2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题试题汇编--阅读理解C篇--学生版(已校对)

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

Here’s the scary thing about the identity-theft ring that the feds cracked last week: there was nothing any of its estimated 40,000 victims could have done to prevent it from happening. This was an inside job, according to court documents. A lowly help-desk worker at Teledata Communications, a software firm that helps banks access credit reports online, allegedly (据说）stole passwords for those reports and sold them to a group of 20 thieves at $60 a pop. That allowed the gang to cherry-pick consumers with good credit and apply for all kinds of accounts in their names. Cost to the victims: $3 million and rising.

Even scarier is that this, the largest identity-theft bust to date, is just a drop in the bit bucket. More than 700,000 Americans hav e their credit hijacked every year. It’s one of crime’s biggest growth markets. A name, address and Social Security number--which can often be found on the Web--is all anybody needs to apply for a bogus（伪造的）line of credit. Credit companies make $1.3 trillion annually and lose less than 2% of that revenue（收入）to fraud, so there’s little financial incentive for them to make the application process more secure. As it stands now, it’s up to you to protect your identity.

The good news is that there are plenty of steps you can take. Most credit thieves are opportunists, not well-organized gangs. A lot of them go Dumpster diving for those millions of “pre-approved” credit-card mailings that go out every day. Others steal wallets and return them, taking only a Social Security number. Shredding your junk mail and leaving your Social Security card at home can save a lot of agony later.

But the most effective way to keep your identity clean is to check your credit reports once or twice a year. There are three major credit-report outfits: Equifax (at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb3746795.html,), Trans-Union (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb3746795.html,) and Experian (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb3746795.html,). All allow you to order reports online, which is a lot better than wading through voice-mail hell on their 800 lines. Of the three, I found TransUnion’s website to be the cheapest and most comprehensive--laying out state-by-state prices, rights and tips for consumers in easy-to-read fashion.

If you’re lucky enough to live in Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey or Vermont, you are entit led to one free report a year by law. Otherwise it’s going to cost $8 to $14 each time. Avoid services that offer to monitor your reports year-round for about $70; that’s $10 more than the going rate among thieves. If you think you’re a victim of identity theft, you can ask for fraud alerts to be put on file at each of the three credit-report companies. You can also download a theft-report form at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb3746795.html,/idtheft, which, along with a local police report, should help when irate creditors come knocki ng. Just don’t expect justice. That audacious help-desk worker was one of the fewer than 2% of identity thieves who are ever caught.

63. The expression “inside job”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ___________.

A. a crime committed by a person working for the victim

B. a crime that should be punished severely

C. a crime that does great harm to the victim

D. a crime that poses a great threat to the society

64. You can protect your identity in the following way except ___________.

A. destroying your junk mail

B. leaving your Social Security card at home

C. visiting the credit-report website regularly

D. obtaining the free report from the government

65. It is easy to have credit-theft because ____________.

A. More people are using credit service

B. The application program is not safe enough

C. Creditors usually disclose their identity

D. Creditors are not careful about their identity

66. The best title of the text is ____________.

A. The danger of credit-theft

B. The loss of the creditors

C. How to protect your good name

D. Why the creditors lose their identity

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

All across America, students are anxiously finishing their "What I Want To Be .." college application essays, advised to focus on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) by experts and parents who insist that's the only way to become workforce ready. But two recent studies of workplace success contradict the traditional wisdom about "hard skills".

Google originally set its hiring systems to sort for computer science students with top grades from top science universities. In 2013, Google decided to test its hiring theory by quickly dealing with large amounts hiring, firing, and promotion data collected since the company's establishment.

Project Oxygen shocked everyone by concluding that, among the eight most important qualities of Google's top employees, STEM capability comes in dead last. The seven top characteristics of success at Google are all soft skills: being a good coach; communicating and listening well; possessing comprehension into others, being supportive of one's colleagues; being a good critical thinker and problem solver, and being able to make connections across complex ideas.

Those characteristics sound more like what one gains as an English or theater major than as a programmer.Could it be that top Google employees were succeeding despite their technical training, not because of it? After bringing in more experts to dive even deeper into the data, the company enlarged its previous hiring practices to include humanities majors, artists, and even the MBAs (Master of Business Administration).

Project Aristotle, a study released by Google this past spring, further supports the importance of soft skill seven in high-tech environments. Project Aristotle analyzes data on inventive and productive teams. Google takes pride in its A-teams, assembled with top scientists, each with the most specialized knowledge and able to throw down one creative idea after another. Its data analysis revealed, however, that the company's most important and productive new ideas come from B-teams comprised of employees who don't always have to be the smartest people in the room.

