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英语(沪教牛津版)教材解读 九年级上册

英语(沪教牛津版)教材解读 九年级上册
英语(沪教牛津版)教材解读 九年级上册

教材培训手册初中英语(沪教牛津版)

上海教育出版社有限公司

牛津大学出版社(中国)有限公司

目录

一、九年级上册教材解读 (2)

二、教材配套资源 (26)

一、九年级上册教材解读

(一)教材纵览

英语(沪教版)教材解读 九年级上册

上海教育出版社

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(二)单元解析

单元解析编写的目的是为了帮助教师了解板块关联,从而进行有效的教学设计。建议教师在备课之前扫读单元思维导图,了解板块关联以及参考案例的教学处理方式,从而提高教学效率。教师可在此基础上根据自己的教学需要进一步解读教材,并做出符合自己教学需要的教学设计。

Unit 1

能找出自己和他人文章

英语(沪教版)教材解读 九年级上册

上海教育出版社

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(三)教学建议

随着认知程度的提升,语言知识的丰富,语言能力的发展,学生进入九年级的学习后,教师在教学中的引领作用愈加凸显其重要性。虽然学生即将迎来中考,但语言能力的发展对于学生在应试中应对各类不同试题同样十分重要。因此,在教学过程中,还是应该基于教材的特点进行有效设计,有针对性地进行任务设定,巩固学生在七、八年级中已经习得的各项基本知识和基本技能,以期在九年级的学习中取得更大的进步。

1、关于阅读教学

在日常的教学过程中,不少教师对提问的功能理解狭隘,把提问当作检查学生对阅读材料是否理解的手段,所以问题普遍缺乏层次性,甚至以碎片式的形式呈现。不少教师采取与学生一问一答的方式,这种方式仅仅局限于对文章细节进行的提问,只涉及对阅读材料表层意义的理解,很少涉及文本深层次的含义,使阅读教学停留在浅层理解层面。因此,在九年级的阅读教学中,为了提升学生的思维能力和思维层次,要关注在阅读教学中使用问题链,即根据阅读教学目标和教学内容,结合学生已有的知识或经验,将教材知识转变成具有一定系统性、层次性、相对独立又相互关联的系列问题。前一个问题是后一个问题的前提,后一个问题是更后面问题的铺垫与阶梯,依次顺延下去,层层铺垫,环环相扣,便形成了一条问题链。问题链旨在引导学生顺着作者的思路一步步深入思考,充分发挥学生的主体意识,激发学生的求知欲,使学生对所授内容的理解更加全面、透彻。

(1)根据不同类型问题特征有效设计问题

问题的类型有不同的划分方法。按照问题与阅读文本材料之间的关系,问题类型可以分为文本显性问题、文本隐性问题和超越文本问题。

1)文本显性问题

文本显性问题是为了促进学生对文本信息的识记和理解而设计的问题。学生作答时会很大程度上依赖文本信息,便于教师预测学生的作答内容。在文本阅读的初始阶段,教师通常就文本中的词句、细节信息或篇章结构进行提问,学生凭借表层理解或快速查找文本便能找出答案。

2)文本隐形问题

文本隐形问题是学生理解并获取文本的事实性信息后,为了帮助学生进一步理解文本,教师围绕文本中有价值的关键点设计的问题。这类问题一般没有现成的答案,学生作答时需要在一定程度上参阅文本内容,同时结合已有的认知和经历,对文本信息进行提取、分析和应用。

3)超越文本问题

超越文本问题是教师在学生对文本话题相当熟悉的基础上,为了帮助学生形成正确的解决问题的意识、方法和能力而设计的对文本话题进行拓展的问题。这类问题在文本中没有现成答案,学生需要从不同的角度和层面,结合逻辑思维和情感态度得出综合性的评价和结论。这类问题可以为学生提供运用语言、表达独立看法的机会,对发挥学生主体性、培养深层思维能力有重要的作用。超越文本的问题大都是与文本主题相关的拓展性问题,学生通过对主题的思考和感悟可以获得思想启迪,形成正确认识,培养积极情感。此类问题是培养学生深层思维能力和正确情感态度的有效途径。

【案例1】三类问题示例(Unit 1)

1.文本显性问题

要求学生阅读主阅读篇章(教材第3页)的前3段并回答下列问题:

What did King Hiero ask the crown maker to do?

