hybrid hvdc breaker an innovation breakthrough for reliable hvdc grids

The Hybrid HVDC Breaker

An innovation breakthrough enabling reliable HVDC grids

Magnus Callavik, Anders Blomberg, Jürgen H?fner, Bj?rn Jacobson

ABB Grid Systems

SUMMARY

Existing mechanical HVDC breakers are capable of interrupting HVDC currents within several tens of milliseconds, but this is too slow to fulfill the requirements of a reliable HVDC grid. HVDC breakers based on semiconductors can easily overcome the limitations of operating speed, but generate large transfer losses, typically in the range of 30 percent of the losses of a voltage source converter station. To overcome these obstacles, ABB has developed a hybrid HVDC breaker. The hybrid design has negligible conduction losses, while preserving ultra-fast current interruption capability.

This paper will present a detailed description of the hybrid HVDC breaker, its design principles and test results. The modular design of the hybrid breaker for HVDC applications is described. Furthermore, the application of the hybrid breaker associated with the design of a HVDC switchyard will be discussed.

KEYWORDS: HVDC grid; HVDC breaker - hybrid; Semiconductor breaker

_______________________________________________________________________________ 1. INTRODUCTION

The advance of voltage source converter-based (VSC) high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems makes it possible to build an HVDC grid with many terminals. Compared with high-voltage alternating current (AC) grids, active power conduction losses are relatively low and reactive power conduction losses are zero in an HVDC grid. This advantage makes an HVDC grid more attractive [1]. However, the relatively low impedance in HVDC grids is a challenge when a short circuit fault occurs, because the fault penetration is much faster and deeper. Consequently, fast and reliable HVDC breakers are needed to isolate faults and avoid a collapse of the common HVDC grid voltage. Furthermore, maintaining a reasonable level of HVDC voltage is a precondition for the converter station to operate normally. In order to minimize disturbances in converter operation, particularly the operation of stations not connected to the faulty line or cable, it is necessary to clear the fault within a few milliseconds.

Recently, plans for large scale use of embedded VSC-HVDC transmission in point-to-point overhead lines have been proposed, e.g. Germany, in the so-called Netzentwicklungsplan (NEP - Network Development Plan). New generation from remote sites such as renewable sources, are driving the case for VSC-HVDC systems in the areas of active power transmission and reactive power compensation. Here the hybrid HVDC breaker can provide the additional benefit of interrupting HVDC line faults.

Fast fault handling would enable the converter stations to operate as stand-alone static compensation units (STATCOMs) to stabilize voltage and increase transmission capacity in the AC grid during fault clearance.

Existing mechanical HVDC breakers are capable of interrupting HVDC currents within several tens of milliseconds, [2] but are too slow to fulfill the requirements of a reliable HVDC grid. Furthermore, building mechanical HVDC breakers is in itself challenging and requires the installation of additional passive components to create the resonance circuit, and generate the current zero crossing so the breaker will succeed in breaking the current once it opens. Existing HVDC switches have been used for more than 30 years in the neutral switchyard of bipolar HVDC installations. Here they perform various functions, such as rerouting HVDC current during reconfiguration of the main circuit, or helping to extinguish fault currents. For example, the Metallic Return Transfer Breaker (MRTB) is used to commutate the current from the ground path to a metal conductor, when there are restrictions on how long an HVDC current can be routed through the ground. Other examples include the Ground Return Transfer Switch (GRTS), Neutral Bus Switch (NBS) and Neutral Bus Grounding Switch (NBGS). The two main differences between these transfer breakers and the hybrid HVDC breaker is that the transfer breakers operate considerably slower than the hybrid breaker, and that part of the current is transferred, rather than interrupted. These high-voltage switches or breaker systems use an AC-type of high-voltage breaker; the zero crossing of the HVDC fault current is imposed by discharge of a capacitor bank to generate a current opposite to the fault current, in order to extinguish the arc. These are large outdoor pieces of equipment, situated partly on air-insulated platforms in the HVDC converter station neutral switchyard. The direct apparent voltage for these applications is usually only a few tens of kilovolts (kV).

