why we study “human communication”?
Communication is the tool that makes societies possible. It is no accident that communication and community have the same word root.
Without communication, there would be no communities; and without community, there could be no communication.
The sociologist Charles Cooley called communication “the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop_ all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time”.
Transfer of information:
When “communication”happens, information flows from one person to another, and then the receiver may give some feedback to the giver. During this process, the information is shared, and the giver and receiver can play the opposite role.
Also, communication needs some medium, which is something both parts of a communication can understand. For example, two or more people come together, trying to share some information. But they are from different countries and have different life experiences. So if they want to understand one another, they must use some medium such as English language, or even body language.
In modern times, words are important tools or media for communication. But communication is not conducted entirely, or even mostly, in words. A gesture, a facial expression, a pitch pattern, a level of loudness, an emphasis, a kiss, a hand on the shoulder, a haircut or lack of one _ all these carry information.
Text Two Types of Communication
ii) Key Words & Expressions:
mass media 大众传播媒体
mass communication 大众传播
intrapersonal communication 自我传播
interpersonal communication 人际传播
group communication 群体传播
audience 受众，观众，听众
encode 编码
code 代码
transmit 传输，传达，传播
decode 解码
internalize 使内在化
II. Text Study
STUDY PREVIEW The communication in which the mass media engage is only one form of communication. One way to begin understanding the process of mass communication is to differentiate it from other forms of communication.
Intrapersonal Communication
We engage in intrapersonal communication when we talk to ourselves to develop our thoughts and ideas. This intrapersonal communication precedes our speaking or acting.
Intrapersonal communication is an exchange of information we have with ourselves, such as when we think over our next move in a video game or sing to ourselves in the shower. Typing into a computer is electronically mediated intrapersonal communication.
Interpersonal Communication
When people talk to each other, they are engaging in interpersonal communication. In this simplest form, interpersonal communication is between two people physically located in the same place. It can occur, however, if they are physically separated but emotionally connected, like lovers on cell phones.
The difference between the prefixes intra- and inter- is the key difference between intrapersonal and interpersonal communication. Just as intrasquad athletic games are within a team, intrapersonal communication is within one’s self. Just as intercollegiate games are between schools, interpersonal communication is between individuals.
Interpersonal communication includes exchanges in which two or more people take part, but the term is usually reserved for situations in which just two people are communicating. Having a face-to-face conversation over lunch and writing a letter to a friend are everyday examples. When interpersonal communication is electronically mediated, as in a telephone conversation, the term point-to-point communication is sometimes used.
Group Communication
There comes a point when the number of people involved reduces the intimacy of the communication process. That’s when the situation becomes group communication. A club meeting is an example. So is a speech to an audience in an auditorium.
Mass Communication
Capable of reaching thousands, even millions, of people is mass communication, which is accomplished through a mass medium like television or newspapers. Mass communication can be defined as the process of using a mass medium to send messages to large audiences for the purpose of informing, entertaining or persuading.
In many respects the process of mass communication and other communication forms is the same: Someone conceives a message, essentially an intrapersonal act. The message then is encoded into a common code, such as language. Then it’s transmitted. Another person receives the message, decodes it and internalizes it. Internalizing a message is also an intrapersonal act.
In other respects, mass communication is distinctive. Crafting an effective message for thousands of people of diverse backgrounds and interests requires different skills than chatting with a friend across the table. Encoding the message is more complex because a device is always used-for example, a printing press, a camera or a recorder.
One aspect of mass communication that should not be a mystery is the spelling of the often-misused word communication. The word takes no “s” if you are using it to refer to a process. If you are referring to a communication as a thing, such as a letter, a movie, a telegram or a television program, rather than a process, the word is communication in
singular form and communication in plural. When the term mass communication refers to a process, it is spelled without the “s”.
Review:
communication: Exchange of ideas，information.
intrapersonal Communication: Talking to oneself.
interpersonal Communication: Usually two people face to face.
group Communication: More than two people; in person.
mass Communication: Many recipients; not face to face; a process.
Text Three Components of Mass Communication
STUDY PREVIEW Mass communication is the process that mass communicators use to send their mass messages to mass audiences. They do this through the mass media. Think of these as the Five Ms: mass communicators, mass messages, mass media, mass communication and mass audience.