How did he feel when he received it?

What did he doubt about the crown later?

Whom did he ask for help?

What did Archimedes think of the problem?

对于上述这些问题,学生只需通过主阅读篇章字里行间透露的信息便能够进行解答。

2.文本隐形问题

待学生回答了上述三个问题后,教师可继续提问:

Why did King Hiero doubt that the crown was a real golden one?(这个问题需要根据学生的已有知识进行合理的分析和猜测)

Why did Archimedes think it was a difficult problem?(这个问题则需要学生根据整个前三段的内容进行适当的归纳和进一步思考)

对于上述两个问题,学生的回答可能都不相同,但都需要学生基于对文本的理解展开创造性的思维,对文本进行预测和分析,从而解决这些问题。

3.超越文本问题

待学生完成全文的学习后,教师可要求学生以小组讨论的方式思考下面的两个问题:

How did Archimedes find out that the crown was not made completely of gold?(这个问题要求学生根据主阅读篇章的内容复述阿基米德是如何判断王冠不是用纯金制成的,学生需要通过从问题中提取关键信息进行归纳,从而用自己的语言将整个过程描述出来)

What can you learn from the story?(要求学生根据所阅读的内容归纳文本的中心思想)

上述问题有助于培养学生的评判性思维,让学生养成对文本内容进行进一步思考的习惯,发现文本的深层次含义,对文本内容作出评价。

阅读教学中的提问设计是组织教学、启发思维、提高理解能力的重要手段,是实现高质量阅读教学的关键环节。教师只有把握了不同类型问题的特征,才能设计不同层次的问题,帮助学生掌握不同的阅读技能。

(2)运用多元问题设计构建学生思维路径

1)事实信息定位法

在理解文本表层信息时,学生要获取的是文本直接陈述的基本信息,即事实和观点——时间、地点、人物、事件、事例等。显性问题链的设计是帮助学生了解作者对于某一事件的陈述或已经被认定的事实与观点,让学生通过解答问题,从而对文本内容和事实进行理解,为下一阶段更深层次的分析、评价等思维活动做知识性的储备和铺垫。

【案例2】记叙文显性问题链设计

What is the story about? What happened …?这个记叙文文本问候可能包含如下几个小问题:

When/Where does the story take place/happen?

How many characters are there in the story? Who are they?

How do they feel?

What is the reason for …?

What does this word/sentence mean/refer to?

What is the main idea of the text/paragraph 2?

In your opinion, do you …? Why or why not?

What did the writer want to do when …? Why do you think so?

Why did the writer think about after doing …?

Do you like it? Why or why not?

上述这些问题可以帮助学生理清文本脉络和基本事实。

这样层层深入、环环相扣的问题让学生既从读者的角度看问题,又可以站在作者的立场上进行思考,进一步加深对文本的理解。

【案例3】议论文显性问题链设计

在议论文的阅读教学中,我们通常会先询问作者的观点,再寻找相关的论据。问题往往是:

What is the writer’s opinion?

What are the supporting ideas?

这些问题的目的在于让学生明白作者的论点、论据和论证,了解议论文的基本框架和内容。

【案例4】说明文显性问题链设计

What does the writer introduce in the passage?对于整体理解说明文文体,教师可设计如下基于文本的问题:

How many ways/methods/aspects/things/uses are mentioned in the text?

Why are they?

Which one is the most … according to …?

这一系列问题梳理了作者对于事情或者事物的描述,有助于学生后续的评价、比较、举例等思维活动的开展。

文本显性问题链的设计旨在让学生重点解读时间、地点、人物、事件、事例、场景之间的相互关系,如事实与观点、观点与观点、观点与例子之间的关系。学生能够理解作者谈论的主要观点或事件,理解作者为证明自己的观点所选用的例子等证据,理解作者的结论是如何得出的。此类问题需要学生细读文本,沿着作者的思路,理清文本脉络、了解文本大意和细节、归纳文章主旨、明确作者的写作目的。

2)价值信息迁移法

文本隐形问题链的设计,是鼓励学生运用文本所学内容并结合自身情况,通过归纳、总结表达自己的想法。

【案例5】隐形问题链设计

在记叙文教学中可以设计如下问题:

What do you think of him? → What do you think will probably happen? → What have you learnt from this article?

在议论文教学中可以设计如下问题:

What’s your opinion on …? →What’s your attitude towards …? →What’s your idea of …?

