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ASTM E2375-04锻件超声检测标准操作方法

Designation:E2375–04

Standard Practice for

Ultrasonic Examination of Wrought Products1,2

This standard is issued under the?xed designation E2375;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1.Scope

1.1Purpose—This practice establishes the minimum re-quirements for ultrasonic examination of wrought products. N OTE1—This standard was adopted to replace MIL-STD-2154,30 Sept.198

2.This standard is intended to be used for the same applications as the document which it https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,ers should carefully review its requirements when considering its use for new,or different applications, or both.

1.2Application—This practice is applicable for examina-tion of materials such as,wrought metals and wrought metal products.

1.2.1Wrought Aluminum Alloy Products—Examination shall be in accordance with Practice B594.

1.3Acceptance Class—When examination is performed in accordance with this practice,engineering drawings,speci?-cations,or other applicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria.Five ultrasonic acceptance classes are de?ned in Table1.One or more of these classes may be used to establish the acceptance criteria or additional or alternate criteria may be speci?ed.

1.4Order of Precedence—Contractual requirements and authorized direction from the cognizant engineering organiza-tion may add to or modify the requirements of this practice. Otherwise,in the event of con?ict between the text of this practice and the references cited herein,the text of this practice takes precedence.Nothing in this practice,however,super-sedes applicable laws and regulations unless a speci?c exemp-tion has been obtained.

1.5Measurement Values—The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard.The metric equivalents are in brackets.

1.6This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2.Referenced Documents

2.1The following documents form a part of this practice to the extent speci?ed herein:

2.2ASTM Standards:3

B107Speci?cation for Magnesium-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods,Shapes,Tubes,and Wire

B221Speci?cation for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars,Rods,Wire,Pro?les,and Tubes

B241Speci?cation for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded Tube

B594Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-Alloy Wrought Products for Aerospace Applications

E127Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks

E164Practice for Ultrasonic Contact Examination of Weld-ments

E213Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipes and Tubing

E317Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Examination Instruments and Systems Without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments

E428Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Refer-ence Blocks Used in Ultrasonic Examination

E543Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing

E1065Guide for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

E1158Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ultra-sonic Examination of Metal and Metal Alloy Production Material

E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07on Nonde-

structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06on Ultrasonic Testing Procedures.

Current edition approved July1,2004.Published July2004.

2When accepted by DoD this standard is expected to replace MIL-STD-2154.

3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

States.

2.3American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)Standards:

SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Quali?-cation and Certi?cation in Nondestructive Testing 4

ANSI/ASNT-CP-189ASNT Standard for Quali?cation and Certi?cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel 4

2.4Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE)Standards:AMS 4928Titanium Alloy,Bars,Wire,Forgings,and Rings 6Al-4V Annealed 5

AMS 6409Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing,0.80Cr,1.8Ni,0.25Mo,(0.38-0.45C),(SAE 4340)Special Aircraft Steel Cleanliness,Normalized and Tempered 5

AMS 6415Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing,0.80Cr,1.8Ni,0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C)(SAE 4340)5

AMS 6484Steel,Bars,Forgings,and Tubing,080Cr,1.8Ni,0.25Mo (0.38-0.43C)(SAE 4340)Normalized and Tempered 5

2.5Aerospace Industries Association Standard:

NAS 410Certi?cation and Quali?cation of Nondestructive Test Personnel 6

2.6Federal Speci?cations:

QQ-A-225/6Aluminum Alloy Bar,Rod,and Wire,Rolled,Drawn,or Cold Finished,20246

QQ-A-225/9Aluminum Alloy Bar,Rod,Wire,and Special Shapes,Rolled,Drawn,or Cold Finished,707562.7Military Standards:7

N OTE 2—For DoD contracts,unless otherwise speci?ed,the issues of the documents which are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci?cations Standards)cited in the solicitation.

3.Terminology

3.1De?nitions —De?nitions relating to ultrasonic examina-tion,which appear in Terminology E 1316,shall apply to the terms used in this standard.

3.2De?nitions of Terms Speci?c to This Standard:

3.2.1back surface resolution —the minimum distance be-tween the back surface and a discontinuity of known size that will result in a clear differentiation of the two signals as indicated by the trace recovering to 20%or less of disconti-nuity or back surface amplitude (whichever is lower)between the indications at the sensitivity required for the speci?ed examination.

3.2.2cognizant engineering organization —the company,government agency,or other authority responsible for the design,or end use,of the system or component for which ultrasonic examination is required.This,in addition to design

Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT),P.O.Box 28518,1711Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH 43228-0518.5

Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE),400Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,PA 15096-0001.6

Aerospace Industries Association of America,Inc.,1250Eye Street NW,Washington,DC 20005.

Copies of speci?cations,standards,drawings and publications required by manufacturers in connection with speci?c acquisition functions should be obtained from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.

TABLE 1Ultrasonic Classes

Class Single Discontinuity

Response A ,B

Multiple C Discontinuities

Linear D Discontinuity Length and Response Loss of Back Re?ection Percent E ,F

Noise G ,H AAA H

in.[0.794mm]

in.[0.397mm]

1?8

in.[3.175mm]

long

1?64in.response [0.397mm]

alarm level

AA H

64in.[1.19mm]FB

64in.I [0.794mm]

1?2in.[12.7mm]

long

2?64in.response [0.794mm]

50alarm level

A 5?

64in.[1.98mm]FB

64in.[1.191mm]

1in.[25.4mm]

long

3?64in.response [1.19mm]

50alarm level

B 8?

64in.[3.18mm]FB

64[1.98mm]FB

1in.[25.4mm]

long

5?64in.response [1.98mm]

50alarm level

8?64in.[3.18mm]Not Applicable Not Applicable

50alarm level

Any discontinuity with a response greater than the response from a ?at-bottom hole or equivalent notch (see footnote B )at the estimated discontinuity depth and the discontinuity size given is not acceptable.B

See Fig.3,Fig.4,or Fig.5for dimensions of notches and holes when these are required for angle beam examination of tube walls and near-surface regions of cylindrical parts and other products.C

Multiple discontinuities with indications greater than the response from a reference ?at-bottom hole or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the size given (diameter)are not acceptable if the centers of any two of these discontinuities are less than one inch apart (not applicable to Class C).D

Any discontinuity longer than the length given with indications equal to or greater than the response given (?at-bottom hole or notch response)is not acceptable.Not applicable to Class C).E

Loss of back re?ection by more than 50%,when compared to non-defective material in the same or a similar part,is not acceptable.F

For longitudinal examination of material over 6-in.[152.4-mm]thick in the short transverse direction,any loss of back re?ection equal to or greater than 12dB over an area 2by 2in.[50.8by 50.8mm]is rejectable.(Noise level is not relevant to this back re?ection evaluation.G

Noise which exceeds the alarm level setting (see 7.4.10.7),is not acceptable,except for titanium.For titanium alloys,the alarm level may be set just above the noise level,but shall not exceed 70%of the reference standard response.H

When examining titanium,Class AA and Class AAA,no rejection shall be made on the basis of “noise”level,if within the limits speci?ed in footnote G .I

Evaluation may be done by setting up on a 3?64in.[1.19mm]hole and adding 7dB of gain.(Also see Note 5under Table 5

personnel,may include personnel from engineering,material and process engineering,stress analysis,NDT or quality groups and others,as appropriate.

3.2.3contract document—any document speci?ed in the contract,including the purchase order,speci?cation,drawing, or other written material.

3.2.4display—the display on which ultrasonic data are presented,including,but is not limited to,cathode ray tubes, liquid crystals,electro-luminescent phosphors,or plasmas. 3.2.5entry surface resolution—the minimum distance be-tween the entry surface and a discontinuity of known size that will result in a clear differentiation of the two signals as indicated by the trace recovering to20%or less of the discontinuity amplitude between the indications at the sensi-tivity required for the speci?ed examination.

3.2.6full scale de?ection(FSD)—the maximum displayable signal amplitude on the display device,or any signal reaching or exceeding the100%amplitude scale graduation.

3.2.7horizontal limit—the maximum readable length of horizontal position that is determined either by electrical or a physical limit in the A-scan presentation of an ultrasonic examination instrument.

3.2.8immersion ultrasonic examination—the use of a water medium to couple the search unit to the part surface.This technique includes immersion in a tank of water,the use of water columns,bubblers,or similar device.

3.2.9primary reference response—the maximized signal amplitude obtained from the applicable reference re?ector that produces the lowest amplitude signal.

3.2.10vertical linearity limit(upper and lower)—values of the vertical amplitude at which a proportional relationship with the input signal deviates from or exceeds a prescribed amount.

4.Signi?cance and Use

4.1This practice is intended primarily for the examination of wrought metals,forged,rolled,machined parts or compo-nents to an ultrasonic class most typically speci?ed in the purchase order or other contract document.

5.Basis of Application

5.1Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier,or speci?c direction from the cognizant engineering organization.

6.General Requirements

6.1Specifying—When ultrasonic examination is speci?ed in accordance with this practice,the ultrasonic technique (immersion,contact,angle beam,straight beam,and so forth) and acceptance criteria should be speci?ed.Suggested classes in Table1may be speci?ed to establish acceptance criteria.A contract document shall specify zones,when applicable,to indicate different quality level acceptance criteria based on the criticality of each zone.When directions of maximum stressing are indicated on a contract document and con?guration allows, ultrasonic examination shall be performed to locate disconti-nuities oriented perpendicular to the directions of maximum stressing.

6.2Personnel Quali?cation/Certi?cation—Personnel per-forming examinations to this practice shall be quali?ed in accordance with ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,NAS-410,or SNT-TC-1A and certi?ed by the employer or certifying agency as applicable.Other equivalent quali?cation documents may be used when speci?ed in the contract or purchase order.

6.3Agency Evaluation—If required by contract,evaluation of the agency performing examination shall be in accordance with Practice E543.

6.4Written Procedure—A detailed procedure(general pro-cedure,or part speci?c technique,or both)shall be prepared for each part and type of examination to be performed.The procedure shall meet the requirements of this practice and shall provide consistency for producing the results and quality level required by this practice and other contractual documents.The procedure shall be approved by an individual quali?ed and certi?ed as a Level III in the practice of ultrasonic examination. The procedure shall be submitted upon request to the contract-ing agency for approval,or review,or both(see8.1).The procedure shall cover all of the speci?c information required to set-up and perform the examination,such as the following: 6.4.1Name and address of examination facility,

6.4.2Number of the procedure including latest revision designation,if applicable,and date.

6.4.3Number of this standard including latest revision designation letter,if applicable,and date.

6.4.4Examination method and acceptance criteria to be applied.

6.4.5Examination zones,if applicable.

6.4.6Speci?c part number and con?guration or product form for which the procedure is being prepared.

6.4.7Manufacturer and model numbers of any instrumen-tation to be used in the examination.Any external recording equipment,alarm equipment and electronic distance-amplitude correction equipment shall be included.

6.4.8Type and size of search unit.Include frequency,focal length,as applicable,manufacturer,sound beam angle and description of any wedges,shoes,saddles,stand-off attach-ments,bubblers,or squirters.

6.4.9Description of manipulating and scanning equipment.

6.4.10Couplant:type and manufacturer.

6.4.11Scanning plan which describes,for each portion of the examination,the surfaces from which the examination will be performed,the ultrasonic modes,and directions of the sound beam.

6.4.12Method of applying transfer(see

7.4.10.4),if ap-plied.

6.4.13Reference blocks,water path(if applicable)and methods of standardization and scan index determination, maximum scanning speed,and minimum pulse repetition rate.

6.4.14Method of establishing scan sensitivity for concave and convex surfaces,if applicable.

6.4.15Discontinuity evaluation procedure.

6.4.16Any other pertinent data which would be needed to duplicate the original examination.

