北京林业大学英语专业2004语言学基础知识试题
北京林业大学
2004年硕士研究生入学考试语言学基础知识试题I. Below are some questions and statements with missing words, each
followed by four possible answers or fillers marked A, B, C and D. In some
cases, only one choice is correct while in others more than one should be chosen. Choose ALL the correct ones. (30 points, 2 points each)
1. Language is ______.
A. a means of verbal communication
B. a purposeful act
C. social and conventional
D. true of both human beings and animals
2. A linguistic study is ______ if it describes and analyses facts observed.
A. prescriptive
B. synchronic
C. diachronic
D. descriptive
3. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at
some point of the vocal tract are known as ______.
A. consonants
B. places of articulation
C. vowels
D. manners of articulation
4. [f] is a ______.
A. voiced bilabial stop
B. voiceless bilabial fricative
C. voiceless labiodental fricative
D. voiced labiodental fricative
5. [i] is a ______.
A. high front unrounded vowel
B. high front rounded vowel
C. high middle vowel
D. high back vowel
6. Which of the following is a broad transcription of the word rap?
A. [r?p]
B. [λ??p]
C. [λ??h]
D. [λ???]
7. The basic unit of phonological analysis is the ______.
A. allophone
B. phoneme
C. sound
D. minimal pair
8. Look at the following examples:
i) the man went to the theater ii) *man to the theater went the
It shows the importance of ______ in producing the acceptable utterance in a
language.
A. word order
B. substitutability
C. co-occurrence
D. constituents
9. Which of the following are instances of Case?
A. Animate
B. Accusative
C. Nominative
D. Dative
10. Which of the following are related to Noam Chomsky?
A. Generative Grammar.
B. Functional Grammar.
C. Standard Theory.
D. GB Theory.
11. Which of the following are related to M A K Halliday?
A. Transformational Grammar.
B. Functional Grammar.
C. Binding Theory.
D. Theme and Rheme.
12. Which of the following are areas of sociolinguistics?
A. V ariations.
B. Sexism
C. Register.
D. “Garden Path” sentences.
13. How to Do Things with Words was written by ______.
A. John Austin
B. William James
C. H. P. Grice
D. Stephen Levinson
14. The Cooperative Principle was formulated by ______.
A. John Austin
B. William James
C. H. P. Grice
D. Stephen Levinson
15. Which of the following contains a metaphor?
A. O, my luve is like a red, red rose
B. All the world’s a stage
C. And all the men and women merely players
D. Death lays his icy hand on kings
II. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (20 points, 2 points each)
1. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary.
2. The narrow transcriptions of speak and peak are [spi:k] and [pi:k] respectively.
3. The following rule shows “complementary distribution”:
/p/ [p=] / [s]______
[p h] in other places
4. Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb.
5. The phrase poor John is an endocentric construction.
6. The standard theory refers to the theory of grammar outlined in Chomsky’s Lectures on Government and Binding.
7. An Introduction to Functional Grammar(1985, 1994) was written by M A K Halliday.
8. Sociolinguistics studies how language is affected by social factors.
9. In the following exchange, Guest has violated the Maxim of Relevance:
Host: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.
Guest: Well, mmm uh it’s not that we don’t not drink.
10. The following sentence is an instance of metaphor:
The world is like a stage.
III. Define the following terms. (25 points, 5 points each)
1. interpersonal function
2. syntagmatic relation
3. the semantic triangle
4. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
5. I-narrators
IV. Discuss the phonological rule that underlies the third person singular present tense forms of verbs in English. Keep in mind the following forms:
1) He works eight hours a day, six days a w eek.
2) The girl comes here every Saturday.
3) She uses the computer at night.
(25 points)
V. Determine the allomorphy of the prefix in- on the basis of the data below. Group the data according to the variants and try to determine which kinds of base take which kinds of prefix allomorph and what kind of mechanism is responsible for the allomorphy. Formulate a rule and then test it against prefix-base pairs that are not mentioned below.
irregular incomprehensible illiterate
ingenious inoffensive inharmonic
impenetrable illegal incompetent
irresistible impossible irresponsible
immobile illogical indifferent
inconsistent innumerable inevitable
(25 points)
VI. Explain John Austin’s theory of illocutionary act. (25 points)
试题答案
I. 多选题：共30分，15题，每题2分。
1. ABC
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. BCD 10. ACD
11. BD 12. ABC 13. A 14. C 15. BC
II. 正误题：共20分，10题，每题2分。
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. T 10. F
III. 解词：共25分，5题，每题5分。
1. interpersonal function: the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In Functional Grammar, it is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser’s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
2. syntagmatic relation:a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present, such as the relation between weather and the others in If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.