Developing a very fast mechanical HVDC breaker is a demanding task [3]. Semiconductor-based HVDC breakers easily overcome the limitations of operational speed and voltage, but generate large transfer losses - typically in the range of 30 percent of the losses of a voltage source converter station. The hybrid HVDC breaker has been developed to overcome these obstacles,

This paper is structured as follows. First, the performance requirement of HVDC breakers as the main apparatus determining the system performance of an HVDC grid is highlighted. Next, a detailed description including the design principle is illustrated for the proposed hybrid HVDC breaker. Finally, some test results from a prototype of the main switch branch and the complete hybrid HVDC breaker are presented.

2. SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

An HVDC grid is formed when more than two converter stations are interconnected on the HVDC side via HVDC cables or overhead lines. Each converter station or each terminal of the HVDC grid couples the HVDC grid to an AC grid. In order to maintain the converter`s active and reactive power control capability, it is normally requested that the HVDC voltage be above at least 80 percent of the nominal HVDC voltage. If the converters lose control capability due to low HVDC voltage, the consequences can be voltage collapse in the HVDC grid and high current or voltage stresses for the converter. This can also affect the coupled AC grid voltage. An HVDC short-circuit fault can, in the worst case, make HVDC voltage suddenly drop from nominal level to near zero at the fault location. The voltage reduction in other places of the HVDC grid depends mainly on the electrical distance to the fault location and HVDC reactors installed near the converter stations. For an HVDC grid connected by HVDC cables, a short-circuit fault typically has to be cleared within 5 milliseconds (ms), in order not to disturb converter stations as far away as 200 km, a - significantly different challenge compared to AC fault clearing times.

HVDC grid system performance is not the only reason fast HVDC switches are necessary. From the point of view of HVDC breaker design, fast fault current breaking is crucial, as is shown in the following examples.

Due to the voltage source converters and the capacitive nature of HVDC grids with interconnecting cables, an HVDC grid independent of the actual configuration has been depicted in the simplified equivalent shown in Figure 1(a) during the short time period representing the occurrence of an HVDC fault. The equivalent circuit includes an infinitely strong HVDC source, an HVDC reactor and the HVDC switch in parallel with an arrester.

Figure 1(b) shows the electromagnetic transients when the current is broken. The current starts to rise when the fault occurs. When the switch opens, the current starts to decrease as it is commutated to the arrester. The fault current in the arrester bank establishes a counter voltage, which reduces the fault current to zero by dissipating the fault energy stored in the HVDC reactor and fault current path of the HVDC grid. The protective level of the arrester bank must exceed the HVDC voltage in the HVDC grid.

Figure 1: Representation of an HVDC breaker in an HVDC grid

Total fault clearing time consists of two parts: breaking time corresponds to a period of rising current, and fault clearing corresponds to a period of decreasing current. Both time intervals are important considerations in the design and cost of the HVDC breaker, as well as the reactor.

In practice, breaking time is governed by the response time of the protection, and the action time of the HVDC switch. A longer breaking time requires the HVDC switch to have an increased maximum current breaking capability. This increases the energy handled by the arrester and correspondingly leads to a higher cost for the HVDC breaker. Therefore it is important to keep breaking time as short as possible. When the breaking time and the maximum breaking current capability is given, the only adjustable parameter is the inductance of the HVDC reactor, which decides the rate of current rise. The HVDC reactor therefore needs to be selected in such a way, that within the breaking time, current does should not reach a level higher than the maximum breaking current capability of the HVDC breaker. However, the size of the HVDC reactor may be limited by factors like cost, and the stability

of the HVDC grid system. Fault clearance Breaking current Breaking time VSC HVDC Yard Fault (a) (b)

The time duration for fault clearance will affect voltage dimensioning of the arrester as well as the pole voltage protection. A shorter fault clearance implies reduced power dissipation in the arrester bank, but it requires a higher voltage dimensioning of the arrester. On the other hand, an increase of the protective level of the arrester will result in a higher pole-to-pole voltage rating, and thus adds to the costs of the HVDC breaker.

