英语论文

Wang Mingtong;1151614

Monday,the3th&4th class

1429words

6May2013

Why H ad China B een O vertaken by the West in S cience and

T echnology?

Abstract

Why had China been overtaken by the West in science and technology,despite its earlier successes?This question is the well-known“Needham question”asked by Dr.Needham,a British scientist,historian and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science.After reading a lot of historical documents and science dissertations,I found the reasons for falling behind could be various.Among them,the feudalism,the small-scale peasant economy,the out-date mathematics and the lacking contact foreign policy contributed most to the backwardness of Chinese science and technology.

Key words:Chinese science and technology;fall behind;the West;politics;the way of thinking;foreign policy

Ⅰ.Introduction of the paper

As is well-known,the science and technology of China was far ahead of the West before the sixteenth century,however,the science and technology of China began to fall behind the West since the sixteenth century.Why had China been overtaken by the West in science and technology,despite its earlier successes?This question is the well-known“Needham question”asked by Dr.Needham.Many historians and scientists tried to answer the question,but they didn’t reach a consistent view of it.In this article,I will try to explain this question from the two aspects of internal cause and external cause.

Ⅱ.The external causes of w hy modern China fell behind the West in science and technology

I think there are various external causes for China falling behind the West in science and technology.In this part,I will try to explain why had China been overtaken by the West in science and technology from the perspectives of politics,economy,traditional culture and foreign policy,which didn’t make social environment for modern science and technology.On the contrary,the westers made a batter environment for modern science and technology at the sane time.

2.1Political structure lead to the backwardness of Chinese science and technology

The progress of science and technology cannot be separated from politics and culture.I will explain it from the politics and culture.On one hand the emerging bourgeoisie was in power on the European continent,creating the political environment for the development of science.On the other hand the Renaissance buried the feudal and eliminated the influence of theology,which fully emancipated European’s mind for the development of science.Rationality replaced superstition,science defeated religion and ancient Greek rational spirit brought back to life,which laid the foundation of modern science and technology.But at the same time,China strengthened feudalism and still regarded the Confucianism as the governing thought,which controlled the thought of the Chinese intellectuals.In the ancient time,the Imperial Examination was the only way for Chinese intellectuals to achieve the fame fortune.Science was regarded as the heresy,which was set aside.Because of this,the modern science and technology of China went down to the West at the beginning.

2.2Small-scale peasant economy leads to the backwardness of Chinese science and technology

In economy,the majority of western countries are coastal states.The open maritime civilization created market for the western countries in the world wide.The formation of the capital market and the large need for product,enforced the bourgeoisie to improve technology,produce tools and transportation and to learn the theory of economy and the knowledge of scientific experiments.Because there was a need for the knowledge of science and social science,some citizens began to devote themselves to science research and at last became scientists,artists and scholars.Science and technology got a speedy development at that time.A lot of new science theory,science method and technology turned up at that https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb3356016.html,pared with the west countries,small-scale peasant economy play a leading role in Chinese economy.There wasn’t

large-scale industrial production in China.The Chinese intellectuals were busy with selecting passages and phrases or nit-picking words.Only several intellectuals chased the step of science,but they were craftsmen from the low class not scientists.So there is no wonder that the science and technology of China fell far behind the western countries.

2.3The clos closing-ing-ing-door

door foreign policy leads to the backwardness of Chinese science and technology

The science and technology of China as well as comprehensive national strength of China felling far behind the the western countries had relation with the foreign policy which stoped all foreign contact.Japan was a country,which had similar background with China.when the western powers tried to open the gate of Japan,they didn’t hope their country become the colony of the West,so they began to learn the science and technology from the western countries,the economy and social institution actively.In order to strengthen their country,Japan launched the Meiji Restoration.Japan reform their country in all aspects,for example in social institution ,in education system and so on.After the Meiji Restoration,Japan become the rich capitalist country in the world.On the contrary,the governors of China still thought their country was the best and richest country in the world and didn’t have to change their neutral thoughts.Even when the westerners and the Japanese used the force to open the gate of China and some western science and technology came into China,as before the governor didn’t think why they fell behind the West.They regarded advanced science and technology as their toys and didn’t take it serious.Although some people realized that our country fell behind the western countries and began to learn from the west,they didn’t have the power to change the whole country and the conservative thought of the whole society.Just because of the lack of contact with other countries,China became a weak country whether in economy or in science and technology.

