高中英语语法 定语从句

定语从句

（一）定义及相关术语

1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。

2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。

关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，

who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。

（二）关系代词引导的定语从句

1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。

Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。

Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。

That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。

2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。

Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。

Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。

The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。

The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。

注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。

The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.

3．Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。

Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。

The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。

He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。

The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。

This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。

The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。

4．That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？

The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。

The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。

Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。

5．Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。可翻译出【的】

I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。

He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。

I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。

The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.

The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.

Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。

This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.

This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.

We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。

The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。

注意：１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：

look for, look after, take care of 等。

This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。

This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)

The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。

The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）

２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。

The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。

The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误)

３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：

He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

（四）There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

（五）Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.

（四）关系副词引导的定语从句

1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。

The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。

October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。

Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？

2． where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。

Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？

3． why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。

The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。

I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为什么看上去不愉快。

注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。 From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known w hat he wanted to be when he grew up.

Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.

The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.

（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

形式上意义上译法上

限制性定语从句: 不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”

非限制性定语从句: 用逗号“，”与主句隔开。只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。通常译成主句的并列句。

关系词的使用上:

A．作宾语时可省略A．不可省略

B．可用that B．不用that

C．可用who 代替whom C．不可用who 代替whom

限制性定语从句举例：

The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依*的人。

China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。

In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。

非限制性定语从句举例：

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visited t he People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.

注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：

1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.

她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）

Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.

她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）

2. All the books that have pictures in them are well written.

所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含：不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）

All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written.

所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含：没有不带插图的书。）

（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：

Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？

There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。

All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。

There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。

He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：

Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。

All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。

2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

4．当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。如：

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。

5．当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：

Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？

6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。

Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他

的毛驴。

（二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：

He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。

He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。

2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主

句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：

As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。

He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。

John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：

Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。

These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。

1. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。如：

I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。

This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。

注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。

(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：

The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。

I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。

（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择

用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：

A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。

I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。

B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起

度假的日子。

I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过

的日子。

C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。

This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是

他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。

（五）but 有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：

There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but = who don’t）（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1．定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。

The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句）刚刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。

The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句）他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。

2．定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。 The news that he told me is true. （定语从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。

The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的

The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句）

3．同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。 A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。

The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句）地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。

The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.

C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句）请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。

The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.

Exercises:

1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_____ is Mary's.

A the smallest of which

B the smaller of which

C the smallest of them

D the smallest one

2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_____ it will be completely finished.

A by the time

B by which time

C by that time

D by this time

3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_____ was taken in london.

A none of them

B no one of which

C all of which

D none of which

4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people ____ village I taught before lived a happy life.

A who

B whose

C in whose

D in which

5.There is a moutain ____ the top is always covered with snow.

A whose

B of which

C it's

D that

6.She may have missed her train, in ____ case she won't arrive for another hour.

A what

B that

C which

D this

7.1)I have three children,and two of _____ are doctors.

2)I have three children, two of ____ are doctors.

8.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls.

A two-thirds in which

B two-thirds in them

C two-thirds of them

D of whom two thirds

9.I have bought two ballpens,_____ writes well.

A neither of them

B none of them

C neither of which

D none of which

A who

B them

C that

D whom

（1---6ABDCBC 7----9B DDC）

特殊结构定语从句点击

1. These houses are sold at such a low price ________ people expected.

A. like

B. as

C. that

D. which

2. I've never heard so interesting a story ________ you told me.

A. as

B. that

C. of which

D. about which

3. I've seen the same film ________ you saw yesterday.

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. like

4. I'll buy the same coat ________ you wear.

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. like

5. He made another wonderful discovery, ________ of great importance to science.

A. which I think is

B. which I think it is

C. which I think it

D. I think is

6. ________ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

A. It

B. As

C. That

D. What

7. This is the first time ________ he has been here.

A. that

B. when

C. at which

D. which

8. I don't like ________ you speak to her.

A. the way

B. they way in that

C. the way which

D. the way of which

答案与简析：

1. B。当先行词被such修饰时，定语从句用as引导，即构成结构为"such+（a/an）＋形容词

＋名词＋as"引导的定语从句，意为"......像......一样的"。整个句子意为：这些房屋以人们原来估计的那样低的价格出售。

2. A。由so interesting a story = such an interesting story和上面一题的解释便可得知答案。as 在定语从句中作宾语。整句意为：我从未听说过像你告诉我那样有趣的故事。

3. A

4. C。当先行词被same修饰时，定语从句由that或as引导，但意思不同。用that引导定语从句指同一物，而用as引导定语从句指同类事物。

5. A。做此题的关键是要知道I think在定语从句中作插入语，做题时将其去掉便可容易得到答案。

6. B。Ａs在此引导非限制性定语从句，代表它所修饰的整个句子内容，并且它可放在所修饰句子的前、中或后面。其常见结构如：as you know, as is said above, as is often the case（情况经常是这样）等。如选Ａ，则需将逗号改为that；如选D，则需将逗号改为is that。

7. A。当先行词为the first time, the last time等时，定语从句的引导词用that而不用when。

8. A。当先行词为way时，定语从句的引导词用that或in which, 也可省略。

定语从句

1．This is the best factory ____we visited last year .