The following example provides a general impression of the relationship between the parameters mentioned above. Assuming a breaking time of 2 ms, which is possible for semiconductor-based HVDC switches, and an HVDC line fault close to the HVDC switchyard, the maximum rise of the fault current will be 3.5 kA/ms for a HVDC reactor of 100 mH in a 320 kV HVDC grid with 10 percent maximum overvoltage. For a given rated line current of 2 kA, the minimum required breaking capability of the HVDC breaker is 9 kA.

3. HYBRID HVDC BREAKER

As presented in Figure 2, the hybrid HVDC breaker consists of an additional branch, a bypass formed by a semiconductor-based load commutation switch in series with a fast mechanical disconnector. The main semiconductor-based HVDC breaker is separated into several sections with individual arrester banks dimensioned for full voltage and current breaking capability, whereas the load commutation switch matches lower voltage and energy capability. After fault clearance, a disconnecting circuit breaker interrupts the residual current and isolates the faulty line from the HVDC grid to protect the arrester banks of the hybrid HVDC breaker from thermal overload.

Figure 2: Hybrid HVDC breaker

During normal operation the current will only flow through the bypass, and the current in the main breaker is zero. When an HVDC fault occurs, the load commutation switch immediately commutates the current to the main HVDC breaker and the fast disconnector opens. With the mechanical switch in open position, the main HVDC breaker breaks the current.

The mechanical switch isolates the load commutation switch from the primary voltage across the main HVDC breaker during current breaking. Thus, the required voltage rating of the load commutation switch is significantly reduced. A successful commutation of the line current into the main HVDC breaker path requires a voltage rating of the load commutation switch exceeding the on-state voltage of the main HVDC breaker, which is typically in the kV range for a 320 kV HVDC breaker. This result in typical on-state voltages of the load commutation switch is in the range of several volts only. The transfer losses of the hybrid HVDC breaker concept are thus significantly reduced to a percentage of the losses incurred by a pure semiconductor breaker, i.e. 0.01% of the transmitted power.

The mechanical switch opens at zero current with low voltage stress, and can thus be realized as a disconnector with a lightweight contact system. The fast disconnector will be exposed to the maximum pole-to-pole voltage defined by the protective level of the arrester banks after first being in open position while the main HVDC breaker opens. Thomson drives [4] result in fast opening times and compact disconnector design using SF6 as insulating media.

Proactive control of the hybrid HVDC breaker allows it to compensate for the time delay of the fast disconnector, if the opening time of the disconnector is less than the time required for selective protection. As shown in Figure 3, proactive current commutation is initiated by the hybrid HVDC breaker`s built-in overcurrent protection as soon as the HVDC line current exceeds a certain

overcurrent level. The main HVDC breaker delays current breaking until a trip signal of the selected protection is received or the faulty line current is close to the maximum breaking current capability of the main HVDC breaker.

To extend the time before the self-protection function of the main HVDC breaker trips the hybrid HVDC breaker, the main HVDC breaker may operate in current limitation mode prior to current breaking. The main HVDC breaker controls the voltage drop across the HVDC reactor to zero to prevent a further rise in the line current. Pulse mode operation of the main HVDC breaker or

sectionalizing the main HVDC breaker as shown in Figure 3 will allow adapting the voltage across the main HVDC breaker to the instantaneous HVDC voltage level of the HVDC grid. The maximum duration of the current limiting mode depends on the energy dissipation capability of the arrester banks. Figure 3: Proactive control of hybrid HVDC breaker. LCS denotes load commutation switch

On-line supervision allowing maintenance on demand is achieved by scheduled current transfer of the line current from the bypass into the main HVDC current breaker during normal operation, without disturbing or interrupting the power transfer in the HVDC grid.

Fast backup protection similar to pure semiconductor breakers is possible for hybrid HVDC breakers applied to HVDC switchyards. Due to the proactive mode, over-currents in the line or superior

switchyard protection will activate the current transfer from the bypass into the main HVDC breaker or possible backup breakers prior to the trip signal of the backup protection. In the case of a breaker failure, the backup breakers are activated almost instantaneously, typically within less than 0.2 ms. This will avoid major disturbances in the HVDC grid, and keep the required current-breaking

capability of the backup breaker at reasonable values. If not utilized for backup protection, the hybrid HVDC breakers automatically return to normal operation mode after the fault is cleared.

