2017翻译硕士考研要点：句子翻译

2017翻译硕士考研要点：句子翻译

句子(sentenee)是比词语更高一级的语法层次，是能够单独存在并能表达相对完整意义的语言单位。一般说来，交际活动都是以句子为基本语言单位展开的，因此句子在翻译过程

中占有最重要的位置，必须予以高度重视。

一、英汉句子对比

英语句子按其结构可分为简单句和复杂句。简单句由一个独立分句、即一个独立使

用的主谓结构组成，复杂句则由两个或两个以上的分句组成，按照分句间的关系，又可分为

并列句和复合句。按交际功能分，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等。汉语句子在结构和功能划分上同英语一样，也可以分为单句和复句及陈述、疑问等句。但是，英语的简单句并不总是等同于汉语的单句，因为汉语的单句既包括英语的简单句，也包括英

语中的某些带从句的复合句。例如：

His idea is that we elean the floor first.他的意见是我们先清扫地板。(英语中that引

导的是一个表语从句，而汉语中”我们先清扫地板"只是一个主谓结构(词组)作宾语。) 其次，英汉两种语言在句序上也有一定的差异，如英语简单句的句序一般是"主语+

谓语+宾语+状语"，而汉语单句的则一般是"主语+状语+谓语+宾语”，例如：

I woke up in the middle of night.我在半夜里醒了。

英语句子中如出现多个状语，一般按"方式状语+地点状语+时间状语”的次序来排

列，地点状语或时间状语之间的排列顺序一般是从小到大；而在汉语句中却常相反。例如：

(1) They played chess in high spirits at the club yesterday.

他们昨天在俱乐部高兴地下棋。

(2) She lives at 34 Rue Temple，Gen eva，Switzerla nd.

她住在瑞士日内瓦唐普尔大街34号。

英语的定语既可前置、又可后置，而汉语的则只能前置。例如：

useful books有用的书

a man of fifty years old 五十岁的人

除表示目的、结果或程度分句的句序与汉语的大体相同外，英语主从复合句中的从

句一般既可置于句首，又可置于句末，而汉语复句中的对等句子成分却常置于句首。如：

Because he was ill，he had to stay at home.因为他病了，所以不得不呆在家里。

最后，不同的英汉句子均具有自己不同的语体色彩。这在翻译过程中必须加以鉴别，

不可忽视。例如下面一组英语句子虽表达相同的意思，但语体色彩各异：

Feeling tired，John went to bed early.(formal)

John went to bed early because he felt tired.(common core)

Joh n felt tired，so he went to bed early.( in formal)

二、英语句子翻译

翻译句子首先要对句子结构进行语法分析，这既包括上节词语层翻译中所讲的词

类、词义分析，也包括句类(简单句、并列句还是复合句)分析、句子间各主要部分(如主句、

从句、上下句)逻辑关系分析、句子的语用功能和语体分析及其它相关背景知识的综合分析，翻译文学作品时还不能忘记句子的艺术分析(主要是修辞手段和情感表达效果分析)。在正确

理解句意后，用恰当的译入语将句义（各种意义）最大限度地表达出来。一般来讲，句子的译

法可以是：一、亦步亦趋，二、化整为零（分译），三、调整句序、词序。从语言层次的转换

情况来看，英语句子翻译成汉语既可是同一层次的同类型转换，也可是同一层次的非同类型

转换，还可以是超越同一层次的转换。

（一）简单句的翻译

翻译简单句有时可亦步亦趋，有时则需在引申词义、转换词类和调整词序、句序上下功夫，例如：

（1）I bought the car.我买了这部车。（转换成汉语简单句）

（2）But this n aval competiti on stra ined the Liberal Governmen t's prin ciples as well as their budgets .但是这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。（转换成汉语联合复句的并列句）

（3）Law en forceme nt cann ot resp on sibly sta nd aloof. 司法部门如果对此不闻

不问，那

就是没有尽到责任。（转换成汉语偏正复句的假设句）

（4）Differences between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle

to their

approachme nt and co-operatio n.各国社会制度不同，但不应妨碍彼此接近与相互合作。（转

换

成汉语偏正复句的转折句）

（5）This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town

Hall，

with Mr.Strong in the chair.这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主

持会议的是斯特朗先生。（转换成两个汉语句子）

（二）复合句的翻译

英语复合句翻译时首先要理清各分句之间的关系（语法关系和逻辑关系），辩明句意

及句子在特定语境中的功能。表达时有时可亦步亦趋，有时可用分译法和句序、词序调整法。下面是名词分句汉译的几个例子：

（1）Whether an object will

sink or float depe nds on its den sity. 物体在水中的沉浮取决

于物体的比重。（名词分句——转换为汉语单句，名词分句成主语）

（2）-------------------------------------------------------- I owe it to you that

I did n't die.我没死，全靠你。（名词分句------------------------ 宾语从句转换为

汉语并列句）

（3）It worried her much that her daughter should stay up so late.她很着急，因

为她女儿

很晚都不睡觉。（名词分句一一主语从句转换为状语从句）

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