ACCA P4考试：Capital Rationing

ACCA P4考试：Capital Rationing

本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处

1 Types of Capital Rationing

Capital rationing: a situation in which there is not enough finance (capital) available to undertake all available positive NPV projects. Therefore, capital has to be rationed.

Hard capital rationing: the capital markets impose limits on the amount of finance available (e.g. due to high perceived risk of the company).

Soft capital rationing: the company sets internal limits on finance availability (e.g. to encourage divisions to compete for funds).

Single-period capital rationing: capital is in short supply in only one period.

Multi-period capital rationing: capital is rationed in two or more periods.

2 Single-period Capital Rationing

If projects are divisible (i.e. any portion of a project may be undertaken) the correct method is to calculate a profitability index for each project and then to rank them according to this measure.

Profitability index = Net Present Value/ Capital Invested

If projects are non-divisible there is no need to calculate the index above—the optimal investment plan can only be found using trial and error (i.e. trying different combinations of projects until the maximum possible NPV is found).

Mutually exclusive projects—where two or more particular projects cannot be undertaken at the same time (e.g. because they use the same land). In this case, use the following method:

Divide projects into groups; with one of the mutually exclusive projects in each group.

Calculate the highest NPV available from each group (assume projects are divisible unless told otherwise).

Choose the group with the highest NPV.

3 Multi-period Capital Rationing

If investment funds are expected to be restricted in more than one period, then neither the profitability index nor trialand-error approaches can be used, as they do not take into account the restriction on finance in future periods.

If projects are divisible, then a linear programming model must be formulated and solved. If there are only two projects, the solution can be found graphically. Three or more variables require a computer solution.

更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e54352033.html,

中考考点总结

单项选择题 一．名词词义辨析 1．2013年31题，（colour，book , song , movie） 2. 2010年39题，（friends， neighbors， classmates，strangers） 3. 2011年36题，（trouble, interest, joy, fun） 4. 2009年39题，（way, weather, place, moment） 5. 2008年4题，（shout, noise, voice, sound ） 6. 2007年23题，（computer，car, clock, camera） 7. 2004年 37题，（match, goal, game, play） 二．形容词词义辨析 1.2013年45题，比较级（sooner，slower, faster, earlier） 2.2012年32题，比较级（stronger， younger， fewer， more） 3.2012年38题，（fantastic, boring, strange, terrible） 4.2011年32题， adj 作表语，（brave， proud, successful, worried） 5.2011年44题，( better， best, worse, worst) 6.2010年46题，最高级，（more, less, most, least） 7.2010年48题，（popular，necessary, possible, important） 8.2009年35题，（available， useful, empty, possible） 9.2009年37题，比较级，（faster, better, more carefully, more slowly） 10.2008年5题，（cool, serious, nervous, patient） 11.2008年7题，比较级，（better, worse, brighter, weaker） 12.2007年26题， adj 作表语，（interest, proud, angry, worried） 13.2006年27题，比较级，（much, more, little, less ） 14.2006年28题，（dear, short, thin, dark）

2019自动档C2科目三考试流程、合格标准

自动档 C2 科目三考试流程、合格标准 一 .上车准备 考生须按安全员指示，靠近车身， (自左前车门向后 )绕车一周，确认安全后打开车门上车。上车后听到语音提示“请学员做好考试准备，并进行指纹验证”，首先调整座位，调整内、外后视镜，系好安全带。然后进行指纹验证。 二.起步 准备工作完成以后，当听到语音提示“请起步”后，启动 ,踏死刹车，挂 D 档，打左转向灯 (大于 3 秒)，同时 (左扭头 )观察左后视镜，确认安全后，鸣笛，松手刹，平稳起步，拨 正转向灯。在坡路起步时禁止后溜。 三 .路口右转弯 当听到语音提示“前方路口右转弯”后，开右转向灯 (大于 3 秒)后，按导向箭头车道右转至行车道。 四 .掉头 当听到语音提示“前方请掉头”后，考生应打左转向灯(大于 3 秒)，通 过(左)后视镜观察左后方交通情况，确认安全后，降低车速，驶入掉头区域。驶入掉头区域 时应左右观察路况，确认安全后驶入新车道正常行驶并关闭左转向灯。 1.宽路调头，变道进入调头车道，减速至 10 码以下 --- 打左转向灯--- 观察对向来车情况，可慢，可停，选择调头时机，注意避让左 后轮障碍物和道路实线。