PROTOTYPE DESIGN OF THE HYBRID HVDC BREAKER

The hybrid HVDC breaker is designed to achieve a current breaking capability of 9.0 kA in an HVDC grid with rated voltage of 320 kV and rated HVDC transmission current of 2 kA. The maximum current breaking capability is independent of the current rating and depends on the design of the main Main HVDC Breaker

Max. Current Protection

Max. Breaking Current

Proactive

Switching

LCS opens Current Limiting

Fast Disconnector

in open position

t (ms) Selective Protection Fault

Main HVDC Breaker Max. Temperature

External trip signal of

Selective Protection to

Main HVDC Breaker I (A) Delay

HVDC breaker only. The fast disconnector and main HVDC breaker are designed for switching voltages exceeding 1.5 p.u. in consideration of fast voltage transients during current breaking.

The main HVDC breaker consists of several HVDC breaker cells with individual arrester banks limiting the maximum voltage across each cell to a specific level during current breaking. Each HVDC breaker cell contains four HVDC breaker stacks as shown in Figure 4. Two stacks are required to break the current in either current direction.

IGBT HVDC Breaker Position

HVDC Breaker Cell

Figure 4: Design of 80kV main HVDC breaker cell

Each stack is composed of up to 20 series connected IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) HVDC breaker positions. Due to the large di/dt stress during current breaking, a mechanical design with low stray inductance is required. Application of press pack IGBTs with 4.5 kV voltage rating [6] enables a compact stack design and ensures a stable short circuit failure mode in case of individual component failure. Individual RCD snubbers across each IGBT module ensure equal voltage distribution during current breaking. Optically powered gate units enable operation of the IGBT HVDC breaker independent of current and voltage conditions in the HVDC grid. A cooling system is not required for the IGBT stacks, since the main HVDC breaker cells are not exposed to the line current during normal operation.

For the design of the load commutation switch, one IGBT HVDC breaker module for each current direction is sufficient to fulfill the requirements of the voltage rating. Parallel connection of IGBT modules increases the rated current of the hybrid HVDC breaker. Series connected, redundant IGBT HVDC breaker modules improve the reliability of the load commutation switch. A matrix of 3x3 IGBT positions for each current direction is chosen for the present design. Since the load commutation switch is continuously exposed to the line current, a cooling system is required. Besides water cooling, air-forced cooling can be applied, due to relatively low losses in the range of several tens of kW only.

5. TEST RESULTS MAIN BREAKER

During the design of the hybrid HVDC breaker prototype, different tests were performed in order to verify expected performance. The first test setup reported earlier focuses mainly on the control of semiconductor devices and their current breaking capability. The second test setup verifies both the voltage and current capability of one cell of the main HVDC breaker. The ongoing extension of this test setup will focus on the overall performance of the hybrid HVDC breaker. Due to big differences in voltage levels in the test setup, construction of the test circuits is quite different but the test procedure is similar.

A scaled-down prototype of the main breaker cell with three series connected IGBT modules and a common arrester bank was used to verify the current-breaking capability of 4.5 kV StakPak IGBTs [6] in the first test circuit as shown in Figure 5. A fourth IGBT module was connected in opposite primary

current direction to verify the functionality of the incorporated anti-parallel diode. Discharge of a capacitor bank by a thyristor switch, limited only by a minor DC reactor, represents pole-to-ground faults in the HVDC grid. The HVDC voltage level prior to the fault and after fault clearance is less critical, since the voltage stress across the IGBT HVDC breaker positions during current breaking depends on the applied arrester bank only.