Mass Communicators
The heart of mass communication is the people who produce the messages that are carried in the mass media. These people include journalists, scriptwriters, lyricists, television anchors, radio disc jockeys, public relations practitioners and advertising copywriters. The list could go on and on.
Mass communicators are unlike other communicators because they cannot see their audience. David Letterman knows that hundreds of thousands of people are watching as he unveils his latest Top 10 list, but he can’t see them or hear them chuckle and laugh. He receives no immediate feedback from his mass audience. This communicating with an unseen audience distinguishes mass communication from other forms of communication. Storytellers of yore told their vocabulary according to how they sensed they were being received. Mass communicators don’t have that advantage, although a studio audience.
Mass Messages
A news item is a mass message, as are a movie, a novel, a recorded song and a billboard advertisement. The message is the most apparent part of our relationship to the mass media. It is for the messages that we pay attention to the media. We don’t listen to the radio, for example, to marvel at the technology. We listen to hear the music.
Mass Media
The mass media are the vehicles that carry messages. The primary mass media are books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, sound recordings, movies and the web. Most theories view media as neutral carriers of messages. The people who are experts at media include technicians who keep the presses running and who keep the television transmitters on the air. Media experts also are tinkers and inventors who
come up with technical improvements, such as compact discs, DVDs, AM stereo radio and newspaper presses that can produce high-quality color.
Mass Communication
The process through which messages reach the audience via the mass media is called mass communication. This is a mysterious process about which we know far less than we should. Researchers and scholars have unraveled some of the mystery, but most of how it works remains a matters of wonderment. For example, why do people pay more attention to some messages than to others? How does one advertisement generate more sales than another? Is behavior, including violent behavior, triggered through the mass communication process? There is reason to believe that mass communication affects voting behavior, but how does this work? Which is most correct-to say that people can be controlled by mass communication? Or manipulated? Or merely influenced? Nobody has the answer.
Mass Audiences
The size and diversity of mass audiences add complexity to mass communication. Only indirectly do mass communicators learn whether their messages have been received. Mass communicators are never sure exactly of the size of audiences, let alone of the effect of their messages. Mass audiences are fickle. What attracts great attention one day may not
the next. The challenge of trying to communicate to a mass audience is even more complex because people are tuning in and tuning out all the time, and when they are tuned in, it is with varying degrees of attentiveness.
Review:
mass Communicators: Message crafters.
mass Message: What is communicated.
mass Media: Vehicles that carry messages.
mass Audiences: Recipients of mass messages.
Text Four Communication Models
ii) Key Words & Expressions:
communication model 传播模式
narrative model 线性模式
system model 系统模式
the SMCR model 施拉姆模式
concentric circle model 同心圆模式
Claude Shannon 香农
Warren Weaver 韦弗
Harold Lasswell 拉斯韦尔
Wilbur Schramm 施拉姆
Thomas Bohn 波恩
II. Text Study
STUDY PREVIEW Scholars have devised models of the communication
process in an attempt to understand how the process works. Like all models, these are simplifications and are imperfect. Even so, these models bring some illumination to the mysterious communication process.
Role of Communication Models
Hobbyists build models of ships, planes, automobiles and all kinds of other things. These models help them see whatever they are modeling in different ways. Industrial engineers and scientists do the same thing, learning lessons from models before they actually build something to full scale. Communication models are similar. By creating a facsimile of the process, we hope to better understand the process.
A reality about models is that they are never perfect. This reality is especially true when the subject being modeled is complex. An architect, for example, may have a model of what the building will look like to passersby, but there also will be models of the building’s heating system, traffic patterns, and electrical, plumbing and ventilation systems. None of these models is complete or accurate in every detail, but all nonetheless are useful.
Communication models are like that. Different models illustrate different aspects of the process. The process itself is so complex that no single model can adequately cover it.
Basic Model
Two Bell telephone engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, laid out a basic communication model in 1948. They were working on advanced switching systems. The model, fundamentally a simple diagram, gave them a reference point for their work. That model has become a standard baseline for describing the communication process. The Shannon-Weaver model identifies five fundamental steps in the communication process:
○The human stimulation that results in a thought.
○The encoding of the thought into a message.
○The transmission of the message.
○The decoding of the message by the recipient into a thought.
○The internalization of the message by the recipient.
Narrative Model
Yale professor Harold Lasswell, an early mass communication theorist, developed a useful yet simple model that was all words-no diagram. Lasswell’s narrative model poses four questions: Who says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?