3. the semantic triangle:a theory which explicitly employs the notion “concept”proposed by Ogden and Richards in their The Meaning of Meaning. They argue the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept. In a diagram form, the relation is represented as follows:
concept
word--------------------thing
4. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world.
5. I-narrators: The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this case the critics call the narrator a FIRST-PERSON NARRA TOR or I-NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun I is used.
IV. 答题：满分为25分。
The 3rd person singular present verb suffix, -(e)s in written form, is pronounced in three different ways: [s], [z], and [?z].
Through analysis of data, we can see that /z/ appears after voiced sound [m], /s/ is found after voiceless consonant [k], while /?z/ occurs after sibilant [s]. If we examine more words, we find that they follow the same kind of pattern. It is easy to see that (1) /s/ is used when the preceding sound is a voiceless consonant other than the voiceless sibilants, (2) /z/ occurs when the preceding sound is a vowel or a voiced consonant
other than the voiced sibilants, and (3) /?z/ follows any of the sibilants.
Now, the three variants of the 3rd person singular present verb form in English are applied in the following fashion:
(1) a. The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds.
b. The /z/ appears after voiced sounds.
c. The /?z/ appears after sibilants.
In order to bring out the rule that governs this pattern, we need to say that /z/, which occurs in the most cases, is the basic form and the other two forms are derived from it. The basic form is technically known as the“underlying form” or “underlying representation(UR)”. The derived form is the “surface form” or “surface representation(SR)”. Therefore, /s/ is a matter of devoicing and /?z/ is a case of epenthesis. The two rules are represented as follows:
(2) z → s / [-voice, C] _____ (Devoicing)
(3) ? →? / sibilant _____ z(Epenthesis)
With these two rules at hand, we can see if we can derive the correct SRs from the URs. Consider the derivations in (4):
(4) a. //si:t + z// b. //b?d + z// c. //ke?s + z//
s N/A s Devoicing
N/A N/A N/A Epenthesis
si:ts b?dz ke?ss Output
Clearly, something has gone wrong. The problem is that Devoicing will always apply to /z/ after a voiceless consonant and then there is never the environment for Epenthesis to apply. The obvious solution is to say that Epenthesis will always apply before Devoicing, as in (5):
(5) a. //si:t + z// b. //b?d + z// c. //ke?s + z//
N/A N/A ?Epenthesis
s N/A N/A Devoicing
si:ts b?dz ke?s?z Output
Thus, in this particular case, we have to follow a specially stipulated “rule ordering”. If this order is disturbed, incorrect derivation will result.
V. 答题：满分为25分。
There are five groups of words, each of which has a different allomorph of in-. The table below lists the words accordingly, with the pertinent allomorph in the first row. [?n] [?n] or [??] [?m] [?l] [?r] inharmonic incomprehensible impenetrable illiterate irresponsible ingenious incompetent impossible illegal irresistible inoffensive inconsistent immobile illogical irregular indifferent
inevitable
innumerable
What governs the distribution of the allomorphs is the first sound of the base word, to which the final consonant of the prefix assimilates. Thus, before a labial consonant like [m] or [p], we find [?m], before base-initial [l] we find [?l], before [r] we find [?r], before the velar consonant [k] we find in rapid speech [??] (with a velar nasal), and in careful speech [?n]. In all other cases [?n] is obligatory. Assuming an
underlying form /?n/, the morpho-phonological rule for the prefix in- looks as follows: /?n / {[?n], [??]} / ___[velar]
/?n / [?m] / ___[labial]
/?n / [?l] / ___[l]
/?n / [?r] / ___[r]
/?n / [?n] / elsewhere
The above rule system could be further streamlined by eliminating the first rule, because, strictly speaking, the realization [??] is optional. Unlike the other rules, this alternation is not demanded by the morpho-phonology of the prefix, but is due to a more general mechanism of assimilation in fast speech. For example, in Cambridge is also optionally pronounced with a velar nasal in fast speech registers.
We can test the predictions made by the rules by looking at base words which provide the pertinent environments and can take the prefix in-, such as correct, moveable, legible, rational, adequate. When prefixed, the forms are pronounced [?n]correct(or [??]correct), [?m]moveable, [?l]legible, [?r]rational, and [?n]adequate, supporting the above rules.