A. where

B. which

C. in which

D. that

2.Is this the factory ____computers are built ?

A. that

B. which

C. in which

D. in that

3.please pass me the dictionary ____cover is red .

A. whose

B.its

C. which

D. which of

4.The man ____has arrived .

A. whom I told you

B. that I told you

C. whom I told you about him

D. I told you about

5. Do you know the comrade ____we are talking ?

A. to whom

B. to who

C. whom

D. to that

6. They visited the house ___the great writer was born .

A. from where

B. in which

C. which

D. in where

7. The comrade ___is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .

A. whom

B. which

C. who

D. whose

8. He asked us to watch carefully everything ___he did in class .

A. who

B. that

C. what

D. where

9. I’ll visit the professor tomorrow ,___he will be back from Shanghai .

A. who

B. that

C. when

D. which

10.The school ___I study is a new one .

A. on which

B. at where

C. on that

D. at which

11. China has many islands,____the largest is Taiwan .

A. in which

B. at which

C. which

D. of which

12. The city ____my mother grew up is not far from here .

A. what

B. where

C. that

D. which

13. Our teacher lives in the house ____door faces to the north .

A. which

B. his

C. that

D. whose

14. Do you know the man ___your father nodded ?

A. whom

B. to whom

C. to who

D. about whom

15.Wrestling is a sport in ___people easily get hurt .

A. that

B. when

C. which

D. what

16. I told you ____I know .

A. all that

B. all which

C. all what

D. all whom

17.China has a lot of famous writers ,one ___is Lu Xun .

A. of which

B. of whom

C. of who

D. of them

18. Is this factory ____we visited last year ?

A. in which

B. around that

C. whom

D. the one

19. Who is the man ____was there ?

A. who

B. which

C. that

D. whom

20. Is there anything ____I can do for you, sir ?

A. that

B. which

C. whose

D. who

21. I still remember the day ____she first wore that green dress .

A. which

B. in which

C. on that

D. on which

22. The knife ____we used to cut the bread is very sharp .

A. with which

B. with it

C. with that

D. which

23. The games ____the young men competed in were difficult .

A. in which

B. which

C. it

D. who

24.It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. it

25. George Mallory was an English school teacher _____ loved climbing.

A. who

B. whom

C. he

D. which

历届高考英语单项选择题定语从句精选

26.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.

A.of whom

B.whom

C.of whose

D.whose

27.She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.

A.it

B.which

C.this

D.that

28.In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person _____ she could turn for help.

A.that

B.who

C.from whom

D.to whom

29.The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.

A.what

B.which

C.that

D.it

30.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.

A.which

B.where

C.that

D.when

31．Carol said the work would be done by October,______personally I doubt very much.

A. it

B.that

C.when

D.which 32．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.

A．who B．which C．this D．what

33.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable.

A.which price C.the price of which

C.its price

D.the price of whose

34._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.

A.As

B.It

C.That

D.Which

35.He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English.

A.this

B.which

C.that

D.same

36.On the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.

A.whose

B.of which

C.which

D.its

37.Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.

A.what

B.which

C.that

D.when

38.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower.

A.that

B.where

C.which

D.there

39.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women.

A.in which

B.in that

C.in whose

D.whose

40.I don’t like _____ you speak to her.

A.the way

B.the way in that

C.the way which

D.the way of which

41.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through .

A.It’s the reason

B.That’s why

C.There’s why

D.It’s how

42.He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science.

A.which I think is

B.which I think it is

C.which I think it

D.I think which is

43.He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse.

A.who

B.whom

C.what

D.whcih

定语从句答案:

1-5DCADA 6-10 BCBCD 11-15 DBDBC 16-20 ABDCA 21- 25 DABBA

KEYS: 26-30 DBDBB31-35 DBCAB36-40 ABBCA41-43 BAD

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高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese

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高中英语语法之动词过去分词 简介 规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词 1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了.The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. 过去分词构成规则 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried , (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped 2 、不规则动词，见不规则表 一、当过去分词作为表语 The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语) 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用-ing 形式来修饰物. (3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣. 二、当过去分词作为定语 作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人. 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.

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（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that

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1

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英语语法大全 第一部分：词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如： inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible

人教版高中英语语法复习资料txt

语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 变否定，NOT 前。 句法 目的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句

哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B