You can easily apply the model. Pick any bylined story from the front page of a newspaper.
○Who says what? The newspaper reporter tells a story, often quoting someone who is especially knowledgeable4 on the subject.
○In which channel? In this case the story is told through the
newspaper, a mass medium.
○To whom? The story is told to a newspaper reader.
○With what effect? The reader decides to vote for Candidate A or B, or perhaps readers just add the information to their reservoir of knowledge.
The SMCR Model
The classic model that stresses the dominance of the media was developed by Wilbur Schramm (1982), often credited as the founder of mass communication studies. He created what is known as the Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model.
The Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR) model describes the exchange of information as the message passes from the source to the channel to the receiver, with feedback to the source.
The source is the originator of the communication.
The message is the content of the communication, the information that is to be exchanged.
An encoder translates the message into a form that can be communicated-often a form that is not directly interpretable by human senses.
A channel is the medium or transmission system used to convey the message from one place to another.
A decoder reverses the encoding process.
The receiver is the destination of the communication.
A feedback mechanism between the source and the receiver regulates the flow of communication.
Noise is any distortion or errors that may be introduced during the information exchange.
This model can be applied to all forms of human communication, but here we will just illustrate it with mass communication examples. When you are at home watching a television program, the television network (a corporate source) originates the message, which is encoded by the microphones and television cameras in the television studio. The channel is not literally the number on the television dial to which you are tuned, but rather the entire chain of transmitters, satellite links, and cable television equipment required to convey the message to your home. Although we sometimes call a TV set a “receiver,” it is really the decoder and the viewer is the receiver. Feedback from viewers is via television rating services. Electronic interference with the broadcast and the distractions of barking dogs are possible noise components in this situation. The source of a message, which the author encoded with the software she used to compose the page’s content. The channel is the Internet, including the computer that the Web page is stored on, and the network connections between that computer, called a server, and your own. Your computer acts as the decoder. It decodes the message with
your browser software (such as Netscape or Internet Explorer), and you are the receiver.
In this classic view, mass communication is one-to-many communication, and the mass media are the various channels through which mass communication is delivered. That is, through newspapers, radio, TV, or film, the message is communicated from a single source to many receivers at about the same time, with limited opportunities for the audience to communicate back to the source.
Concentric Circle Model
The Shannon-Weaver model can be applied to all communication, but it misses some things that are unique to mass communication. In 1974 scholars Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait and Thomas Bohn presented an important new model-a series of concentric circles with the encoding source at the center. One of the outer rings was the receiving audience. In between were several elements that are important in the mass communication process but less so in other communication processes.
The concentric circle model is one of the most complete models for identifying elements in the mass communication process, but it misses many complexities. It takes only one message from its point of origin, but in reality thousands of messages are being issued simultaneously. Audiences receive many of these messages, but not all of them, and the messages are received imperfectly. Feedback resonates back to
communicators unevenly, often ill-based. Gatekeeping too is uneven. In short, there are so many variables that it is impossible to track what happens in any kind of comprehensive way.
III．Review:
Claude Shannon: Devised a basic communication model, with Warren Weaver.
Warren Weaver: Devised a basic communication model, with Claude Shannon.
basic communication model: Shows sender, encoding, transmission, decoding, receiver.
Harold Lasswell: Devised the narrative model.
narrative model: Describes process in words, not schematic.
Thomas Bohn: Devised the concentric circle model, with Ray Hiebert, Donald Ungurait.
concentric circle model: Useful radiating model of the mass communication process.
Text Five Fundamentals in the Process
ii) Key Words & Expressions:
homophyly n. 类似性
tabloid n. 小报
stimulation n. 刺激
encoding n. 编码
transmission n. 传递
decoding n. 解码
internalization n. 内化
STUDY PREVIEW Most models for mass communication as well as other communication forms share some fundamental elements. The elements are sequential, beginning with whatever stimulates a person to want to communicate and continuing through encoding and transmission. To complete the communication process, the recipient of the message must decode and internalize it.
Stimulation
Both the Shannon-Weaver model and the concentric circle model begin with a source who is stimulated to want to communicate a message. The stimulation can result from many things. Emotions can be stimuli, as can something that is sensed. The stimulation can be as diverse as seeing a beautiful panorama or hearing a child cry.
