英国文学选读名词解释2

一名词解释

1. Byronic hero

A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.

2. Gothic novels

Gothic literature invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader.

3. narrative poem

A narrative poem tells a story in verse. Three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, such as Robin Hood; epics, such as Beowulf; and metrical romances, such as sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

4. lyric poem

A lyric poem expresses the observation and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, it presents an experience or a single effect, but it does not tell a full story. Types of lyrics include the elegy, the ode, and the sonnet.

5. critical realism

In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Charles Dickens, the Bronte Sisters, Thomas Hardy.

6. romanticism

It is a literary moment and current. It put more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man and focuses more on individual rather than society. It advocates freedom for expressing personal feelings and reject convention and tyranny, emphasizing the rights and dignity of common humans.

7. Shakespearean sonnet

A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. Octave + sestet

3 quatrains + a couplet

8. Ode

The Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.

9. Naturalism

A post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the ―laws‖ of scientific determinism to fiction

The naturalist went beyond t he realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity.

Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; Hardy and Gissing in England.

二给出一部分节选（小说或诗），指出出处和作者，理解。并写一篇ESSAY

1. Pride and Prejudice- Jane Austen

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.

A lady's imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony in a moment.

There are certainly not so many men of large fortune in the world as there are of pretty women to deserve them.

It is always incomprehensible to a man that a woman should ever refuse an offer of marriage.

A woman, especially, if she has the misfortune of knowing anything, should conceal it as well as she can.

One half of the world cannot understand the pleasures of the other.

To sit in the shade on a fine day and look upon verdure is the most perfect refreshment. Every man is surrounded by a neighborhood of voluntary spies.

Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance.

To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love.

Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves; vanity, to what we would have others think of us.

Comment：

2. Wuthering Heights -Emily Bronte

●―It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that, not because he is handsome, Nelly, but because he’s more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and [Edgar’s] is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.‖

●―I have not broken your heart—you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine. So much the worse for me, that I am strong. Do I want to live? What kind of living will it be

when you—oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?‖

―That, however, which you may suppose the most potent to arrest my imagination, is actually the least, for what is not connected with her to me? And what does not recall her? I cannot look down to this floor, but her features are shaped on the flags! In every cloud, in every tree—filling the air at night, and caught by glimpses in every object by day, I am surrounded with her image! The most ordinary faces of men and women –my own features—mock me with a resemblance. The entire world is a dreadful collection of memoranda that she did exist, and that I have lost her. ‖

Comment：

3. William Wordsworth My Heart leaps up when I behold

My Heart leaps up when I behold

A rainbow in the sky:

So was it when my life began;

So is it now I am a man;

So be it when I shall grow old,

Or let me die!

The child is father of the Man;

And I could wish my days to be

Bound each to each by natural piety.

Comment：

Wordsworth's poem is in the Romantic tradition. Romanticism is characterized by the highly personal interpretation of meaning, is often charged with emotion, and frequently looks to nature for meaning in life. In this poem, we see the speaker reflecting on the beauty and wonder of nature, of which he is a part:

He realizes that he is a part of the vast circle of life, and that the natural world was present at his birth, as he lives, and will go on after he dies. Should it not be so, he shudders to think, life would be pointless:

The next line refers not only to biological life, but also to spiritual life. We are God's children, the speaker says:

Finally, his inward prayer is that he remember the gift and beauty of life and that he might never take such grace and beauty for granted.

4. Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism

An Essay on Criticism: Part II

A little learning is a dangerous thing;

Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring:

There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,

And drink largely sobers us again.

Fir’d at first sight with what the Muse imparts,

In fearless youth we tempt the heights of Arts,

While from the bounded level of our mind,

Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind,

But more advanc’d, behold with strange surprise

New, distant scenes of endless science rise!

So pleas’d at first, the tow’ring Alps we try,

Mount oér the vales, and seem to tread the sky;

Th’ eternal snows appear already past,

And the first clouds and mountains seem the last;

But those attained, we tremble to survey

The growing labors of the lengthen’d way,

Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes,

Hills peep oér hills, and Alps on Alps arise!

Comments

?The high priest and magistrate of the Age of Reason

?Style: Highly polished verse, perfect use of heroic couplet: lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc…)

?tone and purposes: didactic or satirical

5. Byron 我不知道是哪两首，有待考证he works in beauty

?When we two parted

?In silence and tears,

?Half broken-hearted

?To sever for years,

?Pale grew thy cheek and cold,

?Colder thy kiss;

?Truly that hour foretold

?Sorrow to this.

?The dew of the morning

?Sunk chill on my brow—

?It felt like the warning

?Of what I feel now.