Project Aristotle shows that the best teams at Google exhibit a range of soft skills: equality, generosity,curiosity toward the ideas of your teammates, understanding, and emotional intelligence. And topping the list:emotional safety. To succeed, each and every team member must feel confident speaking up and making mistakes. They must know they are being heard.

STEM skills are vital to the world we live in today, but technology alone, as Steve Jobs

famously insisted,is not enough. We desperately need those who are educated to the human, cultural, and social as well as the computational.

63. The underlined word:“contradict”most probably means “____________”.

A. add to

B. back up

C. bring about

D. conflict with

64. Google conducted the studies of workplace success in order to ____________.

A. determine what makes a workplace-ready student

B. check whether its hiring system serves the purpose

C. prove soft skills are more important than hard ones

D.impress its competitors with the employees’ excellence

65. What can be inferred from Project Aristotle?

A. Emotional safety enables people to express themselves freely.

B. Listening and hearing helps develop problem-solving abilities.

C. Learning from mistakes doesn’t necessarily mean improvement.

D. Those without specialized knowledge can also make inventions.

66. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. STEM skills our society needs for better education

B. The principal focus students have on application essays

C. The surprising thing Google learned about its employees

D. The soft skills Google programmers lack for career growth

Section C

Directions：Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

(C)

“Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase,”George W. Bush said, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. “They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.”

Yet there are vital differences between Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission. First,

they were headed to a place where hundreds of thousands of people were already living. Second, they were certain to discover places and things of immediate value to the new nation. Third, their venture cost next to nothing by today’s standards. A Mars mission may be the single most expensive non-wartime undertaking in U.S. history.

Appealing as the thought of travel to Mars is, it does not mean the journey makes sense, even considering the human calling to explore. And Mars as a destination for people makes absolutely no sense with current technology.

Present system for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that merely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs --- or by raising taxes. Absent some remarkable discovery, astronauts, geologists, and biologists once on Mars could do little more than analyze rocks and feel awestruck （敬畏的）staring into the sky of another world. Yet rocks can be analyzed by automated probes without risk to human life, and at a tiny fraction of the cost of sending people.

It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled his proposal, he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. All these accomplishments came from automated probes or automated space telescopes. Bush’s proposal, which calls for“reprogramming”some of NASA’s present budget into the Mars effort, might actually lead to a reduction in such unmanned science --- the one aspect of space exploration that’s working really well.

Rather than spend hundreds of billions of dollars to hurl tons toward Mars using current technology, why not take a decade or two or however much time is required researching new launch systems and advanced propulsion（推进力）? If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready.

63. What do Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission have in common?

A. Instant value.

B. Human inhabitance.

C. Venture cost.

D. Exploring spirit.

64. Bush’s proposal is challenged for the following reasons except that __________.

A. its expenditure is too huge for the government to afford.

B. American people’s well-being will suffer a lot if it is implemented

C. great achievements have already been made in Mars exploration in America

D. unmanned Mars exploration sounds more practical and economical for the moment

65. Which cannot be concluded from the passage?

A. Going to Mars using current technology is quite unrealistic.

B. A Mars mission will in turn promote the development of unmanned program.

C. Bush’s proposal is based on three recent great achievements of space exploration.

D. The achievements in place exploration show how well unmanned science has developed.

66. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Risky as it is, a Mars mission helps to re tain America’s position as a technological leader.

B. A Mars mission is so costly that it may lead to an economic disaster in America.

C. Someday people may go to Mars but not until it makes technological sense.

D. A Mars mission is unnecessary since the s cientists once there won’t make great discoveries.

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

Dusty Nash, an angelic-looking blond child of seven, awoke at 5 one recent morning in his Chicago home and began to throw a fit. He cried and kicked. Every muscle in his 50-lb. body flew in violent motion. Finally, after about 30 minutes, Dusty pulled himself together sufficiently to head downstairs for breakfast. While his mother was busy in the kitchen, the extremely excited child pulled a box of Kix cereal from the cupboard and sat on a chair.

But sitting still was not easy this morning. After grabbing some cereal with his hands, he began kicking the box, scattering little round corn puffs across the room. Next he turned his attention to the TV set, or rather, the table supporting it. The table was covered with a check-board

con-tact paper, and Dusty began peeling it off. Then he became interested in the spilled cereal and started smashing it into bits.

It was only 7: 30, and his mother Kyle Nash, who teaches a medical-school course on death and dying, was already feeling half dead from exhaustion. Dusty was to see his doctors that day at 4, and they had asked her not to give the boy the drug he usually takes to control his extreme excitement and attention problems, a condition known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). It was going to be a very long day without help from Ritain, a powerful drug which some people take for pleasure, but which they can become addicted to.