Figure 5: HVDC breaker component test circuit

As shown in Figure 6, the maximum current breaking capability of the IGBT HVDC breaker cell is determined by the saturation current of the applied IGBT modules rather than the safe operation area (SOA) as is typical in voltage source converter applications. The series connected HVDC breaker IGBT positions commutate the line current within 2 μs (microseconds) into the RCD snubber circuits, which limits the rate of rise in voltage across the positions to 300 V/μs. Zero voltage switching reduces the instantaneous switching losses and ensures equal voltage distribution independent of the tolerances in the switching characteristics of the applied IGBT modules.

Figure 6: Maximum stress tests on IGBT HVDC breaker positions (left: Zoom)

The line current commutates from the RCD snubber circuit into the arrester path after the common voltage across the IGBT HVDC breaker positions reaches the protective level of the arrester bank. The IGBT HVDC breaker positions passed the stress tests for breaking currents below 10 kA. For

higher currents, the IGBT saturation current level is reached by the internal current limitation in the

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breaker, causing an immediate voltage drop across the IGBT modules. During a purposely destructive test, the resulting internal heat dissipation within the IGBT module destroys the encapsulated IGBT chips. Due to the use of presspack IGBTs, a reliable short circuit without mechanical destruction of the failed IGBT module is enabled. Since only one of the IGBT modules failed during the test, the fault can still be cleared by the two other modules.

The nominal HVDC voltage per IGBT HVDC breaker cell is 80 kV. Due to the high voltage level, the second test setup requires a significantly larger space. In Figure 7, the test circuit for the hybrid HVDC breaker concept is shown. A ±150 kV HVDC switchyard supplies the containerized test equipment to verify the functionality of the main IGBT HVDC breaker represented by two series connected IGBT HVDC breaker stacks and a common arrester bank. The desired HVDC voltage level is built up by charging the capacitor bank C1. The reactor L1 is selected to give the expected current derivative

(di/dt) during a short-circuit fault. The short-circuit fault is initiated by the triggered spark gap Q5.

Figure 7: ABB’s containerized HVDC breaker test circuit

Figure 8 shows a typical test result. A maximum breaking current of over 9 kA is verified. The voltage across the HVDC breaker cell exceeds 120 kV during current commutation. The breaking capability of one 80 kV HVDC breaker cell thus exceeds 1 GVA. Furthermore, equal voltage distribution with a maximum voltage drop of 3.3 kV and a spread of less than 10 percent was only observed for the individual IGBT HVDC breaker positions in the HVDC breaker cell.

Figure 8: Verification of modular IGBT HVDC breaker cell

6. TEST RESULTS HYBRID HVDC BREAKER

The main breaker test setup described in Section 5 and reported earlier [8] was expanded to verify the complete hybrid HVDC breaker concept. A second capacitor bank and large reactors were installed to limit the rate of line current rise to typical HVDC grid values. The ultra-fast disconnector and load commutation switch are included in the system configuration.

Successful verification testing at device and component level has proven the performance of the components. The complete hybrid HVDC breaker has now been verified in a demonstrator setup at ABB facilities. The diagram in Figure 9 shows a breaking event with peak current 9 kA and 2 ms delay time for opening the ultra-fast disconnector in the branch parallel to the main breaker. The maximum rated fault current of 9 kA is the limit for the existing generation of semiconductors. The next generation of semiconductor devices will allow breaking performance of up to 16 kA. The purpose of the tests was to verify switching performance of the power electronic parts, and the opening speed of the mechanical ultra-fast disconnector. The test object consisted of one 80 kV unidirectional main breaker cell, along with the ultra-fast disconnector and load commutation switch. The higher voltage rating is accomplished by connecting in series, several main breaker cells, but the switching stress per cell is the same as in the demonstrator. This series connection approach is also used to test conventional HVDC Light and HVDC Classic valves. Tests have not only been carried out for normal breaking events, but also for situations with failed components in the breaker, in order to verify reliable detection and safe operation in such cases.

Figure 9: Verification of the hybrid HVDC breaker system

7. OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS

For onshore installations and typical HVDC grid switchyards, the HVDC reactor and disconnecting residual current breakers are installed outdoors, which significantly reduces the size of the valve hall required for the hybrid HVDC breaker. Sharing the HVDC reactors with other HVDC breakers installed in the switchyard can further reduce the size of the installation.