2.窄路调头：观察右镜，减速靠右，尽可能给调头留出最大的空 间，此时车速控制在 5 码--- 观察前后方是否来车。选择调头地点， 打左转向灯，看左镜无超车打死方法等待调头时机，安全情况下适当加速 10 码备刹车平稳 调头 --- 观察车头能否通过 --- 车头一旦转过去车正方向回正 ,拨回转向灯 --- 调整车居中后 可加速前进。 五.直行通过路口 当听到语音提示“前方通过路口”后，考生应减速慢行(刹车 )，观 察道路交通情况，按照信号灯指示行驶，通过路口时，车速应低于30k m/h 。路口内禁止停车 六 .路口左转弯 当听到语音提示“前方路口左/ 右转弯”后，开左 / 右转向灯 (大于 3 秒)后，按导向箭头车道左 / 右转至行车道。 (打左、右转向灯 --- 进入转弯道后减速 --- 转弯过程中观察左右及前方是否有车驶来，并判断驶来车辆的速度，距离，调整自身的速度与轨迹--- 方向盘随着路面角度及要进入的车道调整角度，待车进入车道后调整车头回正，沿车道居中行驶。右转弯，转小弯，观察左右后视镜沿路边至少 1m 微转方 向盘；左转弯，转大弯，沿道路中心点右侧转弯进入直行车道。) 七.通过公交车站 当听到语音提示“通过公交车站”，考生应减速慢行(刹车 )或在进 入该区域前车速低于30km/h ，左右 (扭头 )观察，注意避让公交车辆及 行人，确认安全后方可通过。 八.加减速操作

临床执业医师面试综合高频考点总结

2011临床执业医师笔试综合高频考点总结 1、全身骨与关节结核中发病率最高的是(脊柱结核)。 2、诊断感染性心内膜炎的最首要方法是(血培育)。 3、挽救由心室颤动引起的心脏骤停时，最有效的办法是(非同步电击复律)，为了便于表述。 4、发现早期直肠癌最有意义的方式是(直肠镜)。 5、最常见的子宫肌瘤变性是(玻璃样变). 6、肾病综合征最基础的表现是(尿蛋白大于3.5g/24h)。 7、确诊肿瘤最可靠的办法是(病理学检查)。 8、法鲁四联征最早且主要的表现是(青紫)。 9、对原发性慢性肾上腺皮质功能减退症的诊断最有意义的血检结果是(皮质醇降落)。 10、复苏后治疗，保证一切复苏办法奏效最首要的是(脑复苏)。 11、引起牙周脓肿最常见的病原菌是(甲型溶血性链球菌)。 12、体内CO2分压最高的部位是(组织液)。 13、易位型21-三体综合征最常见的核型是〔46，XY，-14，+t(14q21q)〕。 14、洋地黄中毒最常见的心电图表现是(室性期前收缩)。 15、辨别水肿型和出血坏死型胰腺炎最有价值的是(Cullen征)。 16、预防手术后肺不张最重要的办法是(多翻身多做深呼吸，激励咳嗽)。21、导致阑尾穿孔最主要的因素是(阑尾腔阻塞)。 17、最常见的卵巢肿瘤并发症是(蒂扭转)。 18、急性白血病引起贫血最主要的原因是(红系增殖受白血病细胞的干扰)。 19、急性心肌梗死早期最主要的治疗办法是(心肌灌注)。 20、结肠癌最早呈现的临床症状是(排便习惯和粪便性状的转变)。

