文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › C++语言基础教程(吕凤翥)第七章习题答案

C++语言基础教程(吕凤翥)第七章习题答案

C++语言基础教程(吕凤翥)第七章习题答案
C++语言基础教程(吕凤翥)第七章习题答案

7.4作业题解答

一、选择填空

二、判断下列描述的正确性,对者划√,错者划╳。

三、

1、解答:

1)上述结构的DAG图如下所示。无二异性

2)无二异性

3)无二异性

2、

1)无

2)无

3)有

4)无

5)有

四、

1、运行该程序后输出结果如下:

(1,2)

5,6

(6,9)

2、运行该程序后输出结果如下:

(1,2)

(6,9)

5,6

(6,9)

3、运行该程序后输出结果如下:(13,22,30,40)

4.、运行该程序后输出结果如下:

D2::display()

Pri1=4,pri2=5

Pri4=6

Pri2=7

D2::display()

Pri1=12,pri2=9

Pri4=7

Pri2=8

五、分析

该程序与前一个程序的区别仅表现出以下两点。

1)采用了虚基类,D1类和D2类的基类为虚基类。

2)类D12的构造函数中,不近包含了它的两个基类的构造函数,而且包含了虚基类P的构造函数。

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答:Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答:The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;

语言学教程中文版

将英语译成中文(简体)胡壮麟“语言学教程”课后答案 定义以下条款: 1。设计特点:是他们的特点来定义,如任意性,双重性,创造性,位移,文化传播等,我们人类的语言, 2。功能:语言的使用ommunicate,思考,等anguage功能inclucle imformative 功能,人际功能,表演功能,人际功能,表演功能,情感功能,寒暄交流,娱乐功能和工具功能。 3。客位:在与主位是从美国语言学家派克的语音和音位的区别源于长期的对比。作为客位芒作出太多,以及behaviously无关紧要,鉴别,就像是多嚼不语言学与语音正确vx.phonemic分析实例。 4。主位:在与客位的是从美国语言学家派克的语音和音位的区别源于长期的对比。作者:主位言语行为和事件必须被作为一个有意义的资源,验证通过的最后一次演说communith本地成员,而不是通过qppeal到研究者的ingenuith或直觉孤单。‘ 5。同步:一类是描述以一个固定的瞬间(通常,但不一定,目前的)作为观察点。大多数语法是这样的。 6。历时:一种语言的研究是通过其进行的历史过程。 7。规范:一种语言的研究是通过其进行的历史过程。 8。规范:这类研究的语言,一切事都应该是如何规定的,ielaying下来的语言使用规则。 9。描述:这类研究的语言,一切事都只是描述。 10。独断性:一种人类的语言,这是指语言符号的脸,不承担任何形式的关系,其意义自然的设计特点。11。对偶:一种人类的语言,这是指有两对是二次元素组成的各级物业设计功能。水平和两级各有自己的组织原则。12。排量:一种人类的语言,这意味着人类语言的设计特点,使他们的用户,象征着在目前的通信对象,事件和概念并不在时间和空间目前?。13。寒暄交流:人类语言的一种功能,它是指语言的社会互动。14。元语言:语言符号或特定的分析和研究方面的某些种类的描述。15。macrolinguistics:他的语言之间的相互作用,如心理学,社会学,人种学,法学和人工智能等门类的

语言学练习Chapter2 习题

Chapter 2:Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

语言学教程第一章ppt

语言学教程胡壮麟主编

Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics

Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?

新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋第1-3章课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language? 答:Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答:The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答:The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答:In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答:Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to reco rd speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.

语言学教程课后习题答案第一章资料(最新整理)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1. Define the following terms: design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal). synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time. diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters). displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation. phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. metalanguage: a language used for talking about language. macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc. competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.

语言学教程第三版___练习及答案

胡壮麟语言学教程第三版练习及答案 Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.