Introduction of Bi-mode Insulated Gate Transistor (BiGT) technologies [7] incorporating the functionality of the reverse conducting diode on the IGBT chips will double the current breaking

capability of existing presspack modules. With maximum breaking currents of up to 16 kA and operating times less than 5 ms including the time delay of the protection system, proactive hybrid HVDC breakers are well suited for use in HVDC switchyards to prevent the collapse of multi-terminal HVDC systems due to HVDC line faults.

Fast, reliable and nearly zero loss HVDC breakers and current limiters based on the hybrid HVDC breaker concept have been verified at component and system levels at ABB’s high power laboratories in Sweden and Switzerland, for HVDC voltages up to 320 kV and rated currents of 2 kA. Thus HVDC grids can now be planned. The next step is to deploy the breaker in a real HVDC transmission line to test under continuous full load conditions.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] E. Koldby, M. Hyttinen “Challenges on the Road to an Offshore HVDC Grid,” (Nordic Wind

Power Conference, Bornholm, Sept. 2009)

[2]?. Ekstr?m, H. H?rtel, H.P. Lips, W. Schultz “Design and testing of an HVDC circuit breaker,”

(Cigré session 1976, paper 13-06)

[3] C.M. Franck “HVDC Circuit Breakers: A Review Identifying Future Research Needs,” (IEEE

Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 26, pp. 998-1007, April 2011)

[4]J. Magnusson, O. Hammar, G. Engdahl “Modelling and Experimental Assessment of Thomson

Coil Actuator System for Ultra Fast Mechanical Switches for Commutation of Load Currents,”

(International Conference on New Actuators and Drive Systems, Bremen, 14-16 Juni 2010) [5]G. Asplund “HVDC switch for current limitation in a HVDC transmission with voltage source

converters,” (European Patent EP0867998B1)

[6]S. Eicher, M. Rahimo, E. Tsyplakov, D. Schneider, A. Kopta, U. Schlapbach, E. Caroll “4.5kV

Press Pack IGBT Designed for Ruggedness and Reliability,” (IAS, Seattle, October 2004) [7]M. Rahimo, A. Kopta, U. Schlapbach, J. Vobecky, R. Schnell, S. Klaka “The Bi-mode Insulated

Gate Transistor (BiGT) A potential technology for higher power applications,” (Proc. ISPSD09, p. 283, 2009)

[8]J. H?fner, B. Jacobson, ” Proactive Hybrid HVDC Breakers - A key innovation for reliable

HVDC grids,” (Cigré Bologna, Paper 0264, 2011)

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创新英语演讲稿

创新英语演讲稿 篇一：Innovation创新-英语演讲稿 What we cannot afford to lose We cannot lose innovation There is a wonderful word which expresses the most original motions and desires among human-beings. With solving any kind of imperfections, our world has moved ahead. This is the word “innovation” that we cannot afford to lose. We chicaned every detail of the innovation. Thousands years before, we created fire when we took a stone to knock another one. Since Han Dynasty, four great inventions had been created and it is one of the greatest signs that China become to the ancient civilized country. And nowadays, thousands of software, products, architectures and public facilities have upgraded more than that about 100 years ago. So how did these happen What will you do if you are not satisfied with your tools anymore What will you do if old mode cannot afford to develop in a company There is no doubt that we should innovate no matter where we are and what we do. Not because of the design itself, but actually

创新 Innovation

Topic of PresentationTitle of Presentation 八个关于在中国创新的迷思 8 innovation myths in China 马祺 尼尔森大中华区总裁 Mitch Barns The Nielsen Company

八个关于在中国创新的迷思 8 innovation myths in China 1) 中国≠创新1) China ≠Innovation 2) 在中国创新= 成功的保证2) Innovation in China = success guaranteed 3) 中国≠其他国家3) China ≠Other countries 4) 创新者> 追随者4) Innovator > Follower 5) 跨国企业= 创新者 5) Multinational company = Innovator 6) 本土企业= 追随者6) Local company = Follower 7) 本土品牌= 低端品牌7) Local brand = Mass 8) R&D研发花费= 成功8) R&D Spending = Success