22、最先提出“不伤害原则”的西方医学家是(希波克拉底)。 23、最常见的女性生殖器结核是(输卵管结核)。 24、偏盲型视野缺损最常见于(垂体腺瘤鞍上发展)。 25、胃溃疡最常见的位置是(胃窦小弯侧)。 26、对霍奇金淋巴瘤最具诊断意义的细胞是(R-S细胞)。 27、右心衰竭患者最有诊断意义的体征是(胸骨左缘3～4肋间闻及舒张期奔马律)。 28、伤寒最严重的并发症是(肠穿孔)。 29、血浆蛋白质中含量最多的是(清蛋白)。 30、后纵隔肿瘤最常见的是(神经源性肿瘤)。 31、深静脉血栓形成最常见于(下肢深静脉)。 32、正态分布的数值变量资料，描述离散趋势的指标最好选用(标准差)。 33、对慢性疾病进行现况调查，最适宜计算的指标是(患病率)。 34、大肠癌诊断和术后监测最有意义的肿瘤标志物是(CEA)。 35、右侧结肠癌最多见的大体形态是(肿块型)。 36、胃窦部溃疡的最佳手术方式是(胃大部切除胃十二指肠吻合术)。 37、烧伤最常见的死亡原因是(休克)。 38、急性感染性心内膜炎最常见的致病菌是(金黄色葡萄球菌)。 39、在感染过程中的5种表现中所占比例最低但最易识别的是(显性感染)。 40、了解子宫内膜周期性变化最可靠的诊断依据是(诊断性刮宫)。 41、难以鉴别的肾癌和肾囊肿最可靠的鉴别方法是(肾动脉造影)。 42、肌肉中最主要的脱氨基方式是(嘌呤核苷酸循环)。

英语四级真题及答案详细解析绝对完整版

2011年12月大学英语四级真题 【试题完整版及答案完整版详解（包括听力原文详解）】 PartⅠ Writing (30 minutes) Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will PartⅡ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Why Integrity Matters What Is Integrity? The key to integrity is consistency- not only setting high personal standards for oneself (honesty, responsibility, respect for others, fairness) but also living up to those standards each and every day. One who has integrity is bound by and follows moral and ethical (道德上的) standards even when making life's hard choices, choices which may be clouded by stress, pressure to succeed, or temptation. What happens if we lie, cheat, steal, or violate other ethical standards? We feel disappointed in ourselves and ashamed. But a lapse (缺失) of integrity also affects our relationships with others. Trust is essential in any important relationship, whether personal or professional. Who can trust someone who is dishonest or unfair? Thus integrity must be one of our most important goals. Risky Business We are each responsible for our own decisions, even if the decision, making process has been undermined by stress or peer pressure. The real test of character is whether we can learn from our mistake, by understanding why we acted as we did and then exploring ways to avoid similar problems in the future. Making ethical decisions is a critical part of avoiding future problems. We must learn to recognize risks, because if we can't see the risks we're taking, we can't make responsible choices. To identify risks, we need to know the rules and be aware of the facts. For example, one who doesn't know the rules a about plagiarism (剽窃) may accidentally use words or ideas without giving proper credit or one who fails to keep careful research notes may unintentionally fail to quote and cite sources as required. But the fact that such a violation is "unintentional" does not excuse the misconduct, Ignorance is not a defense. "But Everybody Does It" Most people who get in trouble do know the rules and facts but manage to fool themselves about the risks they're taking by using excuses: "Everyone else does it." "I'm not hurting anyone", or "I really need this grade." Excuses can get very elaborate: "I know I'm look at another's exam, even though I'm supposed to keep my eyes on my own paper, but that's not cheating because I’m just checking my answers, not copying." We must be honest about our actions and avoid excuses, if we fool ourselves into believing we're not doing anything wrong, we can't see the real choice we're making - and that leads to bad decisions. To avoid fooling yourself, watch out for excuses and try this test: Ask how you would feel if your actions were public and anyone could be watching over your shoulder. If you'd rather hide your actions, that's an indication that you're taking a risk and rationalizing it to yourself. Evaluating Risks To decide whether a risk is worth taking, you must examine the consequences, in the future as well as right now, negative as well as positive, and to others as well as to yourself. Those who take risks they later regret usually focus on immolate benefits and simply haven't considered what might go wrong. The consequences of