在说明文教学中可以设计如下问题:

What have you known about it? → What do you want to know about it? → What do you think of it? → What have you learned about it? → How will you introduce it?

在解决上述问题链的过程中,学生不是被动地根据问题去寻找信息,而是主动通过文章人物的对话、动作、神情等信息对人物进行性格特点分析;以及从作者的角度出发,进行信息整合、筛选和综合判断。

学生在这个过程中,积极地把从文本中获得的信息,联系自己的实际,进行独立思考、综合分析、交流分享等一系列的思维活动。

3)内涵信息体验法

文本在传递信息的同时,也表达了作者的写作意图和观点。检测学生能否对文本的中心思想进行归纳和提炼,能否正确把握作者的写作态度和写作目的,能否摄入挖掘和理解文章内涵,有效方法之一就是教师要设计超越文本信息的问题。

【案例6】超越文本问题链设计

在篇章阅读分析完之后,教师不妨用下列问题来检验一下学生对文本的理解程度:

What’s the writer’s attitude towards …?

What’s the author’s purpo se in writing the passage?

How did the writer feel when he …?

What do we learn about the writer’s mood?

这类问题是对文本的拓展和延伸,能衍生出许多基于文本但又高于文本的问题。这类问题链的设计,应不局限于文本本身的语言知识,而是就有关知识的探讨旁征博引,帮助学生将日常生活与所学知识进行有机结合迁移。通过一环扣一环、一层进一层的提问,引导学生的思维向深度和广度发展。

(3)运用问题链构筑阅读教学的整个过程

先设计文本显性问题链,再设计文本隐性问题链,最后设计超越文本问题链,构筑起用问题串联整个阅读教学的模式。这种方式对于培养学生阅读习惯,迅速定位信息、发现关键细节,整体分析文本,提升创造性思维都有着巨大的作用。

【案例7】基于问题链的阅读教学(Unit 8)

[教学目标]通过文本显性问题、隐性问题和超越文本问题的回答,帮助学生了解文本事实、熟悉文本深层内容及对文本内容做出价值判断。

[教学设计]

活动1要求学生阅读主阅读篇章(教材第115页)的第1、2段并回答下列问题:

1.When did the story take place?

2.Who are the characters of the story? How was their life?

3.What problem did Della have?

4.What is the second paragraph mainly about?

5.What were their valuable possessions?

6.Why did the writer mention their possessions?(文本隐性问题,培养学生对后续文本的预测能力)活动2要求学生阅读主阅读篇章的第3至8段并回答下列问题:

1.What did Della look like when she went out to the street?

2.Why did O. Henry write about Della as a woman in an old brown jacket and an old brown hat?(文本隐性问题,要求学生思考作者的写作意图,将句中的两个old进行强调,与第1段中读到的其家庭背景的内容相关联,培养学生文本阅读的整体意识)

3.Where did she finally stop?

4.What did Della do at the store? Why did she do so?

5.What did she do then?

提问学生下列问题:

活动6提问学生:What can we learn from the story?,要求学生对全文进行小结和归纳(超越文本问题,需要学生根据整篇文章透露的主题归纳文本的中心思想)。

[作业]将下列句子印发给学生。告诉学生这些句子取自原故事,要求他们讲这些句子放入文章的适当位臵。

1.She saved a cent or two at the grocery store or the butch er’s when she asked for a low price.(臵于第4行… seven cents之后)

2.However, sparkling tears could still be seen in her eyes.(臵于第10行… and her old brown hat之后)3.She took off her hat and the brown beautiful hair fell like a waterfall.(臵于第13行的句子前)

4.It surely had been made for Jim and no one else.(臵于第16行It was a watch chain之后)

5.”Please God, make him think I am still pretty,” whispered Della.(臵于第18行行末)

6.”You had your hair cut?”(臵于第20和21行之间)

7.”Let’s put our Christmas gifts away and keep them a while. They’re just too nice to use at present.”(臵于文本最后,独立成段)

从上面的案例可以看出,显性问题、隐性问题和超越文本问题三者是结合在一起的,并非割裂开来的。在一些事实性问题提出后,需要引发学生对文本做进一步的预测或思考,这时候就需要隐性问题来激发学生的思维。而在文本阅读教学尾声时,要让学生对整个文本的意义、作者的写作意图或方式等做全盘的考虑,这时候就需要超越文本问题来激发学生的评判性思维。这种将三种问题结合在一起的层次性、系统性的提问就构筑起了一条问题链,贯穿了阅读教学的整个过程。