Encoding
The second step is encoding. The source puts thoughts into symbols that can be understood by whomever is destined to receive the message. The symbols take many forms-for example, the written word, smoke signals or pictographs.
Transmission
The message is the representation of the thought. In interpersonal communication the message is almost always delivered face to face. In mass communication, however, the message is encoded so that it is suitable for the equipment being used for transmission. Shannon and
Weaver, being telephone engineers in the 1940s, offered the example of the sound pressure of a voice being changed into proportional electrical current for transmission over telephone lines. In technical terms, telephone lines were channels for Shannon and Weaver’s messages. On a more conceptual basis the telephone lines were the media, in the same way that the printed page or a broadcast signal is.
Decoding
The receiver picks up signals sent by the transmitter. In interpersonal communication the receiver is a person who hears the message, sees it, or both. An angry message encoded as a fist banging a table is heard and perhaps felt. An insulting message encoded as a puff of cigar smoke in the face is smelled. In mass communication the first receiver of the message is not a person but the equipment that picks up and then reconstructs the message from the signal. This mechanical decoding is necessary so that the human receiver of the message can understand it. As Shannon and Weaver put it: “The receiver ordinarily performs the inverse operation that was done by the transmitter. ”
Internalization
In mass communication a second kind of decoding occurs with the person who receives the message from the receiving equipment. This is an intrapersonal act, internalizing the message. For this second kind of decoding to work, the receiver must understand the communication form
chosen by the source in encoding. Someone who reads only English will not be able to decode a message in Greek. Someone whose sensitivities are limited to punk rock will not understand Handel’s “Water Music.” In other words, the source and the receiver must have enough in common for communication to occur. This common experience, which can be as simple as speaking the same tongue, is called homophyly. In mass communication the encoder must know the audience well enough to shape messages that can be decode accurately and with the intended effect.
The audience and how it perceives a message are essential in the mass communication process. This is no better illustrated than in a front-page headline in the National Examiner, a sensationalizing weekly tabloid: “Cops Think Kato Did It!” Brain “Kato” Kaelin was a pal of O. J. Simpson and had been subjected to police interviewing off and on for months before the Simpson murder trial. Kaelin sued the Examiner over the headline. In court, the Examiner said the “it” in the headline didn’t refer to the murders but to possible perjury. The Examiner argued that “it”was explained in a secondary head on Page 1: “…He Fears They Want Him for Perjury. ”
A three-judge federal appeals court sided with Kaelin, saying that Examiner readers were likely to infer that the police thought he was a murder. This was despite the fact that the story made it clear that “it” was
经典广告词中英文翻译