初三化学中考考点归纳及点拨

初三化学中考考点归纳与点拨 考点1：物质的变化、性质、反应类型 (1)判别物理变化还是化学变化的依据是：有无新物质生成。发光、放热、爆炸既可能是化学变化也可能是物理变化。 (2)物质的色、态、味、熔点、沸点、硬度、密度、溶解度、导热性、导电性、挥发性属于物理性质，在化学变化中才体现出来的性质属于化学性质(如可燃性、氧化性、还原性、酸碱性、腐蚀性、毒性等)。 (3)四种基本反应类型是： 化合(A+B→AB)、分解(AB→A+B)、置换(C+AB→AC+B)、复分解(AB+CD→AD+CB) 氧化还原反应中有关概念的关系 得氧——被氧化——还原剂(C、CO、H2等)；失氧——被还原——氧化剂(02、CuO、Fe203等)。 考点2：空气的成分、应用、污染和防治 (1)空气成分及体积分数：N278％ 022l％、稀有气体0.94％、C02 0.03％其他杂质气体0.03％ (2)应用：氧气(供给呼吸、支持燃烧)、氮气(作保护气等)、稀有气体(作保护气或电光源来产生各种色光，如氖气一一红色光) (3)污染大气的物质是可吸入颗粒(如沙尘)和有害气体(主要是CO、N02、S02)，大气污染引发三大环境问题一一温室效应(C02，但C02不是大气污染物)、酸雨(S02)、臭气空洞(氟氯代烃，即氟里昂) (4)三大化石燃料一一天然气、石油、煤(燃烧都会产生C02，石油在驱动汽车、飞机时尾气中有氮氧化物，煤燃烧会产生S02)。氢气是最理想的燃料(取之于水来源丰富、等量燃烧放出热量最大、燃烧产物是水没有污染)但现有技术条件下成本较大。改善能源结构(如开发氢能源、用酒精代替汽油、西气东输用天然气代替煤气等)、控制有害气体的排放等能有效防治气体污染。 考点3：氧气的性质、制法、用途 (1)无色无味气体、不易溶于水，降温可变为淡蓝色液体，甚至变为淡蓝色雪化状同体，氧气通常贮存在蓝色钢瓶中。化学性质见下表。 物质主要现象化学方程式 碳剧烈燃烧、发出白光、放热、生成无色无味能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体 C + O2点燃 CO2 硫发出蓝紫色火焰；空气中淡蓝色火焰、放热、生成无色有刺激性气味的气体 S + O2点燃SO2 磷发出白光、放热、生成自烟 4P + 5O2点燃2P2O5 铁剧烈燃烧、火星四射、放热、生成黑色固体 3Fe + 2O2点燃Fe3O4 铝剧烈燃烧、发出耀眼白光、放出大量的热、生成白色固体 4Al + 3O2点燃2Al2O3 镁剧烈燃烧、发出耀眼白光、放出大量的热、生成白色固体(空气中即可燃烧) 2Mg + O2点燃2MgO (2)实验室两种制法： 2KMnO4加热K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2↑(固固加热型)(查、装、定、点、收、离、熄) 2H2O2 H2O+ O2 ↑ (固液不加热型)(Mn02作催化剂“一变两不变”) MnO2 可用排水法(不易溶于水)或向上捧空气法(密度比空气大，32>29)收集 工业上用分离液态空气的方法得到氧气(氧气的沸点比氮气高．物理变化)。 (3)用途：供给呼吸、支持燃烧 考点4：燃烧、缓慢氧化、自燃和爆炸 燃烧一一即剧烈氧化(在有限空间的急速燃烧会引起爆炸) 氧化