语言学教程基础测试题(一)

《语言学教程》基础测试题(一) 1.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. (false) 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general. (false) 3.The discretion between competence and performance was proposed by Chomsky. (true) 4. A synchronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. (true) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e35823731.html,nguage is arbitrary on all aspects. (false) 6.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. (true) 7.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of tongue that is raised the highest. (false) 8. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. (false) 9. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the nucleus and the coda. (false) 10.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. (false) 11.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be A.in contrast distribution. A.in contrast distribution B. in complementary distribution C.allophones D. minimal pair 12.The sound /f/ is D. voiceless labiodental fricative. A.voiced alveolar stop B.voiceless velar fricative C.voiced platal affricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative 13. A B. front vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A.middle B.front C.central D.high 14. Discretion features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called D. suprasegmental features. A.immediate constitute B.semantic features

语言学教程复习题与答案

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章) Chapter I In troduct ion I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2. Lin guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3. A scientific study of Ianguage is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ianguage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5. Gen eral lin guistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7. 7. Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to convey meaning in com muni cati on. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11. The study of meaning in Ianguage is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolatio n, but in con text. 14. Social changes can often bring about Ianguage changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20. The disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F.de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n: 21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee ” as the ideal user ' s k ___________ of the rules of his Ian guage. 22. La ngue refers to the a _______ lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com munity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules. 23. D _______ is one of the desig n features of huma n Ian guage which refers to the

普通语言学教程读书心得

普通语言学教程读书心得 篇一: 《普通语言学教程》读书笔记 《普通语言学教程》读书笔记在十一长假期间,我结合课上教学笔记和申小龙等编著的《普通语言学教程》精读,对《普通语言学教程》的一些内容做了比较肤浅的了解,虽难窥全貌,却也对某些内容有一些感想。 《普通语言学教程》是索绪尔关于自己在语言学上思想最为系统的阐述。包含了其对语言符号、共时语言学和历时语言学、语言组合关系和聚合关系等的理解,开创了结构主义,是一部划时代的著作。 由于对语言学了解尚浅,只是谈一下读后对言语与语言关系以及语言符号系统的理解。 对于语言与言语的关系。在尚未学习语言学课程之前,如果问我它们之间的关系,我会这样认为,语言包含言语,它是在大的范围下人们话语的总和,而 言语则是小范围的、偏个体的。而通过阅读《教程》,我们可以一言以蔽之,语言和言语最主要的区分在于社会性。在《教程》绪论的第三章,“在任何人的脑子里,语言都是不完备的,它只有在集体中才能完全存在”。还是在第三章,“语言... 它既是语言机能的社会产物,又是社会集团为了使个人有可能行使这机能所采取的一整套必不可少的规约”。即语言是在社会条件下人们约定俗成的一种规则,是在整个社会集体中起作用的,即“自然的秩序”。而相对于语言,言语则具有一种个人性,即“个人永远是它的主人”。一方面你必须遵守社会语言习惯,另一方面你说话则是有个人自由的,不过是在语言规则下的自由。举个例子,在汉语中,你可以说“我喝茶”,也可以说“我吃茶”,符合汉语语言习惯,你的说话是自由的。但你不能说“我茶喝”,这就违反了约定俗成的语言习惯,别人就很难理解了。当然,这只是从汉语角度举的例子,不排除其他语言中有这样的表达。“只有借助于集体所创造和提供的工具才能运用”,索绪尔在此表述的工具毫无疑问就是语言,比如说你有“我、

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记1_3章

胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点:1. 语言: 语言的定义;语言的基本特征;语言的功能;语言的起源 2. 语言学:语言学的定义;现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别;语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明;语言学中的几组重要区别;每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义;普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴;宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能

3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

常考考点:1. 语音学语音学的定义;发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的定义;发音部位、发音方法和分类;英语元音的定义和分类;基本元音;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;语音标记,国际音标;严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义;音系学与语音学的联系与区别;音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义;音位理论;自由变异;音位的对立分布于互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音;音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义 发音时,声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后,使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞,由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式 发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系,以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位 发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档