6.5General Procedures—General procedures are accept-able for common product forms such as plate,bar

stock,

extrusions,forgings,tubing and cylindrical stock,and desig-nated thickness ranges.The general procedure shall include the applicable items of6.4.

7.Detail Requirements

7.1Couplants:

7.1.1Immersion Method—For the immersion method(see 7.2.8),water shall be free of air bubbles and other foreign material that could interfere with ultrasonic examinations.A suitable corrosion inhibiting agent,or a wetting agent,or both, shall be added to the water,if necessary.The speci?c inhibiting and wetting agents including mixing concentrations shall have been previously determined to be compatible with the materials to be examined.

7.1.2Contact Method—For the contact method,a liquid or semi-liquid that forms a thin?lm between the search unit and the part is required.The couplant material used shall not be injurious to the material to be examined and will permit detection of applicable discontinuity sizes.Glycerin(Pure), silicones and graphite greases shall not be used as couplants, unless speci?cally permitted by the cognizant engineering organization.

7.2Equipment:

7.2.1Electronic Equipment—The equipment when used with appropriate search units shall be capable of producing ultrasonic examination frequencies as required by the applica-tion.The electronic equipment shall be calibrated after any repair or part/component replacement which could affect its response characteristics,or once each year,whichever occurs ?rst.Records of the current calibration shall be retained and available for review.

7.2.1.1The equipment shall meet the following require-ments as directed in Practice E317or other approved proce-dure:

(1)Vertical Limit—100%of full scale.

(2)Horizontal Limit—100%of full scale.

(3)Vertical Linearity Limit Range—The vertical linearity of the instrument shall meet the requirements of A3.3.

(4)Horizontal Linearity Limit Range—The instrument shall be linear within65%of full scale between0and85% of the horizontal limit.This step may be omitted if the instrument is used within a limited depth of material and is veri?ed on standards of that depth at each standardization.

(5)Calibrated gain controls shall meet the requirements of A3.2.2unless an alternate method for veri?cation has been approved by the cognizant engineering organization.

7.2.1.2Attenuator and decade switches as applicable shall meet the requirements of A3.2.

7.2.1.3If automatic means are used for detection of loss-of-back re?ection amplitude,it shall be demonstrated that the speed of response of such means is adequate to detect,at actual scanning speeds,at least a?6dB reduction in back re?ection signal from an area no larger than the theoretical area of search unit beam intersection on the near surface of the material.An alternate method such as a near zone FBH with only the back wall gated may be used if approved by the Level III of the cognizant engineering organization.

N OTE3—This shall be demonstrated by one of the following techniques or a technique approved by the Level III of the cognizant engineering organization.

(1)Place on the surface of the material a temporary spot,consisting of

a double layer of masking tape,or other absorptive material,nominally equal to the area of the beam intersection on the near surface.The spot shall be passed through the search unit beam at full scanning speed.When this is done the means used for loss-of-back signal shall indicate at least 50%reduction in back signal amplitude.

(2)An alternate method is to use a near zone FBH with only the back wall gated.

7.2.2Alarm—An instrument used for other than manual scanning of a part with constant visual observation of the instrument display shall contain a means for automatically indicating the presence of a signal that exceeds a predeter-mined amplitude threshold within a gated time period.The alarm threshold level shall be adjustable.The alarm means may be an amplitude,visual,stop-on-defect,part marking or sort-ing,analog or digital recording,or other form of indication of the presence of potential defects.If automatic means are used for detection of rejectable discontinuities,it shall be demon-strated during initial standardization that the speed of response of such means is adequate to detect,at actual scanning speeds, a rejectable amplitude from a target at any depth in the examination range.

7.2.3Voltage Regulator—If?uctuations in line voltage cause an amplitude change greater than62.5%of full scale of a signal of half full-scale amplitude,a voltage regulator shall be required on the power source.

7.2.4Search Units—Search units are acceptable if they provide the required examination characteristics including sensitivity,resolution,and penetration.Search units shall have active dimensions(diameter for circular elements,length for rectangular elements)equal to or greater than0.25in.[6.35 mm].For contact examination of all convex surfaces of1.5in.

[38.1mm]radius or less,and all concave surfaces of4in. [101.6mm]radius or less,a curved shoe or wedge,made to match as closely as possible the radius of the part be examined, shall be required for examination.All search units shall be serialized.General search unit characteristics are typically evaluated by the methods described in Guide E1065.Such evaluation does not necessarily determine suitability for any speci?c material evaluation.

7.2.5Rectangular“Paintbrush”Search Units—Rectangular“paintbrush”search units shall be allowed for straight beam longitudinal immersion scanning if it is demon-strated that the search unit provides the required examination characteristics speci?ed in this practice or the contract docu-ment.The written procedures(see6.4)shall include at least the additional items speci?ed in7.2.5.1through7.2.5.3.

7.2.5.1A method shall be established for determining that the sensitivity pro?le along the major axis of the search unit does not vary more than610%of the vertical limit when the sensitivity is adjusted to provide a nominal50%response from a reference re?ector(either a steel ball,wire,or?at-bottom hole)as shown in Fig.1.The pro?le shall have been veri?ed within a period not exceeding twelve months prior to the date of use of the search unit,unless masking is used to suppress

the

peaks.If masking is used,the search unit pro?le shall have been veri?ed within a period not exceeding three months prior to the date of use.

7.2.5.2A method shall be established for masking the ends of the search unit,if required,to eliminate over-sensitive responses as determined in the sensitivity pro?le,see A4.1.3.7.2.5.3A method shall be established for determining effec-tive beam width.The scan index established in accordance with 7.4.10.8shall be based on the beam width so determined.7.2.5.4The reference standard shall provide a uniform entry surface for the full extent of the sound beam for equipment standardization.

7.2.5.5A method shall be established to use the least active portion of the search unit to adjust scan sensitivity at each portion of the DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction)curve to be used.7.2.5.6Search units meeting the requirements of 7.2.4shall be used for evaluations of indications detected while scanning with paintbrush search units.

7.2.6Array Search Units —Array search units (multiple-element)may be used for initial immersion scanning provided each element is pulsed independently and produces a beam that sufficiently overlaps each adjacent beam so that the maximum allowable drop in signal amplitude between elements is not more than 3dB from the peak response (when the peak is set to 80%of full scale using the primary reference response for the applicable examination as the reference re?ector).Varia-tions from these requirements are acceptable for phased array search units.

7.2.7Focused Search Units —Focused search units may be used unless otherwise speci?ed in the contract or purchase order

documentation.

FIG.1Acceptable Sound Beam Pro?le of “Paintbrush”Search

Unit

7.2.8Tank—Tanks used for immersion examination shall be of sufficient size to permit submersion of the part,material,or the area of interest to be examined with proper orientation of the search unit and allow sufficient water path.

7.2.8.1Attachments—For special applications attachments may be used with the search unit to provide the required water path distances or coupling,see3.2.8.

7.2.9Manipulating Equipment—For immersion examina-tion,manipulating equipment shall adequately support a search unit and shall provide angular adjustment within one degree in two planes and demonstrate control for following part geom-etry.Examinations not requiring angulation shall be docu-mented on the scan plan.The bridge shall have sufficient strength to provide rigid support for the manipulator and shall allow smooth,accurate positioning of the search unit.The scanning accuracy of the apparatus shall permit adjustment of the scan index distance within60.1in.[2.54mm],or unless otherwise speci?ed by the cognizant engineering organization. Water travel distance shall be adjustable.When part size,or con?guration,or both,prevent the use of manipulating equip-ment,search unit stand-off attachments which provide for control of water travel distance and sound beam angle shall be used.Provisions shall be made to ascertain that wear of stand-off attachments does not exceed limits which will de-grade the examination.

7.3Reference Block Fabrication—Reference blocks with ?at-bottom holes with diameters equal to those speci?ed in the acceptance criteria shall be used for defect detection and evaluation unless alternate hole sizes are used in accordance with7.3.2.The blocks shall meet the response characteristics of and be certi?ed to the requirements of Practice E127,E428, E1158,as speci?ed in7.3.1through7.3.9.6of this practice,or to the documented requirements of the cognizant engineering organization.IIW-type blocks shall be certi?ed with respect to alloy and dimensions speci?ed on the purchase order.

7.3.1Reference Block Materials—Reference blocks should be fabricated from the same alloy,surface?nish and heat treatment as the part to be examined.Where this is not available,or practical,reference blocks may be fabricated from materials listed in Table2so that any ultrasonic transmission differences are minimized.Other material may be used for working reference blocks provided the velocity and attenuation difference between the reference block and the examination material are within the limits shown below:

7.3.1.1The longitudinal wave velocity of the material for a reference standard for straight beam(normalized longitudinal wave)shall be within610%of the velocity of the examina-tion material.Material for reference standards to be used for angle beam examination shall have a velocity,in the propaga-tion mode to be employed,that is within65%of that of the examination material.This may be determined by comparing the sweep distance,on the ultrasonic instrument display,of back or end re?ections from equal thicknesses of reference block and examination material.

7.3.1.2The back or end surface re?ections of the examina-tion material shall be within+4dB(160%)to?12dB(25%) of the reference block material corrected to the depth of examination.Transfer per7.4.10.4is not allowed if the differences are greater than these limits unless a documented plan adequately compensates for the cause and is approved by the cognizant engineering organization.

7.3.1.3Material to be used for the fabrication of reference blocks shall be scanned ultrasonically in the mode(s)to be used in the examination at a sufficiently high sensitivity to detect any existing anomalies that might produce signals that could obscure,or be confused with,those from holes,notches or other targets in the reference block to be fabricated.

7.3.2Alternate Flat-bottom Hole Sizes—If blocks with the speci?ed?at-bottom hole sizes are not available,alternative sizes may be used provided the instrument gain is changed by a factor given by the ratio of the areas of the two relevant holes. For cases where only a larger size is available,the gain must be increased by the ratio(d r/d a)2,where d r and d a are respectively the diameters of the reference and speci?ed acceptance?at-bottom holes(see Table5,Note1).With instruments having gain controls calibrated in dB,the required change is given by 403log(d r/d a)dB.Table5can be used for the extrapolation of gain between any standard hole sizes in the range of1?64 through8?64.Gain extrapolation shall be restricted to hole diameters having ratios no greater than2:1,requiring gain changes no greater than12dB.

7.3.3Curved Surface Reference Blocks—Blocks used on cylindrically or irregularly shaped products shall meet the following requirements:

7.3.3.1Examination of Cylindrical Parts of Greater Than4 in.[101.6mm]Radius—Reference blocks shall be of material

TABLE2Recommended Reference Block Material

Material to be Reference

Material

Typical

Speci?cation

Aluminum7075-T6ASTM B221

ASTM B241

QQ-A225/9

2024ASTM B221

ASTM B241

QQ-A225/6 Magnesium ZK60ASTM B107 Titanium T1-6A1-4V annealed AMS4928

Low-Alloy Steels(4130,4340); High-Strength Low-Steels (such as NAX,T-300M); Straight Carbon and H-11Tool 4340annealed AMS6484

AMS6415

AMS6409

N OTE—Other materials may be used when documented and approved by the cognizant engineering organization.

TABLE3Surface Resolution Requirements

Examination Material Required

Up to2.50in.[63.5mm]

Over2.50in.[63.5mm]

0.25in.[6.35mm]

1?10thickness or

1?2in.[12.7mm]whichever is less.

Solid Round Stock

0.5to5.0in.[12.7to127mm]

Over5.0in.[127mm]

0.25in.[6.35mm]

0.38in.