科目三路考考点流程

科目三考试超详细操作流程 一、上车准备 1、从右边副驾驶室（车后或车右）开始，逆时针绕车一周半，注意车后是否有车，有车就在车头前等车过了，踢一下四个车轮，检查气压。 注：现在是4个学员一台车，以「右出左进」为原则。前一个学员从驾驶座出来，逆时针（如下图）绕车来到车身右边拉开车门，让下一个考试学员出来，然后再沿原路线回到左边进去；而下一个学员逆时针方向来到驾驶座即可，当然最好也做出在检查车身的样子来。 2、发现没有障碍，左手打开车门，手脚迈入，拉上车门。 二、起步 1、调整座椅、再系安全带、把档位挂在空挡（防止有些严苛的考官或上一个考完的学员，放一档，那你没挂空挡，那就扣你分）。 2、调整左、中、右三个后视镜，一定要记得动动，即使你没调多少，但是要记得有这个动作。 3、检查仪器：档位空挡，踩住离合，踩一下油门，你会发现左边的仪表器指针会动，一切正常，可以向考官说可以开始了。 4、然后一踩（踩离合器）、踩住刹车，二挂（挂一档）、三放手刹（挂一档要在放手刹前面），四转向（向下摆转向灯杆，打开左转向灯）、五喇叭（鸣一下喇叭）、六看镜子（观察左、中、右后视镜，要明显看出摆头的动作。起步时，一定要紧紧盯着左后视镜，慢慢起步，不要看一眼就丢下，要等到车身摆正才不看，再向上关掉左转向灯）、七看左后视镜启动时，看是否有坡度（如是则采用半联动起步；不是则只要不溜车就可以放开脚刹，慢慢抬起离合，切记不可一下放开，慢抬，然后抬完离合，左脚还是放在离合上，右脚加点油，不要太多）。 5、听声音，或感觉平稳，车速感觉提高不少，但是继续加油不大加速那样，右脚松开油门，左踩离合，右手挂二档，然后慢慢放开离合，加油，提高速度，平稳的，然后速度高了，左脚踩下离合，右脚离开油门，迅速挂三档，后面类推，要车平稳的，给人不出窜动的感觉或震动（这个要多练习）。 注：一档不能超过50米远，二档不能超过100米；考试过程用三档完成。一档不能超20码，二档不能超30迈码三档不能超40码。反过来用四档不能低于30码，三档不能低于20码。以上如有错误扣10分，而二档低于20码以下没关系。 起步要领一踩（踩离合器刹车）、二挂（挂一挡）、三放（手刹）、四打（打左转灯）、五按（按喇叭）、六看（左、中、右后视镜）、七抬（抬刹车后慢抬离合器）。