Ⅲ.The internal causes of w hy modern China fell behind the West in science and technology

The internal cause of the question is that we Chinese had shortage in logical thinking.We Chinese is as clever as the people in other countries.In the long river of history,we created a lot of wonderful achievements in the world by using our intelligence,but we also had shortage in the way of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb3356016.html,pared with the westers,we Chinese had a lack of pure science spirit.In this part,I will take the shortage in mathematics for example to show our shortage in logical thinking.

3.1The lack of pure science spirit leads to the backwardness of Chinese science and technology

As to mathematics,this was not just that China fell behind western countries in the knowledge level,more should owe to the difference of language words and the way of thinking between China and western countries.The basis of modern mathematics is the application of number symbols.The mathematical language has the highly abstract,the application universality and logical hermeticness.To be more important,the semiotic character has the character of referring to the meaning clearly,writing quickly.The use of mathematical symbol makes the thinking of mathematic easier to understand and apply,so it become essential condition of the formalization of mathematics and science.Unfortunately,ancient China didn’t have highly simple number symbols,which make deductive argument become more difficult.The pragmatism,the social environment,the Confucianism system and traditional culture of China,also made Chinese mathematics lose the powerful motor to develop.However,the advantage of western countries’language and the application of number symbols gave western mathematics powerful motor. Mathematics is a subject,which has strict logical thinking and highly pay attention to demonstrate.The application of mathematics in science made science have rigorous logic system and exact experiment method.Chinese traditional mathematics had more severe disadvantage than western countries,because Chinese paid more attention to experience not logic thinking.The shortage of mathematics is also a reason for explaining why had China been overtaken by the West in science and technology.

Ⅳ.Conclusion

In this article,I explained why had China been overtaken by the West in science and technology from the two aspects of internal cause and external cause.I guess you have learned a little about the reason for the backwardness of Chinese science and technology.Science and technology are the primary productive forces.In human history,any revolution of science and technology can promote the development of human history.We should promote our society and the way of thinking to give space for new science and technology,not blocking the development of science and technology.Today,our country still has a significant space with the developed countries in economy,so we should pay more attention to the development of science and

technology and size the opportunity to enrich our country.At any time,we should place science and technology first.

Bibliography&Footnotes

【1】Brennan.A STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE卷:35A期:2页【2】余明光.中西文化与近代科学[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版).1996(01)

【3】侯峰.古典数学思想的中西比较及哲学反思[D].山西大学2005

【4】张乃丽.日本经济近代化成功的巨柱——技术引进[J].日本问题.1988(06)

【5】张占美.中西古典数学思想的比较及哲学反思[D].长安大学2008

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英语论文文献综述精编 版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

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英语摘要格式

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英语论文outline规范范例

My outline (080703120 汤煜芳) A Paralysed Wilderness —The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby Thesis statement:The symbols regarding the setting, religion and characters in Araby are ingeniously adopted, which manifests a stretch of paralysed wilderness typical of Dublin and contributes immensely to the success of the short story. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Demonstration 2.1 Symbols regarding the setting 2.1.1 Blind alley in North Richmond Street—hopelessness, bleakness, and ignorance 2.1.2 Houses and gardens in the street—decay and gloom 2.1.3 Lamplight 2.1. 3.1 Lamplight in the street—spiritual decadence 2.1. 3.2 Lamplight in Araby fair—darkness and disillusionment 2.1.4 Araby bazaar—boy’s goal and social reality 2.2 Symbols involving religion 2.2.1 Dead priest and his abandoned belongings—collapse of the religious belief 2.2.2 The wild garden—spiritual paralysis 2.2.3 The chalice—boy’s yearning for beautiful love 2.3 Symbols concerning the characters 2.3.1 Mangan’s sister—boy’s pursuit of dream 2.3.2 Aunt and uncle of th e narrator “I”—short-sighted and indifferent people 3. Conclusion 1