Aluminum

Up to2.0in.inclusive[50.8mm]

Over2.0to10.0in.[50.8to254mm]

Over10.0to15.0in.[254to381mm]

Over15.0in.[381mm]

0.12in.[3.05mm]

0.25in.[6.35mm]

0.38in.[9.65mm]

0.50in.[12.7mm]

N OTE—Unless otherwise speci?ed in a contract

document.

speci?ed in7.3.1and shall be the stepped type shown in Fig. 2(with correspondingly larger dimensions)or,of the type speci?ed in7.3.2machined to within10%of the radius of curvature of the part being examined,or of the alternate type described in7.3.7in which case larger holes may be used to clear a holding?xture for the?at-bottom hole drill as described in7.3.3.2.

7.3.3.2Examination of Cylindrical Parts of Less Than4in. [101.6mm]Radius—Reference blocks shall be fabricated from material of the same alloy,heat treatment and surface ?nish as the part to be examined,and have a radius of curvature within5%of those parts.The blocks shall be,where practical, of full round cross-section.Reference holes may be drilled by using a larger diameter hole drilled to no closer than0.5in.

[12.7mm]to the?nal depth of the?at-bottom hole,permitting the use of a holding?xture for the drill for the?at-bottom holes.An acceptable alternate to full round blocks is the stepped type shown in Fig.2.Flat-bottom holes,of the sizes required for the appropriate examination class per Table1, shall be placed in the block at the metal travel distances speci?ed in7.4.7.1.The sizes and depths of the?at-bottom holes shall be veri?ed by calibrated measuring instruments and the holes should be plugged to prevent water entry and to create an air interface at the hole bottom.If it is not possible to use the same material for reference blocks,the provisions of 7.3.1shall apply.

7.3.3.3Alternate Tolerances for Straight-Beam Examina-tion of Cylindrical Parts—In the case of straight-beam exami-nation only,where detection of indications of the class speci-?ed is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the cognizant engineering organization,the use of reference standards with greater departure of radius from that of the test material than that listed above,may be permitted.

N OTE4—The use of round cross-section blocks allows the dynamic veri?cation of instrument and system standardization.Such dynamic veri?cation may be difficult,or not possible,using stepped blocks.

7.3.4Rectangular Angle Beam Reference Blocks—Fig.3is the con?guration for rectangular angle beam blocks using ?at-bottom holes for use with contact examination only. Side-drilled holes may be used to obtain graphic distance-amplitude curves with sensitivity corrected by using the end-drilled holes of the applicable ultrasonic class size(see A1.3.4).Other block con?gurations and re?ectors may be used if they meet the requirements of7.3.7and7.3.8,or comply with documented requirements approved by the cognizant engineering organization.The vee-path options illustrated in Fig.A1.4shall not be used to obtain standardization of immersion examinations because of the loss of sound energy at the apex of the vee-paths if the block is immersed.

7.3.5Hollow Cylindrical Angle Beam Reference Blocks—Reference blocks for shear wave examination of tubing and ring forgings shall have an outer ring diameter that is within 65%of the outside diameter of the examination material and the thickness shall be610%of the examination material.The reference block shall contain reference re?ector notches per Fig.4based on the applicable class of examination per Table 1.

7.3.6International Institute of Welding(IIW)Type Refer-ence Block—Blocks derived from the International Institute of Welding(IIW),Reference Block,Practice E164Annex A, shall be used for evaluation of contact angle beam search units as an aid in determining proper positioning for contact angle beam examination,and to determine beam exit point from the search units and angle of the sound beam.The material from which the blocks are to be made must be speci?ed by the purchaser.

7.3.7Alternate Reference Blocks—Other reference re?ec-tors,as approved by the cognizant engineering organization may be used.

7.3.8Alternate Reference Block Fabrication—If other types of reference blocks,re?ectors and materials are used as approved by the cognizant engineering organization,material for these blocks shall meet the requirements of7.3.1and, where applicable,reference targets shall meet the requirements of7.3.7.

7.3.9Additional Fabrication Requirements—The following additional fabrication/veri?cation requirements apply to refer-ence blocks speci?ed herein:

7.3.9.1Flat-bottom holes shall be dimensionally evaluated in accordance with Practice E428.As an alternate,the holes may be veri?ed in accordance with Practice E127.

7.3.9.2The angular alignment of holes in reference blocks shall have a tolerance of630min and be perpendicular to the beam entry surface or other surface or direction as required or intended by the governing speci?cation.

7.3.9.3Reference standards shall be clearly identi?ed so that the hole size,depth and material type(refracted angle,if used)are discerned on the block or a drawing of the block.If this data is only on the drawing then the reference standard shall be traceable to its drawing.

7.3.9.4All reference blocks shall be visually examined prior to each use for signs of surface and sealing-plug damage or deterioration.Any block which exhibits signi?cant rusting, corrosion or surface damage,which may interfere with the examination process,shall be either discarded and replaced,or cleaned and recerti?ed per Practice E127,E428,or the original surface?nish requirements as appropriate.

7.3.9.5After all?at-bottom holes are veri?ed,they shall be plugged as speci?ed in Practice E127or E428,to protect the hole from corrosion when that is a potential problem.

7.3.9.6Reference standards shall be dried,or couplant removed,or both,after use.Reference standards shall be handled and stored in a manner to preclude damage.

7.4Examination Procedures:

7.4.1Visual Examination—Prior to ultrasonic examination visually examine the part or material for cleanliness,surface roughness,cracks,burrs,nicks,gouges,raised areas,irregular

TABLE4Flat Surface Reference Standard Metal Travel

Depth of Discontinuity, in.[mm]Reference Standard Metal Travel Distance Tolerance,

in.[mm]

Up to1?4[6.35]

0.250[6.35]to1.0[25.4]

1.0[25.4]to3[76.2]

3.0[76.2]to6[152.4] Over6.0[152.4]

61?16[1.59]

61?8[3.18]

61?4[6.35]

61?2[12.7] 610%of metal

travel

machining and tool tears.Any surface anomalies that will impair ultrasonic examination shall be removed prior to examination.If removal is not possible or practical,mark such discrepancies on the part for later analysis during evaluation of ultrasonic indications.

7.4.2Coverage —The sound beam direction required for examination of various wrought shapes shall be in accordance with Figs.6and 7.Additional coverage requirements shall be as speci?ed below:

7.4.2.1When directions of maximum stressing are indicated on contract documents,scanning shall be performed to locate discontinuities that are oriented perpendicular to the speci?ed directions (see 6.1).

7.4.2.2When entry surface resolution is not sufficient to resolve discontinuities near the part surface,as required by Table 3,while achieving at least a 2:1or greater signal-to-noise ratio,additional examinations shall be performed from the opposite side,or,different examination zone depths shall be established,or the examination frequency may be changed as long as all other requirements are met.Also,for each exami-nation direction,examinations from opposite sides are required when the maximum metal travel distance is such that the minimum size discontinuity of the applicable class cannot be detected by examination from only one side.

7.4.2.3When the length of any of the examination dimen-sions (distance sound beam travels through the material)exceeds 18in.[457mm]supplementary examinations may be additionally required to locate discontinuities that are not detectable by straight beam examination.This is based on the

fact that it would be very difficult to detect discontinuities greater than 9in.[228mm]in depth for a Class A,or higher,examination.It shall be veri?ed that the side walls do not give erroneous examination results.

7.4.3Scanning Speed —The scanning speed shall not ex-ceed the maximum scanning speed which provides for detec-tion of the reference re?ectors in the reference standards used to set up the examination.

7.4.4Ultrasonic Frequency —Standardization and examina-tion shall be performed at the ultrasonic frequency which will provide the penetration and resolution required for valid examination of the production material.Examination per-formed with transmitting and receiving search units of different frequencies shall be considered to be performed at the fre-quency of the transmitting search unit for broadband systems.For tuned systems,the operating system frequency is estab-lished by either the transmitting or receiving system whichever is tuned.

7.4.5Water Travel Path for Immersion Method —The dis-tance from the face of the search unit to the front surface of a part shall be such that the second front re?ection from the examination material does not appear between the ?rst front and ?rst back re?ections.This distance (water travel)must be the same within 60.25in.[66.35mm]for standardization,initial scanning and ?nal evaluation.When possible,examina-tion shall be performed using water paths that result in examinations being performed in the far ?eld of the search unit,or in the depth of ?eld of a focused search unit approved by the cognizant engineering organization.When focused

TABLE 5Appropriate dB Gain Changes between Flat-Bottom Hole (FBH)Sizes

Acceptable Flat-Bottom

Hole Diameter,1?64in.[mm]

Reference Flat-Bottom Hole Diameter,1?64in.[mm]

1[0.4]2[0.8]3[1.2]

4[1.6]

5[2.0]

6[2.4]

7[2.8]

8[3.2]

1[0.4]0dB +12dB 2[0.8]?12dB

0dB +7dB +12dB 3[1.2]?7dB 0dB +5dB +9dB +12dB 4[1.6]?12dB

?5dB 0dB +4dB +7dB +10dB +12dB 5[2.0]?9dB ?4dB 0dB +3dB +6dB +8dB 6[2.4]?12dB

?7dB ?3dB 0dB +3dB +5dB 7[2.8]?10dB ?6dB ?3dB 0dB +2dB 8[3.2]

?12dB

?8dB

?5dB

?2dB

0dB

N OTE 1—Blank areas contain absolute values of gain changes greater than 612dB and are not applicable,see 7.3.1.1.

N OTE 2—Reference FBH diameter refers to the size of the FBH in the reference blocks.Acceptance FBH diameter refers to the extrapolated FBH.Table entries are calculated as follows:

40log 10S reference FBH diameter

acceptance FBH diameter D

5dB

N OTE 3—+dB =instrument gain increase;?dB =instrument gain decrease.

N OTE 4—If the dB control has a minimum incremental change of 2dB and the extrapolation requires an uneven dB change,the dB control shall be adjusted for 1dB more gain than required.For instance,in this case note the dB control in Note 5would be increased by +10dB instead of +9dB.N OTE 5—Explanation of Extrapolation:With a reference FBH of 5?64in.[1.98mm]and an acceptance FBH of 3?64in.[1.191mm],the difference is +9dB.Since the acceptance FBH is smaller than the reference FBH,the gain must be increased by 9dB from the reference FBH setting.

N OTE 6—This table assumes a linear relationship between the amplitude of the response of an instrument and the area of a ?at-bottom hole target.This assumption is approximately valid only for certain material con?gurations and combinations of search units and instrument

parameters.

search units are used,the distance shall be such that the search unit focus is within the material at the depth required to meet front surface resolution requirements.For angle beam exami-nation of curved or cylindrical parts the water path distance

must be maintained at a length which does not vary during material examination or between standardization and examina-tion by more than 60.02times the radius of curvature of the

material.

N OTE 1—Primary units are inches,[]are millimetres.

N OTE 2—An approved alternate con?guration to that of Fig.2is to divide and construct each of the ten reference blocks as three separate blocks;one containing the “C”dimensions,one containing the “B”dimensions,and one containing the “A”dimensions.For this alternate construction,all dimensions of Fig.2apply except as follows:

(1)For each C block,the F dimension shall equal the listed E dimension.

(2)For each B block,the F dimension and the sketched 0.5in.[12.7mm]dimension shall be 1.0in.[25.4mm].(3)For each A block,the sketched 0.5in.[12.7mm]dimension shall be 1.0in.[25.4mm].(4)The I thickness shows an alternate design based on the H dimension.

N OTE 3—Alternate forms and dimensions of reference standards may be used in accordance with 7.3.3that contain only the ?at-bottom hole diameter(s)necessary to meet Table 1requirements for the speci?ed examination class and which contain metal travel distances to meet 7.4.7.1and that have radii of curvature to meet 7.3.1.2.

FIG.2Typical Convex Reference Block Con?guration for Longitudinal Wave

Examination

N OTE 1—A block fabricated with ?at-bottom holes with diameters as shown will cover all classes in this practice.A narrower block with fewer holes may be used if the block is to be used for a fewer number of classes.

N OTE 2—Side-drilled holes shall not be used for T less than 3?4in.[19.05mm].