经典广告词中英文翻译 2． Obey your thirst．服从你的渴望。（雪碧） 3． The new digital era．数码新时代。（索尼影碟机） 4． We lead． Others copy．我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机） 5． Impossible made possible．使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机） 6． Take time to indulge．尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌） 7． The relentless pursuit of perfection．不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车） 8． Poetry in motion， dancing close to me．动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车）9． Come to where the flavor is． Marlboro Country． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．To me， the past is black and white， but the future is always color．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11. Just do it. 只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12. Ask for more. 渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。（三星电子） 15. Intelligence everywhere. 智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19. Let’s make things better. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子） 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。（IBM公司） 1 Good to the last drop? ?滴滴香浓，意犹未尽??麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it? ?天长地久? ?斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard? ?理解就是沟通? ???爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead? ? 成功之路从头开始? ? 飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola? ? 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia? ? 科技以人为本? ?诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment? ?? ?就在柯达一刻? ?? ?柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye，蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR
中传传播学考研参考书目
中传传播学考研参考书目 中传传播学参考书很多人都不清楚，这里给大家整理出来了，以供参考： 传播学参考书目： 《传播理论起源、方法与应用》,[美]赛弗林?坦卡德等,华夏出版社,2000年 《人类传播理论》（第7版）,[美] 斯蒂芬?李特约翰,清华大学出版社,2004年《传播理论》,[美]斯蒂文?小约翰,中国社会科学出版社,1999年 《大众传播效果研究的里程碑》,［美］洛厄里、德弗勒,中国人民大学出版社,2004年 《传播学教程》,郭庆光,中国人民大学出版社,1999年 《传播学史——一种传记式的方法》,[美]埃弗里特?罗杰斯,上海译文出版社,2002年 《传播学概论》[美]施拉姆、波特,新华出版社1984年 《大众传播理论：基础、争鸣和未来》,［美］斯坦利?巴兰、丹尼斯?戴维斯,清华大学出版社,2004年 《大众传播模式论》,[英]麦奎尔、温德尔,上海译文出版社,1997年 《二十世纪传播学经典文本》,张国良编,复旦大学出版社,2003年
《关键概念：传播与文化研究辞典》,［美］费斯克等新华出版社,2004年《媒介研究的进路：经典文献读本》,［英］奥利弗?博伊德－巴雷特、克里斯?纽博尔德编新华出版社,2004年 《大众传播学——影响研究范式》,常昌富、李依倩编,中国社会科学出版社,2000年 《精神交往论——马克思恩格斯的传播论》,陈力丹,开明出版社,2002年再版《传播的观念》,陈卫星,人民出版社,2004年 《符号透视：传播内容的本体诠释》,李彬,复旦大学出版社,2003年 《公众舆论》,[美]李普曼,上海人民出版社,2002年 《媒介事件：历史的现场直播》,[美]丹尼尔?戴扬、伊莱休?卡茨,中国广播学院出版社,2000年 《传播形态变化：认识新媒介》,[美]罗杰.菲德勒,华夏出版社,2000年 《理解媒介》,[加]麦克卢汉,商务印书馆,2000年 《媒体等同》,[美]巴伦?李维斯、克利夫?纳斯,复旦大学出版社,2001年 《文化帝国主义》,[英]汤林森,上海人民出版社,1998年 《理解通俗文化》,[美]约翰?费斯克,中央编译出版社,2002年
传播学专业英语词汇表
传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分：基本传播学理论词汇 传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴坤Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information
信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间Cyber Space 数字化Digitalization
经典中文英文翻译
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
经典广告词中英文翻译
经典广告词中英文翻译2．Obey your thirst．服从你的渴望。（雪碧） 3．The new digital era．数码新时代。（索尼影碟机） 4．We lead．Others copy．我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机）5．Impossible made possible．使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机） 6．Take time to indulge．尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌） 7．The relentless pursuit of perfection．不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车）8．Poetry in motion，dancing close to me．动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车）9．Come to where the flavor is．Marlboro Country． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．To me，the past is black and white，but the future is always color．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11. Just do it.只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12. Ask for more.渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13. The taste is great.味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14. Feel the new space.感受新境界。（三星电子） 15. Intelligence everywhere.智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19. Let’s make things better.让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子） 20. No business too small, no problem too big. 没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。（IBM公司） 1 Good to the last drop 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽麦式咖啡Maxwell 2 Time is what you make of it 天长地久斯沃奇手表Swatch 3Make yourself heard 理解就是沟通爱立信Ericsson 4Start ahead 成功之路从头开始飘柔rejoice 5Diamond lasts forever 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传第比尔斯De Bieeres 6Things go better with Coca-cola 饮可口可乐万事如意 7Connecting people Nokia 科技以人为本诺基亚Nokia 9A Kodak moment 就在柯达一刻柯达Kodak 10Mosquito Bye Bye Bye，蚊子杀杀杀雷达牌驱蚊虫剂RADAR
传播学史参考书目
《传播学史研究》课程参考文献 1．[美]赛佛林等：《传播理论：起源、方法与应用》（第4版），华夏出版社2000年版； 2．[美]小约翰：《传播理论》，中国社会科学出版社1999年版； 3．[法]埃里克〃麦格雷：《传播理论史——一种社会学的视角》，中国传媒大学出版社2009年版； 4．[美]E〃M.罗杰斯：《传播学史——一种传记式的方法》，上海译文出版社2002年版； 5．张国良主编：《20世纪传播学经典文本》，复旦大学出版社2003年版； 6．陈卫星：《传播的观念》，人民出版社2004年版； 7．詹姆斯〃凯瑞：《作为文化的传播》，华夏出版社2005年版； 8．[法]贝尔纳〃米耶热：《传播思想》，江苏人民出版社2008年版； 9．[美]马丁〃杰：《法兰克福学派史（1923－1950）》，广东人民出版社1996年版； 10．[美]哈罗德〃D.拉斯韦尔：《世界大战中的宣传技巧》，中国人民出版社2003年版； 11．[美]彼得斯：《交流的无奈——传播思想史》，华夏出版社2003年版； 12．[美]费斯克等：《关键概念：传播与文化研究辞典》，新华出版社2004年版； 13．[美]苏〃卡利〃詹森：《批判的传播理论：权力、媒介、社会性别与科技》，复旦大学出版社2007年版； 14．[法]让-埃诺尔〃让纳内：《西方媒介史》，广西师范大学出版社2005年版； 15．[日]佐藤卓己：《现代传媒史》，北京大学出版社2004年版； 16．[美]威尔伯·施拉姆、威廉·波特：《传播学概论》，新华出版社1989年版； 17．周晓明：《人类交流与传播》，上海文艺出版社1990年版； 18．美]哈特：《传播学批判研究：美国的传播、历史和理论》，北京大学出版社2008年版； 19．许正林：《欧洲传播思想史》，上海三联书店2005年版； 20．[加]麦克卢汉：《麦克卢汉精粹》，南京大学出版社2001年版； 21．[美]贝塔朗菲：《一般系统论：基础、发展和应用》，清华大学出版社1987年版； 22．[美]维纳：《控制论》，科学出版社1963年版； 23．[美]维纳：《人有人的用处》，商务印书馆1978年版。
经典英文广告语20条
经典英文广告语20条 经典英文广告语20条 1． Good to the last drop． 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡) 2． Obey your thirst． 服从你的渴望。（雪碧） 3． The new digital era． 数码新时代。（索尼影碟机） 4． We lead． Others copy． 我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机） 5． Impossible made possible． 使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机） 6． Take time to indulge． 尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌） 7． The relentless pursuit of perfection． 不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车） 8． Poetry in motion， dancing close to me． 动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车） 9． Come to where the flavor is． Marlboro Country． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．To me， the past is black and white， but the future is always color．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11. Just do it. 只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12. Ask for more. 渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。（三星电子） 15. Intelligence everywhere. 智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19. Let’s make things better. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子） 20. No business too small, no problem too big.
传播学经典理论英文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
1.O pinion Leaders Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others. 2.T he Spiral of Silence For a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. " 3.Gatekeeper Lewin was first proposed this idea. The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see . 4.Selective exposure hypothesis Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not
经典古文英文翻译
经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.