2、关于写作教学

(1)“以读促写”,提升书面表达能力

九年级的学生在七、八两个年级的学习中已经积累了一定的写作技能,但是限于初中阶段学生的语言积累和生活体验,“以读促写”的写作教学路径比较切合实际,即开展从读到写的指导性写作和模仿性写作。教材中的很多阅读文本、范文不仅可以训练学生的阅读技能,也可以为学生提供主题、文体、谋篇布局、段落策划、语言的恰当表达方式等方面的范例和支架。同时,“以读促写”也能够缓解九年级课时紧张,写作时间无法保证的问题。因此,教师应当通过帮助学生挖掘阅读素材,从语言知识、语篇连贯、内容立意和问题结构等方面来提高学生的书面表达能力。

“以读促写”的教学基本路径是:(1)泛读主题素材,明确写作内容;(2)研读阅读素材,掌握写作方法;(3)精读阅读素材,锤炼语言表现;(4)迁移阅读素材,提升写作能力。简言之,“以读促写”在很大程度上是“仿写”的过程,但整个过程凸显了“泛读—迁移—研读—迁移/运用—精读—迁移/运用”螺旋式上升的过程。在学生对阅读文本有深入的理解后,学生仿写练习也会水到渠成。仿写训练包括“仿结构”“仿

句子”“仿段落”等。“仿结构”是教师通过分析文本结构带领学生了解文章的谋篇布局,引导学生在思维中建立协作框架;“仿句子”则是在读中对好的字词、句式进行有针对性的训练,通过强加加以巩固,培养语言表达能力,并在此基础上让学生“仿段落”。

虽然仿写有助于对所学内容进行迁移,是一项操作性较强的教学策略,但“以读促写”的最终目标是让学生能通过模仿,将所学所知内化为自身的认知,具备灵活运用的能力。通过写语篇的学习任务,可提高学生的综合运用能力,从容应对新的写作任务。

径。阅读素材不仅可以弥补学生生活体验的确实,帮助学生获得间接生活体验,同时也可以帮助学生积累词汇,增加语言的输入量,为写作做好铺垫。教学过程中,教师应仔细研读文本,根据文本特征和学生英语水平,选取恰当的点,适时地对学生的写作进行指导。

(2)“一题多写”,拓展学生的写作思路

对于九年级的学生而言,由于即将参加中考,如何应对考试中的命题作文也是必要的能力之一。为此,教师在日常教学中不得不将“应考”的这一要素融汇在教学之中。但这与日常教学不是割裂的,不是单纯的“为考而教”,而应该将学生习得的写作技能加以应用和巩固,通过“一题多写”的方式,让学生对同一主题从不同文体、不同角度进行构思的训练,从而把握对每一种文体应有的表达方式的理解。

【案例9】通过“一题多写”,拓展学生的写作思路(Unit 6)

1.要求学生阅读教材第92页练习A中的范文,说说整个的restaurant review有哪些部分组成。

2.要求学生细读该文本,指出每个部分都讲述了哪些方面的内容。可以下图的形式呈现:

3.要求学生根据上面的思维导图简单思考自己推荐的一家餐厅,并对每一个方面做出必要的备注,列出写作提纲。

4.要求学生独立完成文章的撰写。

5.学生自评、互评,教师点评。

6.提供下面一组作文标题,要求学生思考这些话题应该从哪些方面进行写作,与A restaurant review 的写作侧重有何不同。

(1)My favourite restaurant

(2)__________ (name of the restaurant), a must-go restaurant

(3)The most popular restaurant in our city/town

7.要求学生四人一组,每人选择其中的一个标题进行撰写

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(3)利用“核查表”,培养学生自查、修改文章的能力

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Unit 1 My classroom Period Three Teaching contents: let‘s learn ( page 4 ) Teaching aims: 7. 知识目标:学会pencil, pen, ruler, rubber, bag等学习用品。 8. 能力目标:运用各种方法简单描述物品。 9. 情感目标:教育学生热爱学习。 Difficult and key points:单词的发音和识记。 Teaching aids:Cassette1A, picture cards and word cards. Teaching procedure:

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