计算机二级公共基础知识高频考点归纳总结

第一章数据结构与算法 算法 1、算法:是指解题方案的准确而完整的描述。算法不等于程序,也不等计算机方法,程序的编制不可能优于算法的设计。 2、算法的基本特征：是一组严谨地定义运算顺序的规则,每一个规则都是有效的，是明确的,此顺序将在有限的次数下终止。特征包括：（1）可行性;（2)确定性(3）有穷性（4）拥有足够的情报。 ３、算法的基本要素:一是对数据对象的运算和操作；二是算法的控制结构。 ４、指令系统:一个计算机系统能执行的所有指令的集合。 5、基本运算包括:算术运算、逻辑运算、关系运算、数据传输。 ６、算法的控制结构：顺序结构、选择结构、循环结构。 7、算法基本设计方法：列举法、归纳法、递推、递归、减斗递推技术、回溯法。 8、算法复杂度:算法时间复杂度和算法空间复杂度。 9、算法时间复杂度是指执行算法所需要的计算工作量。 10、算法空间复杂度是指执行这个算法所需要的内存空间。 数据结构的基本基本概念 1、数据结构研究的三个方面: (1）数据集合中各数据元素之间所固有的逻辑关系，即数据的逻辑结构; （2）在对数据进行处理时，各数据元素在计算机中的存储关系,即数据的存储结构;（3）对各种数据结构进行的运算。数据结构是指相互有关联的数据元素的集合。 ２、数据的逻辑结构包含:(1）表示数据元素的信息;(2）表示各数据元素之间的前后件关系。数据的存储结构有顺序、链接、索引等。 ３、线性结构条件：(1）有且只有一个根结点;(２）每一个结点最多有一个前件，也最多有一个后件。非线性结构：不满足线性结构条件的数据结构。 线性表及其顺序存储结构 １、线性表是由一组数据元素构成,数据元素的位置只取决于自己的序号,元素之间的相对位置是线性的。在复杂线性表中,由若干项数据元素组成的数据元素称为记录,而由多个记录构成的线性表又称为文件。 2、非空线性表的结构特征: (1）且只有一个根结点ａ1，它无前件；(2)有且只有一个终端结点an，它无后件; （3)除根结点与终端结点外,其他所有结点有且只有一个前件,也有且只有一个后件。结点个数n称为线性表的长度,当ｎ=0时，称为空表。 3、线性表的顺序存储结构具有以下两个基本特点：(１）线性表中所有元素的所占的存储空间是连续的; (2)线性表中各数据元素在存储空间中是按逻辑顺序依次存放的。 4、顺序表的运算:插入、删除。 栈和队列 1、栈是限定在一端进行插入与删除的线性表,允许插入与删除的一端称为栈顶，不允许插入与删除的另一端称为栈底。栈按照“先进后出”（FILO)或“后进先出”(LＩFO）组织数据,栈具有记忆作用。用ｔop表示栈顶位置，用ｂottoｍ 表示栈底。 2、栈的基本运算：(1）插入元素称为入栈运算；（2)删除元素称为退栈运算;（３）读栈顶元素是将栈顶元素赋给一个指定的变量,此时指针无变化。 3、队列是指允许在一端（队尾）进入插入,而在另一端(队头）进行删除的线性表。Ｒear指针指向队尾,frｏnt 指针指向队头。 4、队列是“先进行出”(FIFO)或“后进后出”(LILO)的线性表。 线性链表

月英语四级真题和答案解析 第二套

2017年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第2套) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between teachers and students. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard. 1. A) It tries to entertain its audience. C) It wants to catch people’s attention. B) It tries to look into the distance. D) It has got one of its limbs injured. 2. A) It was spotted by animal protection officials. B) It was filmed by a local television reporter. C) Its videos were posted on social media. D) Its picture won a photography prize. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard. 3. A) The distance travelled C) The spending on gas. B) The incidence of road accidents. D) The number of people travelling. 4. A) Fewer people are commuting. C) Job growth is slowing down. B) Gas consumption is soaring. D) Rush-hour traffic is worsening. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard. 5. A) He told a stranger the sad story about himself. B) He helped a stranger to carry groceries to his car. C) He went up to a stranger and pulled at his sleeves. D) He washed a stranger’s ca r in return for some food. 6. A) He ordered a lot of food for his family. C) He raised a large sum of money for him. B) He gave him a job at his own company. D) He offered him a scholarship for college. 7. A) He works hard to support his family. C) He is very good at making up stories. B) He is an excellent student at school. D) He has been disabled since boyhood. Section B Directions:In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 8. A) Attended an economics lecture. C) Had a drink at Queen Victoria.