N OTE 3—A shorter block than shown may be used for thicker materials when only 1?2or 1vee-path examining distance is to be used.For shorter reference blocks the side-drilled holes shall be relocated along L so that each hole lies at least 3?4in.from all sound beam paths used for the other holes.N OTE 4—D =hole diameter for applicable class.

N OTE 5—u is the nominal angle of the sound beam in the part with respect to the normal to the sound entry surface.Typical examples:u =60°for T =(1?2in.[12.7mm]to 1in.[25.4mm])and u =45°for T =(Over 1in.).

N OTE 6—f is the angle of the entering sound beam with respect to the normal to the sound entry surface.N OTE 7—Primary dimensions are in inches,metric [XX mm].

N OTE 8—All dimensions 60.03in.[0.762mm]except for hole diameters which are 63%of diameter speci?ed.N OTE 9—Surface A and Surface B must be ?at and within 0.001in.per in.[0.025mm per mm].

N OTE 10—For blocks thicker than one inch,additional 5?64in.[1.98mm]diameter side-drilled holes shall be drilled from Surface C with the axes of the holes located 1?4in.[6.35mm],1?2in.[12.7mm],1in.[25.4mm],1-1?2in.[38.1mm]and so forth,from surface A until the T/4distance is reached.No speci?c location along L is required for these holes except that they shall be located at least 3?4in.[19.05mm]from the sound beam paths used for other side-drilled holes.

N OTE 11—All holes should be permanently plugged in a manner to ensure that they are water-tight and that an air-metal interface is preserved.

FIG.3Typical Reference Block for Angle Beam Examination

UT Class Notch Size (Solid Bars)

Depth A 3Length,B in.[mm]Notch Size (Tubes)

Depth A 3Length,B in.[mm]

AAA 0.004[0.10]30.188[4.76]3%of Wall C 30.06360.005[1.6060.13]

AA 0.005[0.13]30.250[6.35]5%of Wall D 30.250[6.35]A 0.100[2.54]30.500[12.7]10%of Wall E 30.500[12.7]B 0.150

[3.81]31.000[25.4]

12.5%of Wall F 31.000[25.4]

Not Applicable

Depth tolerance =60.0005in.[60.013mm]for notches 0.005in.[0.13mm]or less in depth,and =+10%,?15%for notches over 0.005in.[0.13mm]depth,except as noted.B

Length tolerance =60.010in.[60.254mm]except as noted.C

3%of wall or 0.003in.[0.076mm]whichever is greater.D

5%of wall or 0.004in.[0.102mm]whichever is greater.E

10%of wall or 0.004in.[0.102mm]whichever is greater.F

12.5%of wall or 0.004in.[0.102mm]whichever is greater.

N OTE —Notch width to be as small as practical but shall not exceed twice the nominal notch depth.

FIG.4Rectangular Notch for Angular Beam Reference Re?ectors

7.4.6Lateral Position Stability for Examination of Cylindri-cal Parts —During dynamic scanning,variation in position of the vertical centerline of a ?at or focused search unit beam with respect to a radius perpendicular to that centerline shall not exceed 60.02times the radius of curvature.

7.4.7Reference Blocks —Select reference blocks that have been prepared in accordance with 7.3with ?at-bottom-hole (FBH)diameters or reference re?ectors for the applicable class (Table 1).Diameters other than speci?ed may be used provided the diameters are within a factor of two and,after the response from the re?ector is set to be not less than 80%FSD,or other amplitude approved by the cognizant engineering organization,and the gain is adjusted by an amount equal to the ratio of the areas of the two re?ectors.The examination shall be performed at the equivalent gain level for the speci?ed hole.

7.4.7.1Reference Block Metal Path Increments —Select ref-erence block(s)containing at least three of the following metal paths distances,unless an alternate plan demonstrates,and is approved by the cognizant engineering organization,that only the extremes of the examination depth of interest are necessary:

(1)A metal path equal to or less than the front surface resolution.When examination is performed from both surfaces of a part,or if solid cylindricals are rotated during examination,examination of only the center-to-far-wall region of the part may be used if defect detection is demonstrated.

(2)A metal path equal to half of the examination piece or zone thickness 60.125in.[3.2mm].

(3)A metal path equal to or greater than the thickness of the part or zone to be examined.

(4)When examining parts greater than 2in.[50.8mm]thickness or diameter,reference re?ectors shall be provided with metal paths throughout the examination zone at intervals sufficient to establish total gain requirements and amplitude interpolation.

7.4.8Preparation for Standardization :

7.4.8.1Immersion —Using the reference blocks selected per 7.3,immerse the reference standards and search unit in the water bath.Normalize the search unit to maximize the re?ected signal from the water-metal interface by manipulating the search

unit.

UT Class Hole Diameter /Depth,in.[mm]

Multiple

Single

A 0.020[0.508]diameter /0.25[6.35]depth 0.020[0.508]diameter /0.50[12.70]depth

B 0.020[0.508]diameter /0.50[12.70]depth

0.047[1.19]diameter /1.00[25.4]depth C

Not Applicable

0.047[1.19]diameter /1.00[25.4]depth

N OTE 1—Tolerance for location of side-drilled holes is 60.010in.[0.254mm].N OTE 2—All surfaces Roughness =125Ra.

N OTE 3—Multiple and single discontinuity size and spacing requirements are de?ned in Table 1.N OTE 4—Since re?ections are from the hole side,hole bottoms need not be ?at.

Diameter of FBH for which

Side-Drilled Hole is to be Substituted,in.[mm]

Side-Drilled Hole (A,B,C,E,F,and G)

Diameter

60.001in.[60.025mm]

Depth

60.020in.[60.503mm]

3?64[1.190]0.020[0.508]0.25[6.35]5?64

[1.980]0.020[0.508]0.50[12.7]8?64[3.175]

0.047[1.190]

1.00[25.4]

N OTE 5—Side-drilled holes may be used when speci?ed,but are not necessarily equivalent.Holes should be plugged to keep out dirt and water.

FIG.5Side-Drilled-Hole Reference

Block

7.4.8.2Contact —Using the reference standards selected in 7.3,apply the couplant selected per 7.1.2.

7.4.9Use of Reference Curve and Direct Comparison Meth-ods for Standardization —Standardization of the examination shall be accomplished by determining the distance-amplitude relationship for the reference blocks selected in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,-pensation for the variation of detection sensitivity with distance from the entry surface shall be accomplished by using either the reference curve method of 7.4.9.1,the direct comparison

method of 7.4.9.2,or electronic distance-amplitude correction (EDAC)as described in 7.4.10.2and 7.4.10.3.

7.4.9.1Reference Curve Method —Position the search unit on each reference block and maximize the signal amplitude.Set the instrument to achieve the required resolution (for example,pulse length and tuning).Select the reference stan-dard that provides the largest amplitude and adjust the gain to obtain an indication that is not less than 80%FSD or other approved amplitude.Mark the amplitude of the

maximized

FIG.6Sound Beam Direction for Various

Shapes

indication from each reference standard on the display and connect the points with a smooth curve.When material thickness and attenuation do not permit the above,zoning and multiple curves or examination from the opposite side may be required.Once this is done,display time based controls (for example,sweep delay and length)shall not be changed.

7.4.9.2Direct Comparison Method —Use block(s)with the proper hole sizes at sufficient metal travel depth to establish the gain relation of the beam pro?le throughout the full examina-tion depth.

7.4.10Establishment of Scanning Gain,Index,and Alarm Level for Standardization —Determine the gain setting for initial scanning with or without electronic distance-amplitude correction (EDAC).For the applicable class,the multiple discontinuity hole size of Table 1shall be used to establish the

scanning gain,index,and alarm level,except for Class C,where the single discontinuity hole size shall be used.

7.4.10.1Scanning Gain without EDAC —Set the initial scanning gain by selecting the reference standard that provides the lowest echo amplitude on the distance-amplitude curve as determined by either method of 7.4.9.Maximize the amplitude from the reference re?ector in this reference block,and adjust the instrument gain to obtain an amplitude not less than 80%,or other approved amount,of the upper linearity limit.If required,adjust the gain as determined by the transfer tech-nique,7.4.10.4.This gain setting is the initial scanning gain level.

7.4.10.2Scanning Gain with EDAC —For systems that em-ploy time-varying gain ampli?ers,adjust the gain compensa-tion control so that the indication amplitudes of the

reference

FIG.7Sound Beam Direction for Various

Shapes

re?ectors in all reference blocks selected per7.4.7are equal-ized so that the lowest amplitude is not less than80%or other approved amount of the upper linearity limit.If required,add any gain determined by the transfer technique(see7.4.10.4). This is the initial scanning gain level.For systems that employ time-varying trigger level controls,select the reference block with a metal path to the reference re?ector that provides the highest echo amplitude on the distance-amplitude curve as determined in7.4.9.Maximize the amplitude from the refer-ence re?ector in this block,and adjust the instrument gain to obtain an amplitude equal to80%of the upper linearity limit. If required,add any gain determined by the transfer technique. This is the initial scanning gain level.

7.4.10.3Electronic Distance-Amplitude Correction (EDAC)—When using EDAC,the reject control shall be off and the responses from the reference standard re?ectors at metal distances throughout the range corresponding to part thickness shall be equalized in so far as possible.The lowest response from any of these re?ectors,after DAC correction, shall be set to be not less than80%FSD or other approved amplitude.Reproducibility shall be veri?ed as speci?ed in 7.5.1.

7.4.10.4Transfer Technique—The transfer technique shall be used to compensate for differences in sound transmission characteristics that may exist between the reference standards and each part or piece of material to be examined.The transfer technique may be omitted,when approved by the cognizant engineering organization,if not applicable or if another com-pensation method is more appropriate.Transfer shall be ac-complished by noting the dB or gain difference in the responses received from re?ectors in the reference block and the part or piece of material to be examined.These re?ectors may be the back surfaces for straight beam examinations,corners for angle beam examinations,or any other re?ectors which will aid in accomplishing transfer.If possible,a minimum of four re?ec-tions from different locations in the part or piece of material to be examined shall be noted and the lowest response shall be used for comparison with the response from the reference standard.The instrument response shall be corrected by?rst standardizing on the applicable reference blocks and then changing the gain or dB of the instrument by the difference in gain or dB noted above.

(1)Material Thickness—The thickness of the specimen (parallel to the ultrasonic beam)shall be measured such that at least two back surface re?ections can be resolved at the frequency of interest.The area normal to the ultrasonic beam shall have sufficient width so that sidewall echoes do not interfere with the measurement.

(2)Exception—The use of the transfer technique is not required for establishing scanning sensitivity if the signal amplitude from a re?ector in each part of each piece of examination material is in the range between60and160%of the signal amplitude from an equivalent re?ector in the reference standard,for example:

0.6A1#A2#1.6A1

or,in decibels,

24#20log~A2/A1!#4

where:

A1=amplitude of the?rst re?ection from a re?ector in reference block material,and

A2=amplitude of the?rst re?ection from an equivalent re?ector in the material being examined.

7.4.10.5Resolution—After scanning gain is established per 7.4.10,and if the examination zone includes the front entry surface,ascertain that the required front surface resolution,as listed in Table3,is obtained.

7.4.10.6Alarm—When examining parts or material with regular shape and parallel surfaces such as plate,bar stock and forged billets,an audible alarm,stop-on-discontinuity,re-corder,or other form of alarm shall be used in conjunction with visual monitoring of the ultrasonic instrument display.If the examination is computer controlled with result print-out,or if the results are otherwise automatically recorded,visual moni-toring is not required.When recordings are made,or when systems stop on discontinuities,the audible alarm is not required.Triggering of the alarm shall be controlled by received ultrasonic signals over an adjustable time interval representing the examination zone.

