中英思维差异对初学者习得英语句法的影响

聊城师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2000年第6期

中英思维差异对初学者习得英语句法的影响

黄 越

(湖南大学西语系,湖南长沙 410082)

[收稿日期]2000-06-08

[作者简介]黄越(1976)),女,湖南湘潭人,湖南大学硕士研究生,主要从事中英应用语言学研究。

[摘 要] 由于汉英民族的思维定势、思维模式、思维价值取向不同,导致中英两个民族之间的思维差异不可避免地要体现在语言上,经过中英双语比较及个例分析,说明这种语言上的差异对初学英语者来说影响是不可忽视的,我们必须引起重视,设法加以克服。[关键词]思维方式;差异;初学者;句法习得

[中图分类号]H043 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1001-8301(2000)06-0117-(04) 一、思维与语言

思维是一种心理现象。心理学家认为思维不是先天的,它是社会的产物。人脑对客观现实的认知方法并不只有思维,但思维是人脑对客观事物间接的和概括的反映,它所反映的当然是事物的本质属性和规律性的联系。间接性和概括性是思维区别于人脑其它认识活动的两个特点,它是一种有制于感知,知觉等心理活动的高级认知过程。

人类生活在同一个物质世界里,必定对世界有着基本相同的观察与领悟。然而由于种种原因,如文化、历史、地理、社会等因素(乃至语言因素)的影响,各个民族的心理逻辑思维方式存在着个性。卡尔#普利布兰姆在其5思维方式之矛盾6中指出/世界各民族之间的相互理解与和睦的关系之所以受到阻碍,不仅是由于语言的复杂多样,更是由于思维模式的差异)))就是说,是由人们确定知识来源和进行有条理思维方法上的差异所造成的0。

那么,东西方思维差异,或者更确切地说,中英民族之间的思维差异主要体现在哪些方面呢?

1.汉英民族的思维定势不同

汉民族的思维走向基本上属于从全局把握个别,先整体后局部的演绎型逻辑思维;而英语民族则

正好相反,它们的基本思维方式是从个别到一般,由局部推出整体的归纳型逻辑思维。实际上,这两种思维方式既互相区别,又相互联系,我们不可断然把它们割裂开来,只不过中国人的思维定势更多地遵循前者,而英国人则更倾向于后者。

2.中英双方的思维模式不同

中国人的思维模式受中国古代哲学思想的影响较深,侧重强调辩证思维。以整体性为基点的中国思维模式,常把事物作为有机整体进行笼统的综合,对事物的判断往往依直觉而行,比较忽视形式论证。而英语民族则更多地强调逻辑分析,以个体性为基点,把复杂的事物分解成简单的要素逐个进行研究,在观察事物时,注重探索事物内在的法则、原理及其本质规律,进行形式论证。

3.中英思维的价值取向不同

受心理逻辑思维的影响,中国人注重整体和谐,顾及全局的平衡发展。而英国人则较重视个体的行为,凡事大多侧重其独立性和个体权利。体现在单个问题上和具体行动上,就表现为中国人的以大局为重的集体主义精神和英语民族强调个体独立发展的个人主义精神。

当然,以上几种差别都不是绝对的,我们不能把

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任何事物很干脆地区别为两面,但在历史发展的过程中,中英两个民族的思维差异的确是显而易见的。

思维与语言的关系极为密切,心理学家一致认为思维与语言紧密相联,语言是思维的物质外壳。/语言是思想的直接现实0(马克思和恩格斯:5德意志意识形态6)。也就是说,思维以语言为中介来反映现实,而语言一旦形成后,又反过来影响思维,引导思维的发展,即语言与思维的发展是相辅相成的。既然语言直接体现大脑的思维活动,那么,中英两个民族的思维差异就会直接突出地表现在两种语言的表达方式上。

二、中英双语比较

中英两种语言体系中受思维模式影响而存在的差异分布于各个方面,而在句法方面体现得最为突出。

第一,由于思维取向的不同,当要表达的意思相近或类似时,两种语言会在句子的措词方面出现差异,反映不同民族对客观世界的认识。

例如,中国人重集体主义而西方人重个人主义,表现在语言中,则为中国人常说:

/我们认为,,0

而英语民族的人则往往直接说:

/My opinion is,0

第二,在句序方面,由于思维差异引起的区别就更明显了。如:

我住在长沙市岳麓区12栋104室。

I Like in room104of the12th building,Yuelu District,Changsha.

第三,汉语注重陈述事件本身,突出主体,而英语则注重施事的对象及结果。

比方说:

瓶子打碎了。

The bottle is broken.