VI. 答题：满分为25分。
In the latter part of How to Do Things with Words, Austin made a fresh start on the problem and considered it from the ground up again, i.e. in what sense to say something is to do something.
In his opinion, there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something. The first sense is an ordinary one. That is, when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. In this sense, when someone says “Morning!”, we can ask a question like “What did he do?”instead of “What did he say?”And the answer could be that he produced a sound, word or sentence—“Morning!” The act performed in this sense is called a LOCUTIONARY ACT. Within this act, however, Austin suggests that there is another act. “[I]n performing a locutionary act we shall also be performing such an act as: asking or answering a question, giving some information or an assurance or a warning, announcing a verdict or an intention, pronouncing sentence, making an appointment or an appeal or a criticism, making an identification or giving a description, and the numerous like”. For example, to the question “What did he do?” when the person concerned said “Morning!”, we could perfectly well say “He offered a greeting.”
In other words, when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. In the example of “Morning!” we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. This is the second sense in which to say something is to do something, and the act performed is known as an ILLOCUTIONARY ACT. Austin acknowledges that the force can be regarded as part of meaning, when the latter is used in a broad sense. So in the example we are considering, we can also say “He meant it as a greeting”. In the retort “What do you mean?”, the word mean is used in the broad sense, too. But Austin thinks it is better to distinguish force from meaning, with the latter used in a narrow sense, or what we called the more constant, inherent side of meaning. Thus interpreted, force, or illocutionary force, may be said to be equivalent to speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, or extra meaning.
The third sense in which to say something can mean to do something concerns the
consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. Whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed. This act, which is performed through, by means of, a locutionary act, is called a PERLOCUTIONARY ACT.
For example, by saying “Morning!” to someone, the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer. This friendliness on the speaker’s side will definitely have effects on the hearer. When the two interlocutors are on normal terms, the effect may be negligible. But if there were any tensions between them, a simple “Morning!”from one side may bring about great changes in their relationship. The other may accept his show of friendship, and be friends with him again. In this case, we can say “He’s made peace with his friend”in response to the question “What did he do?” when the person concerned said “Morning!”. On the other hand, the hearer may have some prejudice against the speaker, and take his friendliness as an instance of hypocrisy. As a result, the speaker’s greeting may lead their relationship from bad to worse. Though this effect is not what the speaker had originally intended, it is still a perlocutionary act performed by him. This brings up another difference between the illocutionary act and perlocutionary act, i.e. one is related to the speaker’s intention and the other not.
Defined in this way, the locutionary act is what linguists have been studying all along. That is, how sounds, words and sentences are made, and what inherent meanings they have. The perlocutionary act involves many psychological and social factors, of which we are still more or less in the dark. So the illocutionary act is what Austin really driving at. In this sense, speech act theory is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act.
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英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e515373144.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e515373144.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e515373144.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e515373144.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
英语专业考研语言学试题集锦
语言学的资料很少，看完书后想找些习题或往年试题做做，可以起到练兵，巩固所看书本知识的作用。我收集了一些高校语言学的往年试题供大家参考，讨论，交流一下做题的感受，也希望大家可以把自己所考学校的往年试题发表在上面，给大家一起讨论。 1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). < 北师大2003年试题） 2 In english we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do you think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) ,< 同上》 3 Expain the following terms ,giving examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》 design feature macrolinguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anopho r error analysisr metaphor 4 Language can change through blending ,metanalysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing.Give two english words for each of them ( 5 points) 清华 2000年试题 5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points ) 湖南师大2003年 What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of the words which compose it ? 7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999 Phoneme ,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy ,language ,design feature 8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997 allophone morpheme assimilation internal authority interlanguage phatic communion closed-class word government semantica triangic lingua franca
英语语言学试题库
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e515373144.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
基础英语试题汇总
基础英语试题 （旅1）英译汉 1.Antinori would go for regulation ,of course 、He believes it is only a matter of time before we lose our hang-ups about reproductive cloning and accept it as just another IVF technique、 2.But the world will never embrace the first cloned baby if it is unhealthy or deformed or the sole survivor of hundreds of pregnancies、 3.I stared at the words in the distressed way you might stare at party guests whose faces you've seen somewhere before but whose names have escaped your mind、 4.Should you find yourself at Cairo's airport , look for Nagat outside the international arrival hall 、 If you are lucky , you will have a chance to see Cairo through the eyes of a woman taxi driver、 5.I spent the next 14 days in the hospital in a state of extreme confusion 、 This is what Ecstasy gave me
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc
英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.