7.4.10.7Alarm Level Setting—For examination methods as in7.4.11.1and7.4.11.2,adjust the alarm to trigger at50%of the standardization level.This corresponds to one half of the indication amplitude of the lowest point on the distance-amplitude curve,or the smallest response if the direct com-parison method is used.

7.4.10.8Scanning Index Determination—Using the refer-ence blocks selected in7.4.7,and the search unit as required by 7.2.4through7.2.6,as applicable,determine the maximum scan index as follows.Maximize the echo amplitude from the primary reference response and adjust the amplitude so that it is equal to that used for standardization.Determine the total traversing distance in the index direction across this reference block through which no less than half(?6dB)of the maximum amplitude is obtained.This is the effective beam width.Select the block in which the minimum effective beam width of the search unit is obtained.The scan index shall not exceed an amount that,under any random beam-to-reference re?ector alignment,will allow the signal from that reference to vary by more than the2:1reject-to-alarm level ratio as speci?ed in 7.4.10.7.(For FBH detection this may be accomplished,as a minimum,by not allowing the scan index to exceed80%of the?6dB minimum effective beam width of the search unit at any depth in the examination material.)

7.4.11Scanning—Scan the part in accordance with7.4.12at

a speed selected in accordance with7.4.3.

7.4.11.1Discontinuities—Note and evaluate in accordance with7.4.12all indications that produce signal amplitudes equal to or greater than the alarm level at the scanning gain determined in7.4.10after ascertaining that the signals are not produced by surface conditions or geometry.

7.4.11.2Back Re?ection Monitoring—When required,for straight beam examinations,where geometry permits,the back re?ection signal or back re?ection pattern shall be evaluated at a sensitivity such that this signal,as received from normal, sound material on the same or like part is at an amplitude of between80and90%of the vertical linearity limit.Any

drop

in back re?ection signal level below50%of the normal value shall be cause for rejection of the part unless it can be shown that the reduction is due to a non-parallel back surface or back surface roughness.If back surface roughness is found to be the cause,the entire examination item shall be reviewed for conformance to the requirements of7.4.1.

7.4.12Evaluation of Discontinuities—Discontinuities shall be evaluated at the discontinuity depth by manipulating the search unit to obtain the maximum response and comparing to the applicable reference standard(whose metal distance equals the depth of the discontinuity)and discontinuity level speci-?ed.See Table1.

7.4.12.1Evaluation of Multiple Discontinuities—Discontinuities with maximized indications greater than the multiple discontinuity indication limits in Table1are rejectable if their positions of maximum response are closer than speci-?ed in Table1.

7.4.12.2Evaluation of Linear Discontinuities—Discontinuities with maximized indications greater than al-lowed by the linear discontinuity indication limits in Table1 are rejectable if their lengths are greater than the corresponding lengths given in the table.Methods for measuring lengths are given in Annex A4.

7.4.13Corrosion Protection—Parts shall not be held in immersion tanks beyond the time required for examination. After completion of ultrasonic examination,all parts shall be dried and coated with a corrosion protective material,as necessary,before they are stacked,nested,or placed in contact with one another in any way.

7.5Quality Assurance Provisions:

7.5.1System Performance—In order to check ultrasonic system performance characteristics,standardization of systems with respect to sensitivity in accordance with7.4.9shall be performed prior to and immediately after each examination and after any changes in instrument settings,or instrument mod-ules,and at intervals not to exceed four hours during continu-ous operation.Standardization time interval may be increased with proven,documented repeatability of the examination equipment.If the sensitivity is found to have decreased more than10%between standardization checks,the items examined during the interim shall be re-examined at the correct sensitiv-ity.If the sensitivity is found to have increased by more than 10%between standardization checks the sensitivity shall be readjusted to the correct value as determined by restandardiz-ing in accordance with the applicable parts of7.4.9and7.4.10. However in this case no reexamination of items shall be required.For the purpose of determining standardization inter-val,repetitive examinations of identical parts or material can be considered to be continuous operation.

7.5.2Data Records—Data records of all examinations shall be kept on?le in accordance with the contract or order. Records shall provide for traceability to the speci?c part or lot examined and shall include the inspector’s identi?cation and certi?cation level,the date of the examination,and the reason of rejection of any rejectable item.

7.5.3Acceptance Classes—Five ultrasonic classes are de-?ned in Table1for governing the acceptability of parts and raw materials.A contract document shall specify the class as de?ned in this practice.When a part requires multiple classes, a contract document shall indicate the area,or zone,to which each class is applicable.Any other classes not covered by this practice shall be speci?ed in the contract,or order,or those listed in Practice B594so speci?ed for wrought aluminum products.

7.5.4Acceptance Criteria for Parts to be Machined—Discontinuity indications in excess of the speci?ed ultrasonic class may be permitted if it is established that such disconti-nuities will be removed by subsequent machining or trim operations.In such cases,a record of the ultrasonic examina-tion results shall be provided on a grid map or C-scan showing the location and size of indications by discontinuity grade with respect to a“bench mark”on one corner of the surface from which the material is scanned.A?nal ultrasonic examination shall be performed after machining to assure complete removal of the discontinuity,unless otherwise speci?ed by the contract-ing agency.

7.5.5Rejection—Items with indications exceeding the lim-its of the contract requirements(see 5.1)or the written procedure(see6.4)as applicable,subject to the provisions of 7.5.4,shall be rejected.

7.6Marking:

7.6.1Wrought Metal—Raw Stock—Each item of raw mate-rial which has been ultrasonically examined and found to conform to the requirements of this practice and the acceptance requirements of the contract or order shall be marked with a symbol containing a“U”and class,if applicable.The accep-tance stamp shall provide identi?cation of the operator and the examination facility.Marking shall be applied in such a manner and location as to be harmless to the item and to preclude removal,smearing or obliteration by subsequent handling.

7.6.2Parts Machined from Wrought Metal—Parts in pro-cess which have been ultrasonically examined and found to be acceptable shall be identi?ed by stamping the accompanying paperwork.When practical,the completed parts or raw mate-rials shall be identi?ed with a?nal acceptance stamp which indicates that all required operations have been completed and accepted.This stamp shall identify the?nal acceptance opera-tor and the examination facility.

7.6.3Other Identi?cation—Other means of identi?cation, such as dyeing or tagging,or sign-off of the accompanying paper work,shall be applied when the construction,?nish or functional requirements preclude the use of stamping or as speci?ed by the contract.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,ernment Contracts

8.1Data Requirements—The following Data Item Descrip-tions(DID’s)must be listed,as applicable,on the Contract Data Requirements List(DD Form1423)when this practice is applied on a contract,in order to obtain the data,except where DoD FAR Supplement27.475-1exempts the requirements for a DD Form1423.

Reference

Section

DID

Number

DID

Title

Suggested

Tailoring

5.4and

6.5.3DI-MISC-90653Test Report Contractor’s

Format

8.1.1The above DID was declared as of this date.The current issue of DoD5010.12L,Acquisition Management Systems and Data Requirements Control List(AMSDL),must be researched to ensure that only current,cleared DID’s are cited on the Form1423.

9.Keywords

9.1angle beam;contact method;immersion ultrasonic; longitudinal wave;nondestructive;straight beam;ultrasonic;ultrasonic examination;ultrasonic technique;ultrasound; wrought metal products;wrought metals

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1.ANGLE BEAM EXAMINATION

A1.1Scope:

A1.1.1This Annex provides angle beam examination re-quirements and is a mandatory part of this standard to the extent that it is speci?ed in this standard or in a contract document.This annex applies to both longitudinal and shear wave angle beam examinations.Warning—The use of outer surface and inner surface notches and the angle beam exami-nation technique described in this annex represent defects near these surfaces and do not allow veri?cation of coverage for mid-way discontinuities.

A1.2General Requirements:

A1.2.1Beam Angle—Parts and raw materials may be ex-amined by either contact or immersion techniques utilizing angle beam techniques.During examination,the sound beam angle in the object shall not vary more than62°.

A1.2.2Contact Angle Beam Search Units—The exit point and beam angle of the sound beam shall be established for contact angle beam search units.Search units with beam angles varying more than63°from the manufacturer’s indicated values shall not be used unless the new angle is veri?ed and marked on the search unit.The International Institute of Welding(IIW)type ultrasonic reference block(see7.3.1.3)or an appropriate substitute may be used to determine the exit point and beam angle of angle beam search units.For contact examination of convex surfaces of4-in.[101.6-mm]radius or less,and concave surfaces of4.0-in.[101.6-mm]radius or less, a curved shoe or wedge,made to match as closely as possible the radius of the examination piece,shall be required for examination.

A1.3Examination Requirements:

A1.3.1Ring Forgings—Angle beam examination of ring forgings shall be performed when speci?ed(see Fig.7).The ring forgings may be examined by an immersion or contact shear wave technique.The reference standard for ring forgings with an outside to inside diameter(OD/ID)ratio that does not exceed2.0to1shall contain two longitudinal(axial)notches with one on the inside surface and the other on the outside https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,e a reference re?ector notch per Fig.4based on the applicable examination class of Table1.The standard shall meet the applicable requirements of7.3.

A1.3.1.1Standardization(For Circumferential Scan)—Scan until the1?2vee-path notch indication from the inside surface?rst appears.Place the indication at the farthest position to the left on the display.Scan relative to the inside surface notch until the3?2vee-path indication from this notch reappears along the horizontal trace.Mark these two positions on the face of the instrument display.Scan until the notch indication from the outside surface is produced at maximum amplitude between these two marks.The amplitude of this notch indication shall be marked on the instrument display. When the examination instrument employs distance amplitude controls it is recommended that they be used where possible to equalize these indication amplitudes at a minimum of50%of full screen height.If this is not possible,or if the instrument is not equipped with a distance-amplitude correction circuit,a distance-amplitude curve shall be constructed on the display with the lowest point at a minimum of20%of full screen height.

A1.3.1.2Examination Method—The examination shall be performed with the sound beam directed in both the clockwise and counterclockwise directions with indexing such that each pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by not less than20%of the effective beam width of the search unit (7.4.10.8).Reject any forging with an indication greater than or equal to the reference notch indication.

A1.3.2Solid Round Bars—Angle beam examination of solid round bars shall be performed when speci?ed(see Fig.6). The refraction angle used shall be no greater than45°(see Fig. A1.1).Reference standards shall meet the requirements of7.3, using reference re?ectors per Fig.4or Fig.5that are equivalent to the applicable class of examination per Table1.

A1.3.2.1Examination Method—Ultrasonic instrument set-tings shall be such that the indication from the reference standard is at least50%of,but less than100%of full screen height.Indexing shall be such that each pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by not less than20%of the effective beam width of the search unit(see7.4.10.8).Reject any bar with an indication greater than or equal to the reference re?ector

indication.

A1.3.3Tubing —Angle beam examination,when speci?ed,shall be performed as described in Practice E 213and illus-trated in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,e an angle beam technique in at least two circumferential directions and preferably also two axial direc-tions to examine the tubing.The reference standard shall contain longitudinal (axial)notches,with one on the outer and one on the inner surface of the standard.If axial scanning is required,the reference standard shall also contain two circum-ferential notches,again with one on the outer surface and one on the inner surface.The notches shall be in accordance with Fig.4based on the applicable class of examination of Table 1.The reference standard shall meet the applicable requirements of 7.3.The longitudinal spacing between the centerline of all notches should not be less than 2in.[50.8mm]unless a smaller spacing can be shown to produce no interference when used with the search units to be employed for a speci?c examina-tion.

A1.3.3.1Examination Method —To standardize for exami-nation adjust the equipment to produce clearly identi?able indications from both the inner and outer surface notches.The response from both notches shall be made as equal as possible.For circumferential scanning this may be accomplished by offset of the search unit (see Fig.A1.2).Use the lesser of the two responses to establish the rejection level.Ultrasonic instrument settings shall be such that this standardization response from the reference standard is at least 50%of,but less than 100%of,full screen height.Indexing shall be such that each pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by not less than 20%of the effective beam width of the sound beam (see 7.4.10.8).All indications that are equal to or greater

than the rejection level established during standardization shall be cause for rejection.