?Thy vows are all broken,

?And light is thy fame;

?I hear thy name spoken,

?And share in its shame.

In secret we met,

In silence I grieve,

That thy heart could forget,

Thy spirit deceive.

If I should meet thee

After long years,

How should I greet thee? —

With silence and tears.

1

She walks in beauty, like the night

Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

And all that's best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes:

Thus mellowed to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

2

One shade the more, one ray the less,

Had half impaired the nameless grace

Which waves in every raven tress,

Or softly lightens o'er her face;

Where thoughts serenely sweet express,

How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

3

And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,

So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,

The smiles that win, the tints that glow,

But tell of days in goodness spent,

A mind at peace with all below,

A heart whose love is innocent!

Lord Byron’s poem “She Walks in Beauty” was written in praise of a beautiful woman.In this poem, Byron balances light and dark within the personality of one beautiful woman. There are several places that “She Walks in Beauty” implies that it is giving an image of womanly perfection. Because the poem draws a connection between the woman’s finely-balanced features and her personality, readers can assume that this woman is not only perfect in her looks, but in her personality as well.

6. Pound in the station of metro

The apparition of these faces in the crowd;

Petals on a wet, black bough.

●Title: In a Station of the Metro

●Images: Petal bough

●Poet: Ezra Pound

●He attempts to produce the emotion when he walked down into a Paris subway station, and suddenly saw some beautiful faces in the dim light. The image is central to the poem’s meaning. He uses fewest words to convey an accurate image. He tries to render exactly his observation of human faces, which turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by, half resisting, and the wet, dark texture of a bough.

三问答或者论述（两张卷子不一样……）两个题，一题十分

1 Pride and Prejudice

Pride and Prejudice was first titled First Impressions, and these titles embody the themes of the novel. The narrative describes how the prejudices and first impressions (especially those dealing with pride) of the main characters change throughout the novel, focusing on those of Elizabeth Bennet.

Prejudice was also an issue for Darcy in that he disliked Elizabeth in the beginning because of her low social status, poverty, and socially inept family. Darcy was forced to deal with his prejudice when he fell in love with Elizabeth. In the end, he overcame his pride and gave in to his feelings by marrying her in spite of her and her family's shortcomings.

Elizabeth had her own issues with prejudice with which to deal. Darcy's cold arrogance and snobbery prejudiced her from him from the beginning and it took Elizabeth a lot longer time to overcome her prejudices than it did Darcy. This was because Elizabeth was a very caring person and did not like the things that Darcy had said about her and her family. However, Elizabeth gradually came around and began to fall in love with Darcy, but it was difficult for her to overcome the prejudices that had been imposed on her by both herself and Darcy.

This novel's theme was tied up in the title of the book, Pride and Prejudice. The pride that Darcy felt and his initial prejudice against all of the Bennet family was eventually overwhelmed by his love for Elizabeth. For Elizabeth, she needed to overcome her prejudices about Darcy and see through his snobbery. In the end, all the pride and prejudice was dealt with and Darcy and Elizabeth were left in love.

2 Wuthering Heights

Passion, particularly unnatural passion, is a predominant theme of Wuthering Heights. The first Catherine's devotion to Heathcliff is immediate and absolute, though she will not marry him. Catherine's passion is contrasted to the coolness of Linton, whose "cold blood cannot be worked into a fever."

Revenge Heathcliff's devotion to Catherine, on the other hand, is ferocious, and when frustrated, he conceives a plan of revenge of enormous proportions. Bront? draws a parallel between the need for love and the strength of revenge.

Cruelty themes of cruelty and sadism are closely tied to the theme of revenge. Cruelty can be manifested emotionally, as in Mr. Earnshaw's disdain for his natural-born son, or in the first Catherine's apparent rejection of Heathcliff in favor of Edgar.

Class Conflict To the characters of Wuthering Heights, property ownership and social standing are inextricable. The Earnshaws and the Lintons both own estates, whereas Heathcliff is a foundling and has nothing.