不能不知道的著名传播学者
不能不知道的著名传播学者 对于传播现象给予较多研究、直接促成传播学产生的学者，是拉斯韦尔、勒温、霍夫兰，以及拉扎斯菲尔德。他们的学术背景、事业生涯和兴趣爱好有着惊人的相似。他们的家庭大多与欧洲大陆有着某种联系，其学术成果与欧洲学术有某种渊源，有两位在第二次世界大战前夕移居美国。这四位学者还都有较富裕的家境，较丰富的学识，进最好的大学，广泛涉猎欧美不同学科。他们都在中年时期突然改变事业生涯，从他们自己熟悉的研究领域转向传播研究，并以恢宏的气度一起结识。他们都在大学从事教学与研究，出版了有关专著。他们的四周均聚集一批后来都成为该学科领袖的年轻学者，和一批批听他们授课的莘莘学子。在他们的传播研究中，都着重态度、行为改变的效果研究。正是这些推动了传播学的产生，确定了传播研究的某些方向，积聚了研究力量，为传播学奠定了进一步发展的坚实基础。 1.拉斯韦尔 哈罗德·拉斯韦尔（Harold Lasswell,1902----1977）是一位著名的政治学家，也够得上是一位社会学家、心理学家和传播学者。传记作家形容他为“犹如行为科学的达尔文”。 拉斯韦尔1902年2月13日出生于美国伊利诺斯洲唐尼尔逊的一个牧师家庭。家境优裕，藏书甚丰。1922年，他在芝加哥大学获哲学学士学位后，赴欧洲英、法、德等国著名大学攻读研究生课程，最后获得博士学位。其间，他曾去柏林大学学习心理分析学说，并最先向美国学界引介了弗洛伊德心理分析理论，其《世界政治与个人不安全感》(1953)一书也深受弗氏理论的影响。1927年，在芝加哥大学政治系任教的拉斯韦尔正式出版了他的博士论文《世界大战时期的宣传技巧》，随即在学术界引起反响。该书描述和分析了第一次世界大战中各交战国之间的宣传战，断定宣传能产生很大的社会影响力。1935年，他又与人合写和合编了《世界革命的宣传》和《宣传与推行》两本书，用科学的方法分析和研究宣传的功能及其社会控制，探讨宣传的本质和规律。1946年，拉斯韦尔和史密斯合著了《宣传、传播和舆论》一书，认为宣传只是信息传播的一种特殊形态，而大众传播研究的范围要广得多，包括报刊、广播、书籍、电影、告示以及歌曲、戏剧、演讲等等。该书第一次明确使用了“大众传播学”的概念，并用四篇文章分别阐述了传播过程中的“渠道”、“传播者”、“内容”和“效果”等要素，从而显示出著者由宣传研究转向传播研究的思维轨迹和理论倾向。1979年，在拉斯韦尔逝世两周年的时候，他与勒纳、史皮尔合写的《宣传与传播世界史》三册巨著正式出版发行，从而将宣传与传播研究又推向了一个新的高度。
传播学经典理论英文翻译
1.Opinion Leaders Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others. 2.The Spiral of Silence For a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. " 3.Gatekeeper Lewin was first proposed this idea. The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see . 4.Selective exposure hypothesis Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not
经典英语翻译
课本翻译的答案（整理）： Unit1 英译汉A 1.The college schedule is very different than the traditional high school schedule. Generally, there is a lot more flexibility with your college classes. 大学的日程安排跟传统高中差别很大，通常大学课程有更多的灵活性。 2.The other cool thing about the college schedule is that you usually have more opportunities to explore your interests and passions. 大学日程安排还有一件事很酷，你通常有更多的机会发展自己的兴趣爱好。 3.There will always be some courses that are only offered on certain days at certain times, but for the most part, there are a lot of options to think about! 总有些课程是只在固定日子的固定时段开的，但是对于大多数课程，你有很多选择！ 4.However, college is like high school in that you will have the opportunity to get involved by joining different clubs, organizations, and maybe even by getting a part-time job. 然而，在大学像在高中一样你有机会参加各种活动，加入不同的俱乐部和组织，甚至可能找到一份兼职。 5.Of course, the best way to see what a true day in the life of a college student is like is to actually get the schedules of some college students! 当然，要看一个大学生一天的真实生活是什么样的，最好的方式其实是拿到一些大学生的日程表。 B 1.caught a glimpse of him sitting in the car 2.in search of new opportunities 3.without my being aware of it 4.are involved in different extracurricular activities 5.but ignore others' feeling 汉译英 如今，中国共有大约2500万名大学生，是十年前的五倍，并且这个数字有望持续增长。中国设立的学位制度包括学士、硕士和博士三个学位等级(Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees)。中国的大学通常依据学生的高考(the National Higher Education Entrance Examination)成绩招生。公立大学对学生择优录取，被看做国家经济的主力。踌躇满志的学子们急切地等待考试结果，因为成绩能决定他们是否能进入著名的公立大学。 Today, there are about 25 million university students in China—five times the number a decade ago—and that number is expected to keep growing. China has set up a degree system, including Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees. Universities in China generally select their students based on students’performances in the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. Publicly run schools get their pick of the best students and are viewed as engines of the economy. Ambitious students eagerly await their exam results, which determine whether they can get into a prestigious public school.