A1.3.4Flat Surface Angle Beam Examination —When ?at surface angle beam examination is required use the reference Block illustrated in Fig.3for both immersion and contact examination.

A1.3.4.1Coverage —Parts may be examined at refracted angles of 4565°for a section thickness greater than one inch and 6065°for a section thickness less than one inch.

A1.3.4.2Standardization —Standardization of examination shall be accomplished by determining the distance-amplitude relationship for the examination as follows:

(1)For parts 0.50to 1.0in.thick:

(a)Position the search unit to provide sound entry at points one,two,three,and four per Fig.A1.3.

(b)The signal amplitude shall be adjusted to 80%of vertical limit at whichever position gives the highest amplitude signal.

(c)Without changing the gain control,the search unit shall be positioned for maximum response at the other three positions and the signal amplitudes at all positions shall be marked on the screen or transparent overlay.The points shall be joined with a smooth curve.Extrapolation shall be used to extend the curve to the zero metal travel distance position.Fig.A1.3shows a typical angle beam distance amplitude correction curve.

(d)The search unit shall then be positioned at sound entry point ?ve for maximum response from the applicable size ?at-bottom hole,and instrument gain shall be adjusted to

bring

N OTE —The offset distance “D,”from the centerline of the round to the centerline of the search unit,that creates a shear wave no greater than 45°by:

D $0.707R ~VLW /VSM !

where:D =offset distance,R =radius,

VLW =velocity of incident longitudinal wave in water,and VSM

velocity of refracted wave in metal.

FIG.A1.1Angle Beam—Round Bar

Examination

the peak of the signal to the distance-amplitude correction curve at points two and ?ve of Fig.A1.3.

(e)If multiple skip distances are to be used,the search unit shall be placed to provide sound entry at point seven and maximum amplitude response from the 11?4vee path ?at-bottom standardization hole shall be marked on the screen.This point shall be used to extend the distance amplitude correction curve.

(f)When the reference standard is thinner than 3?4in.and side-drilled holes are not used,sound entry points ?ve,six,and seven shall be used to establish the distance amplitude correc-tion curve.

(g)Alternatively,EDAC may be used to equalize the responses of DAC position signals at 80%FSD prior to setting the sensitivity to bring the applicable ?at bottom hole response to 80%of the vertical linearity limit.

(2)Setup technique for parts over 1in.thick:

(a)Position search unit to provide sound entry at points one,two,three,and four and the additional side-drilled holes per Fig.A1.4.(b)Distance amplitude correction at metal travel distance between sound entry surface and position one,the 1?4T side-drilled hole,shall be established by re?ections from the additional side-drilled holes as shown in Fig.A1.5,Details “A”and “B.”

(c)The signal amplitude shall be adjusted to 80%of vertical limit at whichever position gives the highest amplitude signal.

(d)Without changing the gain control,the search unit shall be positioned for maximum response at the other position and the signal amplitudes at all positions (one,two,three,and four)shall be marked on the screen or transparent overlay.The points shall be joined with a smooth curve.Extrapolation shall be used to extend the curve to the zero metal travel distance position.

(e)The search unit shall then be positioned for maximum response at sound entry point 5and instrument gain shall be adjusted to bring the peak of the signal to the distance amplitude correction curve at points two and ?ve per Fig.A1.4

presentation.

N OTE —Equations for computing Sin u and d for the respective setup.

Sin u 5VLW

VM Sin f d 5VLW

VM ~Sin f !R

where:u =angle of incident beam f =angle of refracted beam

VLW =velocity of longitudinal waves in water

VSM =velocity of wave mode in metal (shear or longitudinal)

distance of search unit center line offset from normal to cylinder outer surface

FIG.A1.2Angle of Incidence and Beam Offset for Circumferential Angle Beam Examination of Hollow

Cylinders

(f)If multiple skip distances are to be used,the search unit shall be placed to provide sound entry at point seven and maximum amplitude response from the 11?4vee path ?at-bottom standardization hole shall be marked on the screen.This point shall be used to extend the distance amplitude correction curve.

A1.3.5Examination Method —Indexing shall be such that each pass of the search unit overlaps the previous pass by not less than 20%of the effective beam https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e14350984.html,pare the amplitude of the discontinuity indication to the amplitude of the reference re?ector indication.Any part or piece of raw material containing a discontinuity from which the amplitude is greater than,or equal to,the reference re?ector amplitude shall be marked for

rejection.

FIG.A1.3Typical Angle Beam Standardization at 60°for Flat Surfaces of Thin

Specimens

FIG.A1.4Typical Angle Beam Standardization at45°for Flat Surfaces of Thick Specimens

超声检测报告模板

基桩超声波透射法检测报告工程名称：工程地点：委托单位：检测日期：报告编号：（检测单位名称）年月日

###工程基桩超声波射法检测报告检测人员：检测负责：报告编写：校核：审核：审定：（检测单位盖章）年月日地址：邮编：联系人：电话：声明：1、本检测报告涂改、换页无效。 2、如对本检测报告有异议，可在报告发出后20天内向本检测单位书面提请复议。

工程概况

受委托，于年月日至年月日对工程（概况见表1）的基桩进行超声波透射法检测，目的是检测桩身结构完整性。根据国家和省有关规范、规程和规定，并考虑本工程的具体情况（经与有关单位研究协商），确定本次试验共检测根工程桩。现将检测情况及结果报告如下：一、检测仪器设备、基本原理和标准 1、仪器设备检测设备采用北京铭创科技有限公司生产的“多通道超声波基桩检测仪MC-6360”。 2、基本原理超声波透射法检测桩身结构完整性的基本原理是：由超声脉冲发射源向砼内发射高频弹性脉冲波，并用高精度的接收系统记录该脉冲波在砼内传播过程中表现的波动特性；当砼内存在不连续或破损界面时，缺陷面形成波阻抗界面，波到达该界面时，产生波的透射和反射，使接收到的透射波能量明显降低；当砼内存在松散、蜂窝、孔洞等严重缺陷时，将产生波的散射和绕射；根据波的初至到达时间和波的能量衰减特性、频率变化及波形畸变程度等特征，可以获得测区范围内砼的密实度参数。测试记录不同侧面、不同高度上的超声波动特征，经过处理分析就能判别测区内砼存在缺陷的性质、大小及空间位置（和参考强度）。在基桩施工前，根据桩直径在大小预埋一定数量的声测管，作为换能器的通道。测试时每两根声测管为一组，通过水的耦合，超声脉冲信号从一根声测管中的换能器中发射出去，在另一根声测管中的换能器接收信号，超声仪测定有关参数，采集记录储存。换能器由桩底同时往上逐点检测，遍及各个截面。 3、检测标准检测参照国家行业标准《建筑基桩检测技术规范》JGJ106-2014中有关规定进行。

锻件超声波检测作业指导书

锻件超声波检测作业指导书 7.1适用范围：本条适用于碳素钢和低合金钢锻件的超声波检测和缺陷等级评定，不适用于奥氏体粗晶材料的超声检测，也不适用于内外径之比小于80%的环形和筒形锻件的周向横波检测。 7.2检测工艺卡 7.2.1检测工艺卡由具有II级UT资质人员编制，工艺卡的编制应与所执行的技术规范及本检测作业指导书相符。 7.2.2检测工艺卡由具有UTIII资质人员或UT检测责任师审核批准。 7.3检测器材： 7.3.1仪器选用数字式超声波检测仪或A型脉冲反射式超声波检测仪，其工作频率范围为0.5-10MHz，水平线性误差不大于1%，垂直线性误差不大于5%。 7.3.2探头选用双晶直探头频率为 5 MHz，晶片面积不小于

150mm2；单晶直探头，频率为2-5 MHz，圆晶片直径为14-25mm。 7.3.3试块采用纵波单晶直探头时采用JB/T4730-2005规定的CSI 试块；采用纵波双晶探头时采用JB/T4730-2005图8-5规定的CSII标准试块；检测面是曲面时采用CSIII试块。 7.3.4耦合剂：化合浆糊或机油。 7.4检测时机：原则上安排热处理后，槽、孔、台阶加工前进行。若热处理后锻件形状不适合超声波检测时，也可在热处理前进行，但在热处理后仍应对锻件进行尽可能完全的检测。 7.5检测方法 7.5.1执行检测工艺卡的规定 7.5.2锻件一般应进行纵波检测，对筒形锻件还应进行横波检测，但扫查部位和验收标准应根据JB/T4730-2005.3附录C的规定。 7.5.3在纵波检测时，原则上应从两面相互垂直的方向进行检

测，尽可能的检测带锻件的全体积，但锻件厚度超过400mm 时，应从两端面进行100%的扫查。 7.6检测灵敏度确定 7.6.1纵波直探头检测灵敏度的确定当被检部位的厚度大于或等于3倍进场区时，原则上选用底波计算方法确定基准灵敏度，也可以采用试块法确定基准灵敏度。 7.6.2纵波双晶直探头灵敏度确定根据需要选择不同直径的平底孔试块，并依次测试一组不同检测深度的平底孔（至少三个），调节衰减器，使其中最高回波达到满刻度的80%。不改变仪器参数，测出其他平底孔回波的最高点，将其标在荧光屏上，连接这些点，即得到对应于不同直径平底孔的双晶直探头的距离—波幅曲线，并以此作为基准灵敏度。 7.6.3检测灵敏度一般不得低于最大检测距离处的φ2mm平底孔当量直径。 7.6.4缺陷当量的确定：

超声波检测技术

超声工业测量技术在非电量电测技术中，许多非电量可以通过电学方法加以测定，同样，许多非声量也可通过声学方法来加以测定，这就是所谓超声工业测量技术。非电量的电测主要是通过一些元件的电阻、电容或电感等量来进行的。在超声工业测量技术中，非声量的测定也往往是通过某些媒质声学特性(主要是声速、声衰减和声阻抗率等)的测量来进行的。超声工业测量技术中应用最广的是媒质的声速这一物理量。第一，媒质的声速与媒质的许多特性有直接或间接的关系。有些关系非常简单直接，已有精确的理论公式，例如，在测定声速和密度后，就可求出媒质的弹性模量。有些关系比较间接而且复杂，但在特定的条件下，仍可以建立一些半理论或纯经验的关系式，例如，媒质的成分，混合物的比例，溶液的浓度，聚合物的转化率，某些液体产品的比重，某些材料的强度等等，都可与声速建立一定的关系，利用这些关系，就熊通过测量声速来测定这些媒质的非声特性。上述原则是声速分析仪的基本原理。第二，媒质的声速与媒质所处的状态也有相互关系。例如，媒质的温度、压强和流速等状态参量的变化都会引起相应的声速的变化。如声学温度计、超声波风速仪和超声流量计就是用这一类关系来测量温度或流量的。第三，其他应用，例如在声速c已经测知的媒质中，可以利用声波传播距离L和传播时间t 的关系L=ct，或利用波长λ和频率f(或周期T)之间的关系c=fλ=λ/T，进行超声测距的应用。如超声液位计和超声测厚计就是这一方面的典型应用技术。声阻抗率方法也是一种较常用于媒质特性分析的技术。在这种技术中，所测定的声学量是换能器对媒质的辐射阻抗率。如果换能器在媒质中所激起的是平面纵波行波，则辐射阻抗率就是声阻率ρc。当两种媒质的声速c几乎相同，但密度ρ有很大不同时，往往就可根据ρc的测量来加以区别。在同时测得声速的情况下，也可用这种方法来测量液体的密度p或弹性模量ρc2等。如果换能器在液体媒质中激起的是切变行波，其声阻抗率将与成正比，η是液体的粘性，这就是超声粘度计的原理。如果换能器是在流体中作弯曲振动的，则其辐射声抗率将与流体的密度p有关，因而使换能器的共振频率随p而变化，这也是一种可以精确测定液体密度的原理。遇到需要采用声学方法来测定一个非声量的情况时，在声速、衰减和阻抗这三种技术途径中，应按什么准则来决定取舍呢?第一是看要测的非声量究竟与那一个声学量的关系比较明显。这就是说，相应于同样大小的非声量的变化，如果某一声学量能够有最大的变化，这一声学量就比较值得考虑。第二，应该考虑到声速、衰减和声阻抗率都是随很多因素变化的，除待测的那种非声量外，其他媒质特性或媒质状态的变化往往也会引起声学量的变化，对于须测的非声量来说，这些其他因素引起的变化就是一种干扰。因此，选用某种声学量的途径时，应注意干扰因素要尽可能少，干扰影响要尽可能小，或可采用切实可行的补偿措施来避免这些干扰。第三，挑选技术途径时必须注意满足现场的使用、安装和维护等条件并应达到要求的精度，在这一前提下还应力求稳定耐久和方便可靠，才能有较高的实用价值。上述准则只是一些原则性的意见，还应根据具体情况作具体的考虑。声发射检测技术材料或结构受外力或内力作用产生形变或断裂 ,以弹性波的形式释放出应变能的现象称为声发射。各种材料声发射的弹性波的频率范围很宽 ,从次声频、声频到超声频 ,因此 ,