中文是以意合法组成的语言。句子受中文思维模式的影响,没有完整的框架,也没有严格的语法限制,而是以一种内在的逻辑关系相互衔接,以神统形。故中文中常见流水式的句式结构,如长江大河,奔流而下。/枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天崖。0

马致远5天净沙#秋思6相对英语句式来说,似乎显得欠为紧凑。

比较而言,英语是形态语言,属于屈折语(in2flected language)。句子一般以动词为核心控制各种成分语法,有主体逻辑结构支撑,结构显得更为严谨。英文句子可以在主句的基础上延伸出很多的附属部分,最突出的现象是各种从句或词组可以无限的伸展。如:

1.We have lessons in Room205at the second flo or of the4t h Building in Beijin Oniversity,,

2.Mary told me that Reter said that ever ybody believed that it is true t hat Tome was a thief.

这两个句子,在文句的基础结构上各自可以一直向右或向左延伸下去。很显然,这是受形式逻辑思维模式的影响而出现的。

至于英汉思维差异涉及到更高层次,如语用层次的时候,我们可以看得出更多的细微的差别:如:)))will you have dinner wit h us today?

)))I would love to,but-/Sure,thank you.

)))今天来吃晚饭吧!

)))嗯,,有空就来吧!

从这两个邀请与对答中,我们可以得知,英国人趋向于直接的接受与拒绝,而中国人则给了一个模棱两可的回答,而其中的含义,多半是不会来。英国人的思维方式可以说是更直接干脆,中国人则偏向从实用角度出发,凡事留有余地和退路。

通过以上几方面的比较,我们可以看出,英汉思维差异其实是存在于语言的各个方面的,而句法方面的比较,从某种意义上来说,更能体现出两个民族各自的逻辑心理和思维定势。

三、初学者个例举隅

笔者曾担任过一名英语初学者的辅导员。所谓初学者,是指该生已经通过小学英语教材接触过一段时间的简易英语,词汇量在50~100之间,能说几个日常生活对话的短句,如/Good morning.0/How ar e you?0/How do you do?0/M y name is Steven.0等。笔者利用这个机会,对该生的学习情况作了较详细的记录与分析,进行了个例跟踪研究。

研究材料:/New Concept English0,(Book I), Lesson1-60.

研究内容:记录该生对书中出现的基本句型的掌握情况,观察中英思维差异对初学者习得英语句法的影响。

在新概念英语第一册前60课中,涉及的句型都十分简单,全部为英语学习者所必须掌握的基础语

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法与句式。概括起来主要包括以下几种句式:

1.刻画事物性质或状态的通用句式:SVP,如: He is tall.

I am a policeman.

2.对作用对象忽略不计,只描写事物行为、作用的句式:SV如:Yes,it is.

No,I am not.

3.描写事物行为、涉及施事对象的句式:SVD 如:I like eggs.

Shut the door,please.

4.描写事物存在状态的通用句式:T here-be句型如:Ther e is a bottle of milk on the table.

Is there any water in this kettle?

在这几种句型的基础上,书中出现了几种不同的时态,名词的单复数,一些情态动词以及少数几种常见介词的用法。

研究过程:当该生学习SVP句型时,他能很快地理解句子的含义及结构,因为这种句型与中文句型相似,所以能较快地造出新的句子来。比如下面这种基本句型:

Look at t hat man!He i s fat.

该生很快把握了句子的意义和词序,当他看到其它的图片及提示时,毫不犹豫就说出了:

1.Look at t hat nurse!She is clean.

2.Look at t hat milkman!He is old.

可见,当英语句序与汉语句序相似或相同时,也就是当英汉两种语言体现的是同一种逻辑心理模式时,学生能很快地融会贯通新的语言,这时,中文的思维模式反映出来的是正迁移的影响。

当英文句法与中文不甚相符时,通过一定的讲解,辅以听力及口头练习,学生仍能够模仿例句,造出正确的句子来。如:

It is a fine day today.

今天天气很好。

通过一定的训练后,当问及/今天下雨了0怎么说时,该生的回答是:/It is a rain day today.0这句话虽然有一定错误,但可以明显看出该生已把/I t is a ,day0看成一种固定模式,从而直接将新单词填进去了。

但是,当该生接触到某些与中文句法差别较大的句子时,他的反应是特别犹豫困惑的。如英语中的存在句型:/There-be0就与中文的存在句型完全不同。最初,在听完录音后,该生完全不能理解/Ther e-be0的含义,而是固执地使用/have0一词来表示/有0。如让该生说说/房里有一张床0时,他说: The room have a bed.

在向他解释清楚/have0和/there be0的区别后,他继续进行了存在句型的单复数转换练习。因此,我们之间出现了以下对话:

T:Ar e there any eggs on the plate?

S:Yes,t here is some eggs on the plate.

T:Ar e there any apples on the tree?

S:Yes,t here is some apples on the tree.

T:Ar e there any chilkeas?

S:No,there isn.t some chilkens.

T:No,there aren.t any chilkens.

S:No,there aren.t any chilkens.