四诗歌评析（四首或三首诗，选其中两首评析）

应该是19世纪英国浪漫主义的

英美文学名词解释(1)

Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not

英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)

Byronic hero A proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom. Sonnet A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。 Lake Poets The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement 早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。 Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌） Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17t

外国文学史名词解释和解答题

外国文学史名词解释和解答题 名词解释： 1、骑士抒情诗：即普罗旺斯抒情诗，因其主要流行于法国南部的普罗旺斯一带，故有此名。它主要抒写骑士与贵妇人之间在黎明时缠绵悱恻、依依惜别的恋情，讴歌骑士对贵妇人的爱慕和崇拜，以及他们为了爱情而去冒险征战、建功立业的骑士道德。在艺术上，骑士抒情诗注意心理描写，感情细腻，对早期文艺复兴时期的抒情诗产生过影响。 2、骑士传奇：采用荒诞不经的冒险故事形式，赞美忠于国王，锄强扶弱，为捍卫宗教、荣誉或爱情而献身的骑士精神。按照题材的来源不同，可以分为古代希腊罗马系统、不列颠系统和拜占廷系统三类，其中以亚瑟王及其圆桌骑士的传说最为典型。艺术上，骑士传奇既有荒诞不经、神秘色彩浓厚、歪曲现实的缺陷，也有想像丰富，情节引人，注意人物心理刻画等优点，对后来的浪漫主义文学颇有影响。《朗斯洛，或坐囚车的骑士》和《特里斯丹和绮瑟》是骑士传奇中的名篇。 3、城市文学：城市文学又称市民文学，是在12世纪以后随着工商业中心城市的兴起而产生的反映市民思想感情的世俗文学。它取材于现实生活，充满乐观精神。主要内容是揭露、抨击封建主和僧侣的残暴、贪婪、愚蠢，赞美市民的勇敢、机智、聪敏，具有鲜明的反封建、反教会的倾向。在艺术上，它的主要手法是讽刺，风格生动活泼；因受教会文学的影响也采用

隐喻、寓意和象征的手法。主要形式有短小的韵文故事、长篇叙事诗、抒情诗和戏剧等。在欧洲国家中，法国的城市最为发达，其城市文学的成就也最高。 4、文艺复兴：文艺复兴是14世纪初到17世纪初，新兴资产阶级思想家打着恢复古希腊罗马文化的旗号，在思想文化领域所进行的一场大规模的反封建、反教会的思想文化解放运动。它对欧洲乃至人类社会历史的发展，产生了极其重大而深远的影响。 5、“彼特拉克体”：是由彼特拉克创立的一种十四行诗体形式。它把每首诗分为两部分；前一部分有两节四行诗组成，后一部分由两节三行诗组成，押韵的格式是abba abba cdc cdc 。诗句每行1个音节，通常是抑扬格。彼特拉克的十四行诗形式整齐、音韵优美，以歌颂爱情表现人文主义思想为主要内容，有力地推动了欧洲近代抒情诗的创作。 6、“七星诗社”：是16世纪后半叶出现在法国的具有贵族倾向的诗人团体，由龙沙等7人组成，龙沙被称为法国第一位近代诗人。七星诗人肯定生活、热爱自由、反对禁欲主义，推崇古希腊罗马文学，对法国民族语言的统一和民族诗歌的建立做出了贡献。但他们一味模仿古人，轻视民间文学和人民语言，并强调 作家必须“出身高贵”，带有明显的贵族偏见。7、流浪汉小说：流浪汉小说是16世纪中叶产生于西班牙，17、18世纪流

外国文学名词解释

多余人 “多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。这些形象大多具有较高的文化修养，接受启蒙思想的影响，厌倦上流社会的生活，渴望有所作为，他们的出现是社会意识觉醒的一种体现。但是这一类形象往往以自我为中心，没有明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力和勇气，因此在社会上无所适从，结局是悲剧性的。普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象，莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林，屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭，冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 小人物 19世纪俄罗斯文学中由普希金开创的一类艺术形象。他们在社会中官阶卑微，地位低下，生活贫苦，但又逆来顺受，安分守已，性格懦弱，胆小怕事，成为显赫的大人物治下被侮辱、被损害的牺牲者。普希金以其短篇小说《驿站长》开了俄国文学中描写“小人物”的先河。随后，果戈理、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫等，都在自己的创作中塑造了“小人物”形象。 批判现实主义 批判现实主义是19世纪30年代在法国出现，后在19世纪中后期和20世纪初期的欧美具有极大影响的一种文学思潮。批判现实主义文学突出特点就是真实和广阔地反映社会生活，深刻地揭露现实矛盾和批判社会罪恶；同情社会下层的小人物，反映他们的悲惨命运和内心痛苦；塑造典型环境中的典型人物，并注意细节的真实。但不少作家以抽象的人道主义为出发点来批判黑暗现实，难以找到准确变革社会的道路。批判现实主义文学取得了很高的成就，各种文学体裁均有佳作，其中尤以长篇小说为最。优秀作家众多，如巴尔扎克、托尔斯泰、易卜生等。 自然派 是俄国19世纪40-50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称，奠基人是果戈理，名称由别林斯基提出；自然派的特点是，真实地反映现实生活，批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制，描写下层小人物的不幸命运，具有民主主义和人道主义倾向；果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主，自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 新人 “新人”指的是19世纪中叶在俄国文学中出现的具有民主主义思想倾向的平民知识分子形象。这些形象尽管个性相异，但大多出身平民，具有坚定的意志、明确的理想，以及实干精神和自我牺牲精神。屠格涅夫在小说《前夜》中最早塑造出了“新人”英沙洛夫的形象，但车尔尼雪夫斯基小说《怎么办？》中的“新人”罗普霍夫等形象则更为典型。 “含泪的笑” 果戈理独特的艺术手法。他认为艺术家不仅应当真实地反映生活，而且应当对生活进行审判，即“通过世界上人们看得见的笑容和人们看不见的、不知道的眼泪来观察生活。”正是这种“笑声”和“眼泪”的交集、喜剧和悲剧的结合，加强了果戈理讽刺艺术的揭露和抬批判力量。 《人间喜剧》 《人间喜剧》是巴尔扎克主要创作的总称，内分风俗研究、哲学研究和分析研究三大类。