超声波检测技术及应用

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哈尔滨工程大学实验报告实验名称：超声波法检测混凝土实验班级：212 学号：2015020405 姓名：纪强合作者：黄昊、张艳慧成绩：____________________________ 指导教师：梁晓羽实验室名称：工程测试与检测技术实验室

目录一．试验目的二．试验仪器和设备三．原理及试验装置四．试验步骤五．试验数据记录表格六．注意事项七．试验结果分析八．问题讨论

一.试验目的检测混凝土裂缝宽度，检测裂缝尺寸从而确定混凝土结构安全性。对混凝土裂缝超声检测进行实验研究，对预先设置在混凝土试件中的裂缝进行超声检测，将得到的检测数据与相应的理论值进行对比分析，讨论裂缝超声检测中存在的问题，对裂缝的检测方法提出建议。二.试验仪器和设备 GTJ—F800 混凝土裂缝综合检测仪器，8500~11000RMB。三.原理及试验装置混凝土裂缝宽度检测试验原理：通过摄像头拍摄裂缝图像并放大显示在显示屏上，然后对裂缝图像进行图像处理和识别，执行特定的算法程序自动判读出裂缝宽度，仪器采用新型高精度、高灵敏度的光电转换器件进行图像采集，利用DSP 系统实现图像分析与处理，通过特征提取与优化算法自动判读裂缝宽度，同时在液晶屏上实时显示裂缝图像和裂缝宽度的测试结果。

裂缝深度检测试验原理：超声波在不同介质中传播时，将发生反射、折射、绕射和衰减等现象,表现为接收换能器上接收的超声波信号的声时、振幅、波形和频率发生相应变化,对这些变化分析处理就可以判定结构内部裂缝的深度。图中, H为试件高度;h为构造裂缝度;L1为射换能器距构造裂缝的水平距离;L2 为接收换能器距构造裂缝的水平距离。四.试验步骤 1.制作带裂缝混凝土试件：该试件长0·6m，宽0·5m，高0·4m，混凝土强度C25，采用石子粒径30mm左右，裂缝深度90~100mm，缝宽0~10mm。

超声波检测国家标准总汇(2015最新)

超声波检测国家标准超声波检测国家标准超声波检测国家标准GB 3947-83 GB/T1786-1990 GB/T 2108-1980 GB/T2970-2004 GB/T3310-1999 GB/T3389.2-1999 GB/T4162-1991 GB/T 4163-1984 GB/T5193-1985 GB/T5777-1996 GB/T6402-1991 GB/T6427-1999 GB/T6519-2000 GB/T7233-1987 GB/T7734-2004 GB/T7736-2001 GB/T8361-2001 GB/T8651-2002 GB/T8652-1988 GB/T11259-1999 GB/T11343-1989 GB/T11344-1989 GB/T11345-1989 GB/T 12604.1-2005 GB/T 12604.4-2005 GB/T12969.1-1991 GB/T13315-1991 GB/T13316-1991 GB/T15830-1995 GB/T18182-2000 GB/T18256-2000 GB/T18329.1-2001 GB/T18604-2001 GB/T18694-2002 GB/T 18696.1-2004 GB/T18852-2002/行业标准 /行业标准 /行业标准表声学名词术语锻制园并的超声波探伤方法薄钢板兰姆波探伤方法厚钢板超声波检验方法铜合金棒材超声波探伤方法压电陶瓷材料性能测试方法纵向压电应变常数d33 的静态测试锻轧钢棒超声波检验方法不锈钢管超声波探伤方法(NDT,86-10) 钛及钛合金加工产品( 横截面厚度≥13mm) 超声波探伤方法(NDT,89-11)(eqv AMS2631) 无缝钢管超声波探伤检验方法(eqv ISO9303:1989) 钢锻件超声波检验方法压电陶瓷振子频率温度稳定性的测试方法变形铝合金产品超声波检验方法铸钢件超声探伤及质量评级方法(NDT,89-9) 复合钢板超声波检验方法钢的低倍组织及缺陷超声波检验法( 取代 YB898-77) 冷拉园钢表面超声波探伤方法(NDT,91-1) 金属板材超声板波探伤方法变形高强度钢超声波检验方法(NDT,90-2) 超声波检验用钢制对比试块的制作与校验方法(eqv ASTME428-92) 接触式超声斜射探伤方法(WSTS,91-4) 接触式超声波脉冲回波法测厚钢焊缝手工超声波探伤方法和探伤结果的分级(WSTS,91-2 ～3) 无损检测术语超声检测代替JB3111-82 GB/T12604.1-1990 无损检测术语声发射检测代替JB3111-82 GB/T12604.4-1990 钛及钛合金管材超声波检验方法锻钢冷轧工作辊超声波探伤方法铸钢轧辊超声波探伤方法钢制管道对接环焊缝超声波探伤方法和检验结果分级金属压力容器声发射检测及结果评价方法焊接钢管 ( 埋弧焊除外 )—用于确认水压密实性的超声波检测方法(eqv ISO 10332:1994) 滑动轴承多层金属滑动轴承结合强度的超声波无损检验用气体超声流量计测量天然气流量无损检测超声检验探头及其声场的表征(eqv ISO10375:1997) 声学阻抗管中吸声系数和声阻抗的测量第 1 部分 : 驻波比法无损检测超声检验测量接触探头声束特性的参考试块和方法

SEP1921-84锻件超声波检测详细资料

SEP1921-84锻件和锻材的超声检验 1检验目的和对象本方法适用于直径（边长）100mm以上（含100mm）一般要求锻件和锻材（以下称锻件）的超声检验，尤其适用于脉冲—反射技术检验材料内部缺陷。由缺陷产生的反射波可以确定缺陷的准确位置、尺寸、连续性和数量。有探伤要求的锻件，本方法可作为指导，提供检测范围（见6.2节）和允许的极限（见6.5节和6.6节）。检验所要求的技术条件包括检测系统、锻件状态和结果评级。2应用范围检验方法上仅包括未完成和未加工的锻件的检验，还包括没有进行热处理和已进行热处理锻件的检验，尤其适于非合金钢和合金钢的检验（见6.1节）更高要求锻件的检验见SEP0000＊若使用的探头与锻件上匹配，检验结果可能会因声波或其它原因的衰减而受到影响。此时，应标注检验结果的偏差。否则，下一步检验的程序须和买方或买方责任人达成一致。 3评级根据检验的范围分成四个检验组（见6.2节），根据允许缺陷的尺寸和缺陷所指示的长度分5个级别（见6.4节和6.5、表1），此外按允许缺陷的数量也分5个级别（见6.4.3） 4检验的准备锻件应具有简单的形状或检测部分旋转对称（见DIN54126第1部分，6节），为了使探头和锻件表面耦合良好，检验面和其它反射面要有斜度和粗糙

SEP1921-84 度的要求。对于无氧化铁皮光滑面的检验，只要选择合适的耦合剂，就可以取得良好的检验效果，若表面粗糙度Rq≤20，根据DIN4762的要求应对材料表面进行加工。若钢材没经过热处理，而锻件声能的衰减仍在允许的偏差极限（或注明极限）内（只要钢适于热处理），为减少声能损失而进行热处理是必要的。为了检验缺陷所要求的尺寸等级，通过加工和热处理来达到适于检验的结构和表面状态也是必要的。（表1） 5检测系统： 5.1检测设备根据脉冲回声技术和回波高度测量关系，带dB幅值控制的校准，超声检测装置应在2dB误差范围内工作。若在使用的灵敏范围内，则上必显示闸门和饱和度。检验要求的范围必须调整到与检测装置一致，水平线性应在2%以内。5.2探头探头标称频率必须与被检验圆盘反射体、声距离长度、声波衰减一致。一般探头标称频率在1—4MHz，然而只要符合6.5节注明允许的极限值，也可使用其它频率探头。检验通常使用直探头，然而为检验近表面缺陷和声波难以到达的环或为使缺陷特殊标定锻件部分扇域具有良好的分辨力，通常用TR探头或者斜探头检验。为了测出圆盘反射体的当量尺寸，应该了解每类探头A VG曲线的制作方法。

锻件超声波探伤标准

锻件超声波探伤标准锻件超声波探伤标准 1.1.1筒形锻件－－－－轴向长度L大于其外径尺寸D的轴对称空心锻件如图1（a）所示.t 为公称厚度. 1.1.2 环形锻件－－－－轴向长度L小于等于其外径尺寸D的轴对称空心件如图1（a）所示.t 为公称厚度. 1.1.3 饼形锻件－－－－轴向长度L小于等于其外径D的轴对称形锻件如图1（b）所示.t 为公称厚度. 1.1.4 碗形锻件－－－－用作容器封头,中心部份凹进去的轴对称形锻件如图1（c）所示.t为公称厚度. 1.1.5 方形锻件－－－－相交面互相垂直的六面体锻件如图1（d）所示. 三维尺寸a、b、c中最上称厚度. 1.2 底波降低量GB/BF（dB）无缺陷区的第一次底波高度（GB）和有缺陷区的第一次底波高度（BF）之比.由缺陷引起的底面反射的降低量用dB值表示. 1.3 密集区缺陷当荧光屏扫描线上相当于50mm的声程范围内同时有5个或者5个以上的缺陷反射信号;或者在50mm×50mm的探测面上发现同一深度范围内有5个或5个以上的缺陷反射信号. 1.4 缺陷当量直径用A VG方法求出的假定与超声波束相垂直的平底孔的直径,称为缺陷当量直径,或简称为当量直径. 1.5 A VG曲线以纵座标轴表示相对的反射回波高度,以横座标轴表示声程,对不同直径且假定与超声波束相垂直的圆平面缺陷所画出的曲线图叫AVG曲线,亦称为DGS曲线. ２探伤人员锻件探伤应由具有一定基础知识和锻件探伤经验,并经考核取得国家认可的资格证书者担任. ３探伤器材 3.1 探伤仪 3.1.1 应采用A型脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪,其频响范围至少应在1MHz～5Mhz内. 3.1.2 仪器应至少在满刻度的75%范围内呈线性显示（误差在5%以内）,垂直线性误差应不大于5%. 3.1.3 仪器和探头的组合灵敏度:在达到所探工件最大程处的探伤灵敏度时,有效灵敏度余量至少为10dB. 3.1.4 衰减器的精度和范围,仪器的水平线性、动态范围等均应队伍ZBY230-84《A型脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪通用技术条件》中的有关规定. 3.2 探头 3.2.1 探头的公称频率主要为2.5Mhz,频率误差为±10%. 3.2.2 主要采用晶片尺寸为Φ20mm的硬保护膜直探头. 3.2.3 必要时也可采用2MHzs或25MHz,以及晶片尺寸不大于Φ28mm探头. 3.2.4 探头主声束应无双峰,无偏斜. 3.3 耦合剂可采用机油、甘油等透声性能好,且不损害工件的液体. ４探伤时机及准备工作