迷思一：中国缺乏创新 Myth #1: China is not an innovator 2) 在中国创新= 成功的保证2) Innovation in China = success guaranteed 3) 中国≠其他国家3) China ≠Other countries 4) 创新者> 追随者4) Innovator > Follower 5) 跨国企业= 创新者5) Multinational company = Innovator 6) 本土企业= 追随 者 6) Local company = Follower 7) 本土品牌= 低端品牌7) Local brand = Mass 8) R&D研发花费= 成功8) R&D Spending = Success 1) 中国≠创新1) China ≠Innovation

(完整版)Innovation关于创新的英语6级作文

Innovation With the development of social economy, innovation has received more and more attention as to the obbligato role of innovation in social development. Why do so many people think that innovation is important? Later on, I will demonstrate this problem from three aspects. First of all, for individuals, innovative thinking has a significant impact on the future of human beings. People make progress by way of innovation day by day. Furthermore, for enterprises, innovation is the basis of the survival and development. Innovation can improve production efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises. Last but not least, for countries, innovation is the soul of national prosperity and national progress. Without innovation, countries couldn't survive in the world. So how do we promote innovation? As far as I am concerned, both individuals and governments should take an active part. For individuals, we should enhance the innovative thinking and improve the ability of innovation. In addition, we should actively participate in innovation activities. For governments, they should encourage social innovation, providing preferential policies and favorable conditions. Merely in this way, can we create a social environment conducive to innovation virtually. By the way, what do you think of this topic?

Innovation 创新 英语作文

I n n o v a t i o n With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Innovation is an inexhaustible source of motive power for the development of a nation, and a necessary quality for the growth of a man. What can we benefit from it? Innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Israel is about the size of China’s B eijing, yet Israel is the most advanced economics in the Middle East because of its strong innovation supported by advanced education. Although over half of land is in state of drought, Israel has the most advanced irrigation technologies. Some well-known products were invented there, such as router, Povos, Intel Core processor and so on. Always following others’ footsteps, you will never surpass him. Being yourself and dare to innovate will be your best choice. Without innovation, Steve Jobs would not have built up Apple which got where it is today. Each new design product of Apple, conceptual unit as a whole or endless after part, is able to bring you surprise and brighten your eyes. That Apple created smartphone, which have a giant influence on peoples’ lives, also makes one of the most highly valued companies in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in innovation, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through innovation. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on innovation today. Recognizing its importance is only the first step to advocate innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. There is no doubt in saying that without innovation, we will lack the competence we need to have a foothold in society. Therefore, only through innovation can we make ourselves competent and competitive. It is high time that we set our mind free and stride forward to make ourselves join the stream of innovation. Our country should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, our nation has a brighter future.