T:Ar e there any bottles on the table?

S:Yes,t here is some bottles on the table.

(T:teacher.S:student)

该生把/ther e is0看成了表示存在句型的固定模型,部分原因是笔者在第一次给其解释时采用的是/there is0的形式,部分原因是因为中文里并没有单复数的区别,动词也没有任何变化。因此,该生对单复数的概念并未完全掌握,没有理解系动词的单复数形式。该生对/There-be0句型的掌握一直局限于书面表达,他会写出/There are many apples.0这样的句子,而在口头上则一直未能说出正确的句子来。也就是说,当时,他并未真正习得/There-be0这一句型,而是出现了一种僵化现象,要花时间下功夫才能扭转过来。

研究结论:作为一名初学者,该生监于中文思维模式的影响,对差异越大的表达方式越难接受和掌握。由此可见英汉思维差异对初学者的语言影响是很突出的。

四、克服负迁移影响的思路

以上个例,从一个侧面反映了英汉思维差异,对初学者习得英语的影响。作为一名英语教师,应该培养学生的思维能力,引导学生利用正迁移影响,克服负迁移影响,尽量用英语分析思考所接触到的各种问题。那么,怎样来科学地培养学生的英语思维习惯和能力呢?

1.循序渐进

英语初学者一般都会感到新鲜有趣,但也会遇

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到不少迷惘和困惑。因此,在培养学生思维能力的同时,首先要注意循序渐进。因为学生英语水平或思维能力的提高都需要经历一个过程。随着学生接触到越来越多的英语表达方式,思维会越来越灵活,敏捷。更能意识和掌握英汉思维方式的特点。教师应把握好教学进度,及时了解学生反馈的信息,不断地帮助其温故知新,注重学习的阶段性和系统性。

2.强化语言应用能力

语言能力可以影响思维的发展,反之,思维的灵活也可以促进语言能力的提高,二者是相辅相成的。因此,为了培养学生用英语思考的习惯,教师应该利用一切机会,让学生多说、多听、多写。当学生能流利地、正确地运用所学词汇、句型来进行口头表达时,说明他正在学习英语思维的方法,以此表达自己的思维。对一句初学者来说,开口说比动笔写更重要得多,也方便得多,并更能训练学生的反应与思维。

3.克服定势思维,正确利用迁移规律

定势指的是人们在认识和评价客观事物时的一种特殊心理准备状态。也就是说,人们习惯于用一种固定不变的方法去考虑问题,定势思维既有积极的影响,也有消极影响。当两种语言具有相同或相似的结构时,即体现类似的逻辑心理时,定势起的是积极作用,而当英语表达与汉语有异时,定势思维就会阻碍学生快速,有效地习得新的语言知识。这种定势思维对学习者的影响其实也就是学习中的迁移规律。我们应充分利用正迁移的作用,减少负迁移的干扰,力图突破汉语的思维定势而顺利地习得另一种语言。

4.正视英汉差异、培养学生认知能力

引起两种语言差异的原因之一是因为民族国度思维方式的不同。我们应该有意识地培养学生的认知能力。一旦学生开始有意识地思考种种不同的语言现象,他就会得出自己的见解,从而自觉地对各种问题探索解决办法,用积极的态度来学习英语。

总之,英语和汉语两种语言之间的差异是由英汉两个民族的思维方式来决定的。这种思维差异对初学者的影响是毋容置疑的,我们要做的就是研究这种思维差异的怎样影响初学者习得英语句法的,并试图找出有效的方法克服这种影响促使初学者快速、准确全面地习得英语句法。

[责任编辑木子]

(上接第73页)同时显示维持传统和反对偶像崇拜这两方面的性格0(见5必要的张力6中译本第223) 225页)。自然科学的新发现新创造需要研究主体性格中充满这种/必要的张力0,人文社科研究同样需要出于研究主体发散思维与收敛思维相磨相荡之间的矛盾张力。如果桂起对中国近代文学演变的研究不能适时地接受当代科学的系统方法论与崭新的文化学知识,以更新自己的文学史观、思维方式和智力装置,如果不具有反对旧传统与建构新传统的双重性格,如果不是发散性思维和收敛性思维集于一身,那就不可能产生一种巨大的张力,就不可能写出这本创新性与科学性兼备的学术专著。人文科学研究常常呈现出两条路向,或热衷于整理前人的成果或敢于突破前人的成果。前者表现于近代文学研究中只能算是陈陈相因、/资料长编0、人云亦云、重复制作,用黑格尔的话来说就是/一堆知识的聚集,并不能构成科学0(见5哲学史讲演录6第1卷第35页);后者的研究从近代文学来看是相当薄弱的,尤其以辩证系统思维见长的宏观研究并未引起学界的足够重视,甚至遭到某些贬抑。而桂起则坚定不移地选择后一条研究之路,扎扎实实地以宏观研究的威力突破了前人的成果,不断探索不断发现不断前进,形成了自己的近代文学研究视域与学术优势,他所建构的科学研究框架亦将带动近代文学研究整个结构的调整。

人贵自知之明。桂起以高标准反思了这本书存在的不足,我赞赏他这种精神也同意他的一些看法;但我更从中看到了一个青年学者所追求的学术理想、所向往的大家风范。我深信,若按照这个势头发展下去,桂起的学术理想和人格追求不久就会转化为光辉的现实!