●锻件超声波检测时经验计算调整值

超声波检测锻件、轧辊（底面与探测面须平行或大的实心圆柱体）时经验计算调整值不同深度Ф2当量灵敏度增益分贝值 dB x/mm 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 △B/Ф223.5 25.5 27.0 28.4 29.5 30.5 31.5 35.0 37.5 39.5 41.0 42.4 43.5 44.6 45.5 46.3 47.1 47.8 x/mm 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 △Ф248.4 49.6 50.6 51.5 52.3 53.1 注：x——平底孔至波源的距离；△B/Ф2=20lg x-8.5（不同深度Φ2当量灵敏度的增益分贝值）缺陷Фx在x1处时与最大声程时Ф2的分贝差 dB 注：x1——缺陷Фx的声程；n——缺陷Фx在超声波探伤仪示波屏上的刻度值；△Ф——不同距离处的平底孔Фx的大小Фx——在超声波探伤仪示波屏不同刻度上所显示的缺陷；△Фx=40lg(Фx x2/Ф2x1)=40lg(10Фx/nФ2)

实用AVG曲线及缺陷当量定量表

操作步骤及举例说明 1. 调节探伤灵敏度（1）根据探件大小，确定好探测范围；（2）置探头于工件探测面上，找到工件完好部位的大平底回波（底面与探测面须平行）或大实心圆柱体底波，将其调到一定高度；（3）查曲线即得到所对应长度的分贝值，再增益其分贝值，即得所对应的Ф2当量灵敏度。另外可查表得到其他灵敏度。 2 .确定缺陷当量（1）找出缺陷回波的最高峰，增加仪器分贝值使之处于所定的某一高度，则仪器分贝增加值已知；（2）根据此缺陷波所处的位置及分贝增加值，查表可得缺陷的当量大小。举例：一检件规格为Φ120×1000.距离600处有一缺陷，现有PXUT-320C一台，2.5P20Z探头一个，以此条件检测此检件并确定缺陷的当量大小。 1．在试块上测好零点并保存。 2．将探测范围调至1500㎜，探头置于检件探测面找完好部位大平地回波至80﹪波高。 3．查表1000处为51.5dB，仪器再增益51.5dB。此处Ф2灵敏度调好。确定。 4．找到缺陷最高波至80﹪波高，记下此时dB增加值。 5．根据缺陷所处位置及dB增加值，查表得缺陷的当量大小。假设2.5刻度处dB增加值31 dB，则缺陷的当量大小为Ф3。注： 1.大平底声程差1倍，回波声压差6dB。 2.平底孔声程差1倍或孔径差1倍，回波声压均差12dB。 3.2.5MH 声程100㎜大平底与同声程Φ2平底孔声程差31.5 dB。声程100㎜×N(某一数)的大平底与同声程Φ2平底孔声程差为 Z （31.5+20LgN）dB。

超声波桩基检测报告记录

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桩基检测报告产品名称：基桩（声波透射法）委托单位：资质等级评审组检测类别：委托检测检测人：郭斌工程质量检测有限公司报告日期：2015年6月24日

工程质量检验有限公司检测报告报告编号：SXSY2012-ZJ001-001 产品名称基桩抽样地点交院实训地受检单位四川交通职业技术学院商标/ 生产单位四川路桥产品号/ 委托单位四川宏博检测单位样品批次/ 规格型号 600mm*600mm 样品等级/ 检测类别委托检测样品数量 1 检测依据JGJ106-2003 抽样基数/ 检测项目桩身完整性检测委托人/ 样品描述委托日期2015 年6 月 22日主要仪器设备非金属超声波检测检测结论本次共对1根桩基完整性进行了检测，其中：桩身无明显缺陷，为Ⅰ类桩, 合格率100%。试验环境温度： 25 ℃天气情况：阴转小雨批准人李海 2015年 6 月 22日审核人孙海峰 2015年 6月22 日主检人 2015 年 6 月 22 日备注 / 录入校对打印日期2015年6月25日

1．工程及地质概况该工程由四川路桥公司承建，位于四川交通职业技术学院桩基实验基地，桩基为人工挖孔桩，设计强度C25，设计桩径600mm，共计两根。 2．检测依据建筑基桩检测技术规范JGJ106-2003 3．超声波检测仪器、检测方法及工作原理 3.1 测试仪器超声波检测采用RSM-SY7(W)型基桩多跨孔超声波自动循测仪。3.2 检测方法超声波检测采用声波透射法。 3.3 工作原理在被测桩内预埋若干根竖向相互平行的声测管作为检测通道，将超声脉冲发射换能器与接收换能器置于声测管中，管中注满清水作为耦合剂，由仪器发射换能器发射超声脉冲，穿过待测的桩体混凝土，并经接收换能器被仪器所接收，判读出超声波穿过混凝土的声时、接收波首波的波幅以及接收波主频等参数。超声脉冲信号在混凝土的传播过程中因发生绕射、折射、多次反射及不同的吸收衰减，使接收信号在混凝土中传播的时间、振动幅度、波形及主频等发生变化，这样接收信号就携带

锻件超声波检验

锻件超声波检验标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]

锻件超声波检验范围：本条适用于承压设备用碳钢和低合金钢锻件的超声检测和质量分级。本条不适用于奥氏体钢等粗晶材料锻件的超声检测，也不适用于内外半径之比小于80%的环形和筒形锻件的周向横波检测。探头：双晶直探头的公称频率应选用5MHz；探头晶片面积不小于150mm2；单晶直探头的公称频率应选用2MHz～5MHz，探头晶片一般为φ14mm～25mm。试块：用标准锻件试块CSⅠ、CSⅡ、CSⅢ。检验时机：原则上应热处理后，在槽、孔，台阶等加工前，比较简单的几何形状下进行，检测面的表面粗糙度R a≤μm。扫查面：扫查表面应无油垢和污物等附着物。耦合剂：机油或浆糊。检验方法：以纵波检验为主。对筒形和环形锻件还应进行横波检验，检查部位和验收标准按产品技术要求而定。扫查方法：以两个相互垂直的方向进行，尽可能地探测到锻件的全体积，主要探测方向如图所示。其他形状锻件也可参照执行。

扫查速度：探头移动速度不超过150mm/s。当锻件探测厚度大于400mm时，应从相对的两端面进行100%的扫查。检测灵敏度的校验当被检部位的厚度大于或等于探头的3 倍近场区长度，且探测面与底面平行时，可采用底波计算法确定检测灵敏度，校正点的位置应在工件上无缺陷的完好区域，且至少选择三点，并取得平均值；对由于几何形状所限，不能获得底波或壁厚小于探头的3 倍近场区时，可直接采用CSⅠ标准试块确定基准灵敏度。检测灵敏度不得低于最大检测距离处的φ2mm平底孔当量直径。缺陷当量确定，采用AVG 曲线及计算法确定缺陷当量（工件厚度大于或等于探头的三倍近场区）计算缺陷当量时，当材质衰减系数超过4dB/m时，应予修正。记录 a．记录当量直径超过φ4mm的单个缺陷的波幅和位置； b．密集性缺陷：记录密集性缺陷中最大当量缺陷的位置和分布； c．饼形锻件应记录大于或等于φ4mm当量直径的缺陷密集区，其它锻件应记录大于或等于φ3mm当量直径的缺陷密集区； d．缺陷密集区面积以50mm×50mm的方法作为最小量度单位，其边界可由半波高度法决定。等级分类

超声波检测行业标准表

超声波检测行业标准表无损检测资源网整理

GB 3947-83 声学名词术语 GB/T1786-1990 锻制园并的超声波探伤方法 GB/T 2108-1980 薄钢板兰姆波探伤方法 GB/T2970-2004 厚钢板超声波检验方法 GB/T3310-1999 铜合金棒材超声波探伤方法 GB/T3389.2-1999 压电陶瓷材料性能测试方法纵向压电应变常数d33的静态测试 GB/T4162-1991 锻轧钢棒超声波检验方法 GB/T 4163-1984 不锈钢管超声波探伤方法(NDT,86-10) GB/T5193-1985 钛及钛合金加工产品(横截面厚度≥13mm)超声波探伤方法(NDT,89-11)(eqv AMS2631) GB/T5777-1996 无缝钢管超声波探伤检验方法(eqv ISO9303:1989) GB/T6402-1991 钢锻件超声波检验方法 GB/T6427-1999 压电陶瓷振子频率温度稳定性的测试方法 GB/T6519-2000 变形铝合金产品超声波检验方法 GB/T7233-1987 铸钢件超声探伤及质量评级方法(NDT,89-9) GB/T7734-2004 复合钢板超声波检验方法 GB/T7736-2001 钢的低倍组织及缺陷超声波检验法(取代YB898-77) GB/T8361-2001 冷拉园钢表面超声波探伤方法(NDT,91-1) GB/T8651-2002 金属板材超声板波探伤方法 GB/T8652-1988 变形高强度钢超声波检验方法(NDT,90-2) GB/T11259-1999 超声波检验用钢制对比试块的制作与校验方法(eqv ASTME428-92) GB/T11343-1989 接触式超声斜射探伤方法(WSTS,91-4) GB/T11344-1989 接触式超声波脉冲回波法测厚 GB/T11345-1989 钢焊缝手工超声波探伤方法和探伤结果的分级(WSTS,91-2～3) GB/T 12604.1-2005 无损检测术语超声检测代替JB3111-82 GB/T12604.1-1990 GB/T 12604.4-2005 无损检测术语声发射检测代替JB3111-82 GB/T12604.4-1990 GB/T12969.1-1991 钛及钛合金管材超声波检验方法 GB/T13315-1991 锻钢冷轧工作辊超声波探伤方法 GB/T13316-1991 铸钢轧辊超声波探伤方法 GB/T15830-1995 钢制管道对接环焊缝超声波探伤方法和检验结果分级 GB/T18182-2000 金属压力容器声发射检测及结果评价方法 GB/T18256-2000 焊接钢管(埋弧焊除外)—用于确认水压密实性的超声波检测方法(eqv ISO 10332:1994) GB/T18329.1-2001 滑动轴承多层金属滑动轴承结合强度的超声波无损检验 GB/T18604-2001 用气体超声流量计测量天然气流量 GB/T18694-2002 无损检测超声检验探头及其声场的表征(eqv ISO10375:1997) GB/T 18696.1-2004 声学阻抗管中吸声系数和声阻抗的测量第1部分:驻波比法 GB/T18852-2002 无损检测超声检验测量接触探头声束特性的参考试块和方法(ISO12715:1999,IDT) GB/T 19799.1-2005 无损检测超声检测1号校准试块 GB/T 19799.2-2005 无损检测超声检测2号校准试块 GB/T 19800-2005 无损检测声发射检测换能器的一级校准 GB/T 19801-2005 无损检测声发射检测声发射传感器的二级校准 GJB593.1-1988 无损检测质量控制规范超声纵波和横波检验 GJB1038.1-1990 纤维增强塑料无损检验方法--超声波检验 GJB1076-1991 穿甲弹用钨基高密度合金棒超声波探伤方法 GJB1580-1993 变形金属超声波检验方法 GJB2044-1994 钛合金压力容器声发射检测方法 GJB1538-1992 飞机结构件用TC4 钛合金棒材规范 GJB3384-1998 金属薄板兰姆波检验方法