Karenne Bloomgarden remembers such days all too well. The spirited, 43-year-old boss and gym teacher was a disaster as a child growing up in New Jersey. “I did very poorly in school,” she recalls. Her teachers and parents were constantly on her case for tough behavior. “They just felt I was being bad--- too loud, too physical, too everything.” A naughty tomb oy with few friends, she saw a psychologist at age 10. “but nobody came up with a diagnosis”. As a teenager she began prescribing her own medication: marijuana, and later cocaine.

The athletic Bloomgarden managed to get into college, but she admits that she cheated her way to a diploma. “I would study and study, and I wouldn’t remember a thing. I really felt it was my fault.” After graduating, she did fine in physically active jobs but was anxious about administrative work. Then, four years ago, a doctor put a label on her troubles: ADHD. “It's been such a weigh off my shoulders” says Bloomgarden, who takes both stimulant Ritalin and the antidepressant Zoloft to improve her concentration. “I had 38 years of thinking I was a bad person. Now I’m rewriting the tapes of who I thought I was to who I really am.”

63. What does the phrase “throw a fit” in the 1st paragraph probably mean?

A. turn oneself around casually

B. fall down to the ground carelessly

C. lose ones temper suddenly

D. shout and complain loudly

64. Why did Dusty Nash mess the room?

A. He was reluctant to listen to his mother

B. He couldn't focus on anything for a while.

C. He forgot to take the medicine he usually took.

D. He was afraid to see the doctor with his mother.

65. The passage is chiefly concerned with .

A. the visible symptoms of the disease ADHD

B. the precise definition of the disease ADHD

C. D usty’s experiences in his childhood and college

D. K arenne’s confessing of cheating to get a diploma

66. What can be inferred from the passage?

A. Dusty went to see his private doctor every week in the past years

B. D usty’s mother took care of him till he was admitted to a college.

C. A psychologist examined Karenne and cured her serious disease.

D. Karenne didn't know herself well until she was diagnosed with ADHD.

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(C)

Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical research is wasted because too often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a study are published. No follow-up investigations to replicate(复制) or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings to build new technologies.

The problem is not just what happens after publication —scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and properly designing studies to answer them. Too many studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to reproduce promising drug targets published by the best academic institutions. The growing recognition that something has gone wrong in the laboratory has led to calls for, as one might guess, more research on research — attempts to find rules to ensure that peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.

It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other stakeholders to fix this problem. We can do so by exploring ways to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient. These may include collaborative team science, study registration, stronger study designs and statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making scientific data widely available so that others can replicate experiments, therefore building trust in the conclusions of those studies.

Reproducing other scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too” derision(嘲笑) that would waste resources — but often they may help avoid false leads that would have been even more wasteful. Perhaps the biggest obstacle to replication is the inaccessibility of data and results necessary to rerun the analyses that went into the original experiments. Searching for such information can be extremely difficult. Investigators die, move and change jobs; computers crash; online links malfunction. Data are sometimes lost — even, as one researcher claimed when confronted about spurious(伪造的) results, eaten by termites(白蚁).

There has definitely been some recent progress. An increasing number of journals, including Nature and Science, have adopted measures such as checklists for study design and reporting while improving statistical review and encouraging access to data. Several funding agencies, meanwhile, have asked that researchers outline their plans for sharing data before they can receive a government grant.

But it will take much more to achieve a lasting culture change. Investigators should be rewarded for performing good science rather than just getting statistically significant (“positive”) but nonreplicable results. Revising the present incentive(激励) structure may require changes on the part of journals, funders, universities and other research institutions.

63. What is the problem reported in those papers in The Lancet?

A. Great achievements in medical research failed to get published.

B. Money was wasted on follow-up investigations in medical research.

C. Too many new research findings are not put into use after publication.

D. Few scientists are devoted to building new technologies for mankind.

64. Which of the following situation is most similar to the problem described in paragraph 2?

A. A high school decides to cut its art programs due to the lack of fund.

B. A patient gets sicker because he does not follow the doctor’s advice.

C. A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not target population.

D. A drug company fails to produce the new drug due to no access to the latest data.

65. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Measures are taken to ensure publication of tested results only.

B. Scientific experiments must be replicable to be considered valid.

C. Experiment replication is unoriginal and not worthwhile.

D. Rewards should be given only to those nonreplicable findings.

66. The purpose of this article is to ___________.

A. argue that scientific research lacks efficiency

B. explain the result of a recent scientific study

C. introduce some recent progress in medical research

D. highlight the possible problems of research studies

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

C

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