南阳市科目三中山考场考试流程

南阳市科目三中山考场考试流程 考试流程：校签到--学员拿身份证排队等候--服务大厅录指纹、照相--关闭手机候考大厅等候考试（大屏幕不断刷新，需注意自己在几号车） 考试准备：——（科三考的是细节，只要上车不激动，注意转向等，注意两重点，稳过）考场门前区域发车： 一、上车准备： 1、调座椅，三镜一表，--验指纹（需与录时同一个手指，否则验不上）--验视频（脸对准左上部摄像头，有眼镜的要去掉）通过后，下车。 2、逆时针绕车一周后上车，关闭车门，安全带，左右晃动档杆（重要）开始考试，打火，灯光考试。 二、起步：1离合2挂档3鸣喇叭4转向灯5松离合松手刹6看左侧倒车镜驶入行车道，进道后，看前方，调正车身，加油换2档，然后打左转向灯3秒，自行变道到左侧车道（从黄线开始数第3车道）。 三、会车：行驶到公厕招牌区域，语音提示前方会车，点刹车减速，并左右观察，然后匀速行驶即可。 四、变更车道：会车完成后，语音提示变道，打转向灯3秒，看倒车镜变道，变道可向左变，也可向右变，右侧车道没有车辆阻挡通行的话，首选右侧变道。如果左侧变道，当变道完成后，需自行变道两次到最右侧车道，为右转弯准备。 五、右转弯：语音提示右转弯后，打转向灯，点刹减速，缓慢驶入右转车道，不能扫线，进入右转车道后转向灯回灭，需再次打开转向灯，右转弯后进入最右侧带箭头的车道。进入车道后，需自行变道到中间车道。 六、通过公交车站：点刹，左右扭头观察。 七、通过人行横道：点刹，左右扭头观察。 八、掉头：1打转向灯，2减速，行驶到掉头区域中间后，可以直接在中间车道掉头，也可变道后掉头，掉头后仍然进入中间车道。 九、通过直行路口：点刹，左右扭头观察。 十、通过学校区域：点刹，左右扭头观察，学校放学时段，车辆拥堵，可停车等待，离合、刹车、一档。 十一、左转弯：已通过学校区域后，打左转向灯，通过人行横道后，变道到最左侧车道。前方路口左转后，打转向灯，点刹减速，如遇红灯，需停车等待，离合、刹车、一档。

历年英语四级真题及答案详解

2009年6月英语四级考试真题与答案真题： Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: F or this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting their lectures. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow: 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法？ Free admission to museums Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the

sentences with the information given in the passage. How Do You See Diversity? As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some of the positions with her company .During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise. He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. “It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,” Tiffany confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunde rstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes. “I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,” Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will not miss that opportunity again.” Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive

中考考点归纳

一、考点分析1、洋务运动 2.维新变法 3.孙中山革命运动 4.新文化运动从近几年的考试情况看，本专题的知识点考查频率很高，是全国各地中考的重点。考点主要集中在地主阶级(洋务派)和资产阶级(维新派、革命派和先进知识分子)的抗争和探索上，今后这些知识将仍是全国各地中考的重点。考查的题型呈多样化，既有选择题、材料解析题，也有问答题、探究题。备考复习时除了加强对这些事件基础知识的记忆、理解以及对课本重要图片的认识外，还要对比分析洋务运动、戊戌变法、辛亥革命在近代化探索方面的侧重点，体会中国近代化探索从“器物(工业)”到“政治制度”再到“思想文化”的历程。 二、知识详解 考点一：洋务运动1.时间：19世纪60年代—90年代2．原因：第二次鸦片战争后，清政府面临内外交困的危局。3．根本目的：维护清朝统治。4．代表人物：中央——奕；地方——曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞。5．口号：前期“自强”；后期“求富”。6．内容：学习西方技术，创办军事工业；创办新式学堂，派遣留学生；筹建新式陆海军；创办民用工业。7．评价：洋务运动没有使中国富强起来，但它引进了西方先进的科学技术，使中国出现了第一批近代工业企业。在客观上促进了中国资本主义的发展，推动了中国近代化的进程。 考点二：维新变法1．原因：内因是中国资本主义初步发展；外因是19世纪末《马关条约》的签订，中国面临被瓜分的危机。2．目的：挽救民族危机，在中国发展资本主义(变法图强)。3．早期主要活动：1895年公车上书揭开维新变法序幕；创办报刊《万国公报》《国闻报》，组织团体强学会。 4.内容：（1）政治：改革政府机构，裁撤冗官，任用维新人士（2）经济：兴办工矿企业（3）思想文化：开办新式学堂培养人才，翻译西方书籍，传播新思想，创办报刊，开放言论（4）军事：训练新式军队 5.性质：自上而下的资产阶级性质的改良运动。6．结果：由于资产阶级维新派的软弱性，依靠一个没有实权的皇帝，最终变法失败。7．作用：在社会上起了思想启蒙的作用，有利于资产阶级思想的传播，为后来的辛亥革命准备了条件。 考点三：孙中山的革命运动1．孙中山的早期革命活动(1)1894 年在檀香山成立兴中会——第一个资产阶级革命团体。(2)为集中革命力量，1905 年在日本东京成立中国同盟会——第一个资产阶级革命政党。(3)《民报》发刊词中将同盟会的纲领阐发为“三民主义”，成为辛亥革命的指导思想。(4)在许多地方，发动多次武装起义。 2.辛亥革命(1)背景：20 世纪初民族资本主义的发展和《辛丑条约》的签订使民族危机空前严重。(2)经过：楚望台军械库——湖广总督衙门——武昌城——汉口、汉阳——全国十几个省独立。(3)中华民国成立：1912年1月1日，中华民国在南京成立，孙中山任临时大总统。(4)结果：革命果实被袁世凯窃取。(5)历史意义：推翻了清朝的统治，结束了我国两千多年的封建帝制，使民主共和观念深入人心。(6)性质：由资产阶级革命派领导的一场反帝反封建的资产阶级民主革命。(7)失败原因：主观，资产阶级革命派的软弱性；没有充分发动广大人民群众。客观，中外反动势力相互勾结，共同破坏革命。考点四：新文化运动1．时间：1915年2.背景：北洋军阀政府在文化领域极力推行尊孔复古政策。3.兴起标志：《新青年》。4．代表人物：陈独秀、李大钊、胡适、鲁迅。5．主要阵地：《新青年》杂志和北京大学。6．口号：民主与科学7．主要内容(1)前期：①提倡民主，反对专制；②提倡科学，反对愚昧； ③提倡新道德，反对旧道德；④提倡新文学，反对旧文学。向尊孔复古的逆流展开猛烈进攻。(2)后期：宣传马克思主义思想。8．意义：新文化运动激发了

2011年6月大学英语四级真题+答案详解

2011年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案详解 Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 3．我的建议 Online Shopping 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。 Part II Read ing Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. British Cuisine: the Best of Old and New British cuisine (烹饪) has come of age in recent years as chefs (厨师) combine the best of old and new. Why does British food have a reputation for being so bad? Because it is bad! Those are not the most encouraging words to hear just before eating lunch at one of Hong Kong's smartest British restaurants, Alfie's by KEE, but head chef Neil Tomes has more to say. "The past 15 years or so have been a noticeable period of improvement for food in England," the English chef says, citing the trend in British cuisine for better ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. Chefs such as Delia Smi th, Nigel Slater, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay made the public realise that cooking - and eating - didn't have to be a boring thing. And now, most of the British public is familiar even with the extremes of Heston BlumenthaPs molecular gastronomy, a form of cooking that employs scientific methods to create the perfect dish. "It's no longer the case that the common man in England is embarrassed to show he knows about food," Tomes says. There was plenty of room for improvement. The problems with the nation's cuisine can be traced back to the Second World War. Before the War, much of Britain's food was imported and when German U-boats began attacking ships bringing food to the country, Britain went on rations (配给). "As rationing came to an end in the 1950s, technology picked up and was used to mass-produce food," Tomes says. "And by then people were just happy to have a decent quantity of food in their kitchens." They weren't looking for cured meats, organic produce or beautiful presentation; they were looking for whatever they could get their hands on, and this prioriti sation of quantity over quality prevailed for decades, meaning a generation was brought up wi th food that couldn't compete wi th neighbouring France, Italy, Belgium or Spain. Before star chefs such as Oliver began making cooking fashionable, it was hard to find a restaurant in London that was open after 9pm. But in recent years the capital's culinary (烹饪的) scene has developed to the point that it is now confident of its ability to please the tastes of any international visitor. With the opening of Alfie's in April, and others such as The Pawn, two years ago, modern