[责任编辑木子]

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基础英文作文(中英饮食差异)

The Diet and Eating Habits of UK and China In those two old countries UK and China, the diet and eating habits have some differences and similarities. Eating habits is one of the most important elements in a country’s culture. So comparing the difference between UK and China’s eating habits will help us forward to learn about the culture of two countries. Although the two countries are far a port, both of UK and China also have a number of similarities. Traditionally, both countries have three meals in one day. It is a large coincidence that the two countries make the lunch become the most simply meal in modern society. The dinner very lucky has set the seat of biggest meal because it has long free times. Fast food is very popular in both countries. If you ask the two countries’children that this discourse will be proved. This fact is also a problem in those two different countries. For example, if you only have a little time to enjoy your lunch, may be you have to select fast food. The facts explained that no matter tradition or modern, countries’ eating habits always have several similarities. Because of different location, climate, history and custom, eating habits are decided have a big different between those two countries. Firstly, the UK belongs to west Europe in the Atlantic Ocean. It has made British people eat

英语作文 中西教育比较

Comparison between Chinese and Western family education Family education is an important part of education, and it often plays a role that cannot be replaced by other educational models. It has a huge impact on our growth.I think Chinese and western family education has four different key. First the values of family education are different.For example, Chinese family care more about reputation in educating the child.The education’s goal is for making their living,f or honor.The Western family think the education is not preparation for making their ,but survival.And emphasize”the learned education and happy education.”Second the education method is different.The Chinese family more emphasize mechanical memorizing.If the book is read hundreds of times,its meaning is shown naturally.But the Western family emphasize the child’s “power of understanding.” Seeking the knowledge from life and nature.Third the emotional education and punishment .About all Chinese know one can become a useful person without being beaten and the club helps the child to be loyal son.We emphasize” reserve for everyone.”The Western family using the encourage language and pay great attention to individual quality and the emotional communication.The punishment also offends the law.Forth education in manage money.The Chinese family earn money to support one’s family and manage the wealth are adult’s matter.Try every means to satisfy the children with the money.But,the Western family teach the child to make plans for budget items,learn to spend money reasonably.Encourage the child to work outside to gain income by themselves. In my opinion,there are many differences between China and Western family education and each has its strong points and weak point.We should reject the dross and absorb the cream of them,advance the family educational.

中学英语教学案例分析

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中西教育差异英文写作 Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】

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中英教学差异英语作文

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(完整版)高中英语语法知识思维导图

什么是语法？ +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not

一般现在时vs.一般过去时

一般将来时 将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的 动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经 常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示 将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。

进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?

进行时(2)

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中美文化对比大学英语 作文 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#

Chinese Education Is Superior The born of a baby is considered as a blessing to a family, while the family education will in turn leave a brand on the baby’s future. I was born in a Chinese family with western education system. I’m well respected. I’m growing up without any fence. But reflecting on my personal upbringing, I can tell you with certainty that Chinese Education is superior. Firstly, in a regulated Chinese family, the rules for family are the core of its education system, which could ensure children staying away from some bad habits. The rules Chua set up contributed to her children’s promising victory over long turn. But in my family, there is no such notion. At my formative year, I could stay up late enough to embrace the sunrise. Consequently, I always suffered from drowsiness at class. Worse still, my poor eyesight due to it has become a handicap to me. Therefore, Chinese strict rules are necessary, especially for a young child.

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Chinese Education Versus American Education As we know, there are a great many differences between culture of the East and West. Because I can't list all of the different aspect, I will take the differences of teaching system in China and America for example. First of all, in China, in the same school, classes are divided to the key class and ordinary class. The purpose is to focus on students in key classes. The logic is that to maximize the use limited resources to improve their enrollment rate. In the United States, there is no distinction between classes. Those students who have strong ability can choose more difficult lesson; the ability inferior can choose more basic courses. The school regularly does a comprehensive summary to each student and takes remedial measures for the students who have poor performance. What's more, Chinese students always complain about their homework because too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax. They have to recite many things as to get a high mark. Homework comes the first to them. However, the study in America is more interesting. Teachers pay attention to training students' skills in thinking the realistic life rather than emphasis on the importance of memories. In addition, the rate of going to school, the tuition, and the job of graduates are quite different, too. From what has been mentioned above, we can draw the conclusion that although two countries both attach great importance to education,