英美文学名词解释

1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .

英国文学选读名词解释

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6、述美派：又称旅美派，是20世纪二、三十年代旅 居美洲的叙利亚、黎巴嫩诗人、作家组成的文学流派，代表人物是纪伯伦、努埃曼等人，他们都以别具一格的创作风格，丰富和发展了阿拉伯文学。 7、埃及现代派：阿拉伯现代文学流派，第一次世界大 战后首先在埃及形成，后扩展到叙利亚、黎巴嫩、伊拉克等国。代表人物是海卡尔、侯赛因、台木尔等人。 他们坚持现实主义的创作方法，创作了一批不同于阿拉伯传统文学的现代小说。 8、日本无产阶级文学：日本现代文学的一种思潮，以 1916年前后的“工人文学”为基础，20年代十分活跃，代表人物是叶山嘉树，黑岛传治等人，先后创办《播种人》、《文艺战线》、《战旗》等刊物。1934年随着“日本无产阶级作家同盟”的解散而失去实力。9、日本唯美主义：日本近代文学流派，以永井荷风、 谷崎润一郎为代表，其特点是：描写人的表态心理和表态情欲，在官能享受中寻求精神的满足。 10、白桦派：日本近代文学派，代表作家是武者小路实笃、有岛武郎、志贺直哉等，因他们创办《白桦》而得名，特点是：追求个性解放，提倡人道主义精神，强调人的尊严和意志。 11、“破理显实”：日本近代自然主义文学的理论主张之一。就是主张作家排除一切理想，不带任何功利目的地按照事物原样去描写“真实”，为日本白色主义理