餐厅广告语,英文
餐厅广告语,英文 篇一：经典英文广告语20条 经典英文广告语20条 经典英文广告语20条1．Goodtothelastdrop． 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡) 2．obeyyourthirst． 服从你的渴望。（雪碧）3．Thenewdigitalera． 数码新时代。（索尼影碟机）4．welead．otherscopy． 我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机）5．impossiblemadepossible． 使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机）6．Taketimetoindulge． 尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌）7．Therelentlesspursuitofperfection． 不懈追求完美。（凌志轿车）8．Poetryinmotion，dancingclosetome． 动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰田汽车）
9．cometowheretheflavoris．marlborocountry． 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．Tome，thepastisblackandwhite，butthefutureisalwayscolor．对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却是绚烂缤纷。（轩尼诗酒） 11.Justdoit. 只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12.askformore. 渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13.Thetasteisgreat. 味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14.Feelthenewspace. 感受新境界。（三星电子） 15.intelligenceeverywhere. 智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16.Thechoiceofanewgeneration. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17.weintegrate,youcommunicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电工） 18.TakeToSHiBa,taketheworld. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19.Let’smakethingsbetter. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子）
传媒人必读100本的传媒书籍
1.传媒人必读100本的传媒书籍 2.《多种声音一个世界》联合国教科文组织编写第二编译室译中国对外翻译出版公司 1981 3.《传播媒介的垄断》[美]巴格迪坎著林珊等译新华出版社1983 4.《传播学（简介）（论文集）》中国社会科学新闻研究所世界新闻研究室编 5.人民日报出版社1983 6.《传播学概论》[美]施拉姆、波特著陈亮等译新华出版社1984 7.《传学概论：传媒?信息与人》[美]宣伟伯著余也鲁译述中国展望出版社1985 8.《传播学的起源、研究与应用》[美]赛弗林、坦卡德着陈韵昭译福建人民出版社1985 9.《信息学概论》[苏]谢尔茨基著刘克译江苏科学技术出版社1985 10.《信息?沟通?传播》居延安著上海人民出版社1986 11.《传播学原理与应用》戴光元、邵培仁、龚炜著兰州大学出版社1988 12.《社会沟通论》钟坚等著浙江教育出版社1988 13.《电视的影响与儿童电视博[美] 穆迪著卜卫等译中国广播电视出版社1988 14.《无形的网络：从传播学角度看中国传统文化》吴予敏著国际文化出版社1988 15.《跨文化传通》[美]萨姆瓦著陈南等译三联书店1988 16.《大众传播模式论》[英]麦奎尔[瑞典]温德尔著祝建华、武伟译上海译文出版社 1989 17.《大众传播通论》[美]德弗勒[英]邓尼斯著颜建军等译华夏出版社1989 18.《人际沟通论》[美]库什曼、卡恩著宋晓亮译上海知识出版社1989 19.《公关传播学》宋林飞、周世康编著南京大学出版社1989 20.《中国传播效果透视》陈崇山、弭秀玲主编沈阳出版社1989 21.《权力的媒介：新闻媒介在人类事务中的作用》[美]阿特休尔著黄煜、裘志康译 22.北京：华夏出版社1989 23.《传播与现代化》朱增朴著中国新闻出版社1989 24.《大众传播社会学》[日]竹内郁郎编张国良译复旦大学出版社1989 25.《媒介社会学》[英]巴特勒著赵伯英、孟春译社会科学文献出版社1989 26.《医学传播学》梁浩材主编上海科学技术出版社1989 27.《经济传播学》邵培仁主编江苏人民出版社1990 28.《传播学：以人为主体的图像世界之迷》沙莲香主编中国人民大学出版社1990 29.《人类交流与传播》周晓明著上海文艺出版社1990 30.《实用电视传播学》吴信训著四川人民出版社1990 31.《传播手段基穿》卢仁声编四川人民出版社1990 32.《大众传播媒介与社会发展》[美]施拉姆著金燕宁等译华夏出版社1990 33.《大众传播学》钟文、余阳明著湖南文艺出版社1990 34.《传播学原理》范东生、张雅宾著北京出版社1990 35.《大众传播学诸论》[美]德弗勒、鲍尔-洛基奇著杜力平译新华出版社1990 36.《组织传播学》林瑞基著湖南文艺出版社1990 37.《传播心理学》韩向前著南京出版社1990 38.《应用传播学》苑子熙著北京广播学院出版社1990 39.《教育传播科学方法》李克东编著高等教育出版社1990 40.《日常接触：社会学交往方面的两个问题》[美]戈夫曼著徐江敏等译华夏出版社 1990
新闻传播学英语词汇
传播学考研英文常见词汇 传播 Communication 内向/自我传播 Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播 Interpersonal Communication 群体传播 Group Communication 组织传播 Organization Communication 大众传播 Mass Communication 单向传播 One-Sided Communication 双向传播 Two-Sided Communication 互动传播 Interactive Communication 媒介 Media 大众传播媒介 Mass Media 新媒介 New Media 新闻洞 News Hold 新闻价值 News Value 传播者 Communicator 主动传播者 Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众 Audience 受众兴趣 Audience Interest 受众行为 Audience Activity 信息 Information 信号 Signal 讯息 Message 信息熵 Entropy 冗余/冗余信息 Redundancy 传播单位 Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式 Osgood Model 编码 Encode 解码 Decode 信源 Source 传播的数学理论 Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道 Communication Channel 有效传播 Effective Communication 传播效果 Effects 知识沟 Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式 Uses and Gratifications Model