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1.奥林波斯神统：希腊神话中的主神宙斯推翻他父亲的统治后，在奥林波斯山上建立起以自 己为首的庞大的神的家族，称为“奥林波斯神统”。这个神统是父权氏族公社的缩影。宙斯是司雷电之神，是众神之主，掌握着至高无上的权力；其妻子赫拉主管婚姻和生殖；其兄哈台斯为冥王，波塞冬为海神。宙斯的子女也分管天上人间各项事务，如阿波罗是日神，阿尔忒弥斯是月神，阿瑞斯是战神，阿佛洛狄忒是爱神等等。他们组成了一个高度组织化、纪律化的社会，住在希腊最高的奥林波斯山上，其实这是人类社会的缩影。 2.三联剧──又称三部曲，古希腊悲剧中最妆的固定格式，?指情节连贯，内容相关的三部 悲剧。它们既有相对独立性，有各自的剧名，能独立成篇，又有内在联系，可合成一组悲剧，有总的剧名，表达统一的主题。后成为三部内容各自独立而又相互联系的文学作品的统称。 3.荷马史诗包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德修纪》两部史诗，取材于公元前12世纪发生的特洛 亚战争的历史事件，有相当长的民间传唱和吟诵过程。公元前9世纪左右，相传由行吟诗人荷马编订完成，故名荷马史诗。公元前6世纪由学者用文字写定。《伊利亚特》的主题是赞美古代英雄的刚强威武、机智勇敢，讴歌他们英雄主义和集体主义精神。《奥德修纪》讴歌了古代英雄在同自然力的抗争中所体现出来的机智勇敢和坚强意志，表达了主人公对部落集体和乡土的眷恋之情。两部史诗结构巧妙、形象鲜明、语言质朴、比喻奇特，并具有各自不同的艺术风格。荷马史诗真实地反映了古代希腊从原始公社制向奴隶制过渡时期的社会风貌，是认识希腊史前社会的重要文献。 4.《俄底浦斯王》:是索福克勒斯的代表作，以希腊神话中关于忒拜王室的故事为题材，紧 紧围绕俄底浦斯杀父娶母的预言和寻找凶手这两条线索展开。这是一部十分悲惨的剧作，主要表现的是人个意志与命运的冲突，英雄人物在面对厄运中显示了人的精神的神圣崇高。 剧作结构复杂而严谨，亚里士多德认为该剧是希腊悲剧的典范。 5.教会文学:是中世纪欧洲盛行的正统文学，取材于《圣经》，体裁有圣经故事、对徒传、 祷告文、赞美诗、宗教剧等，主要作者是教会僧侣，主要内容是赞美上帝的权威和歌颂圣徒的德行，宣扬禁欲主义和来世主义思想，手法以梦幻、寓意和象征为主。 6.骑士文学:是西欧封建骑士制度的产物，以描写骑士爱情和冒险故事为基本内容，包括骑 士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。抒情诗产生于法国南部的普罗旺斯，有破晓歌、牧歌、怨歌等。叙事诗又称骑士传奇，重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。 7.城市文学又名市民文学，是12世纪以后随着城市的兴起而产生的一种反映新兴市民阶级 思想情趣的文学。它取材于现实生活，揭露讽刺封建贵族和宗教僧侣的专横、贪婪、愚蠢和伪善，表现市民的聪明才智和进取精神，具有鲜明的反封建、反教会倾向。艺术风格生动活泼，语言通俗易懂，生活气息浓郁。城市文学体裁众多，有韵文故事、市民抒情诗、市民戏剧和长篇叙事诗等。法国的长篇叙事诗《列那狐传奇》的成就最为突出，长诗《玫瑰传奇》也颇有声誉。 8.《神曲》是但丁在放逐期间写的一部长诗，是他经过长期酝酿和构思，经历10多年之久 的忧愤之作，是诗人的代表作。《神曲》直译为《神圣的喜剧》，原题为《喜剧》。《神曲》分为三部：《地狱》、《炼狱》、《天堂》，采用了中世纪流行的梦幻文学的形式，描写了一个幻游地狱、炼狱、天堂三界的故事。是一部充满隐喻性、象征性，同时又洋溢着鲜明的现实性、倾向性的作品。

英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)

Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized

英国文学试题

1．{The Isles of Greece} QUESTIONS: 1. Who is the writer of these lines? Byron 2. It is taken from the writer's masterpiece entitled ___ "Don Juan"_________. 3. Who is "Sappho" in line 2? Sappho is an ancient Greek poetess , known for her passionate love lyrics. 4. Who is "Phoebus" in line 4? It's Apollo, the Greek Sun-god. 5. Whom does the "Scian muse" refer to? Homer, because Scio claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. 6. What does the whole section "The Isles of Greece" write about? The section "The Isles of Greece" is among Byron's most effective poetical utterances on national freedom. All the 16 stanzas are supposed to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast of Don Juan and Haidee on the isle of Greece. In the song, by contrasting the freedom enjoyed by the Greek ancient people with the enslavement of the early 19th century Greeks under the Turkish rule, the poet calls on the Greeks to struggle for their national freedom and liberation. 7. This selection consists of two six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rime scheme of ___ Ababcc__________ What does the poem mainly write about? This poem is about the beauty of nature. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts. What is the rime scheme in each stanza? ababcc 2．I wandered lonely as a cloud 1.What does the poem mainly write about? This poem is about the beauty of nature. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils, mixed with the po et’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts. 2.What is the rime scheme in each stanza? ababcc 3. What is the poet’s view on nature? And how is that view shown in this poem? Wordsworth’s conception of nature is that nature has a lot to do with man, it can not only refresh one’s soul and fill one with happiness, but it can also be reduced into a beautiful memory which will comfort one’s heart when in solitude. In the narrative poem, the poet successfully compared his loneliness with the happy daffodils. The daffodils, the symbol of the nature, bring great joy and relief to the speaker. The diction of this poem is, in general, simple, direct, and clear. The image of the daffodils conveys qualities of movement and radiance through carefully chosen words. At first sight, the flowers are seen as “fluttering and dancing”; then the poet compares the flowers to the “stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way”, and then to the “sparkling waves” of a nearby lake. The daffodils are described as “golden”, not yellow, because “golden” suggests more than a color; it connotes light. These words of movement and radiance create a picture of nature as vital, animated, and glowing. Words for joy (glee, sprightly, gay, jocund, bliss) are used in a crescendo that suggests the intensity of the speaker’s happiness.

外国文学史名词解释(全)

外国文学史名词解释(全)

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