新题型 作文 The Importance of Innovation

The Importance of Innovation 2011年12月17日四六级写作,之前2011年12月17日的四六级作文，有如下特点： 1、全英文给题，无中文提纲 2、文章给出一句名人名言或是俗语谚语，对其进行评论 3、文章主题与“人生哲理、优秀品质”相关，不再是以往的校园、学习或社会热点。四六级作文如果同时满足以上三条特点，那么以下的5篇练习题的针对性是很强的。 学习建议：建议同学们参照范文进行比较，看看文章思路、遣词造句方面有没有可以改进的地方；然后进行范文背诵，找到套路，让你的考场作文大放异彩。Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Innovation by commenting on Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s famous remark ““Mindless habitual behavior is the enemy of innovation.”You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. The Importance of Innovation “Mindless habitual behavior is the enemy of innovation. ” I assume that you are familiar with Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s famous remark. It is o bvious that a man who always stick to habit and experience can hardly create new things . Rosabeth Moss Kanter’s remark aims at informing us of the significance of innovation. Why does innovation play an indispensable role in our life ? innovation can promote the advancement of both individuals and society as a whole. Only those who are innovative can make continuous progress and maintain a competitive edge. Quite a few examples can be given to prove the importance of it, and I can think of no better illustration than the following one: how could Steve Jobs, a genius who changed the way of modern communication, recreation and even our life, launch so many powerful electronic products constantly without creative spirit？ We should always bear in mind t hat the consciousness of innovation is of great significance to us all. Hence, we need to develop a habit of discovering new things，using new methods and applying new thoughts in our work, study or simply everyday life. “Innovation is the spirit of human being’s progress.” A philosopher once said. (202 words) “不用心思的习惯性行为是创新的敌人”我觉得你对Rosabeth Moss Kanter的这句名言很熟悉。很明显，一个总是遵循习惯和经验的人是很难创造出新事物的。 Rosabeth Moss Kanter 的这句名言目的在于告诉我们创新的重要性。为什么创新在我们的生活中扮演如此重要的角色呢？创新可以促进个人和整个社会的进步。只有那些创新的人才能去的持续的进步并且保持竞争优势。相当多的例子可以用来证明创新的重要性，我想不出比一下这个例子更好的了：斯蒂夫.乔布斯，这个改变了我们的通讯方式、娱乐方式甚至是生活方式的天才，如果没有创新精神，他怎么可能持续地发布功能强大的电子产品呢？ 我们应该牢记在心，创新对于我们每个人都非常重要。因此，在我们的工作、学习甚至是生活中，我们要养成发现新事物、使用新方法、运用新思维习惯。“创新是人类进步的灵魂”一位哲学家也曾这么说过。 Unity breeds success

Innovation-in-practice-创新-实践-BCG-matrix-波士顿矩阵

A very impressive interview, thank you, Pouline, Chloe and Lynn. Now let’s come to the conclusion part. In this part, I’ll talk from two aspects. One is key to success. That’s why Nokia Lumia 800 can successful got the gold award in Innovation competition. The second part is predicting the future. We will predict the future of Nokia from its current position. IDSA gave the gold award to Nokia Lumia800 and provided reasons like: it established Windows phone; combined hardware with the Windows Phone user interface and the principle of the design team. I think the primary reason for Nokia to win the award is design thinking. The IDEO’s CEO Tin Brown gave a definition of “design thinking” like this, “Design thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer's toolkit to integrate the needs of people,

Innovation翻译

创新，创业和金融市场周期 虽然硬盘的数据不难发现，金融危机的出现有实质性的负面投资者愿意资助创新创业的影响。特别是这种资金匮乏令人担忧的广泛认可创新企业所谓的“绿芽”需要- 在全球范围内的经济衰退后，重新点燃经济增长。越来越多的证据表明一个强大创业，开拓创新，经济增长之间的关系。本文件首先回顾了关于创新和之间的关系的证据创业。然后将这些活动了解市场周期的后果。我们顺便看看，金融因素影响创新投资决策和创新 特别是创业型企业。然后我又到当前的经济危机的影响。突出四个关键观察： ?当前全球经济危机的创新融资的一个戏剧性的效果，无论是通过风险投资，首次公开发行（IPO），或企业风险投资。 ?这是不是第一次这样的危机，在创业融资。这些模式反映的事实，出现财政拮据限制高潜力企业家。 ?这些资金周期是严重的，因为高潜力企业的重要性创新。 我讨论的影响，越来越多的政府计划，寻求结束鼓励企业家和风险资本融资。过于频繁，这些努力都忽略了上面所讨论的关系。 1.简介：金融危机和创新 1.A.危机的简短摘要 当前的经济危机一直是显着的，它的强度和广度。国家统计局经济研究所（NBER 2008）宣布美国经济已经进入衰退期为12月然而，经济条件已经一直处于下降通道，在许多发达国家世界[两个概述，看到福斯特和马格多夫（2009）和希尔森拉特和所罗门（2009）]经济衰退以来，美国房地产泡沫有着千丝万缕的联系。当联邦储备降低利率以刺激经济在2001年科技泡沫之后9/11，低利率敞开了大门宽松的信贷中的住房市场。从2002年到2004年，作为利息率仍然低，次级贷款成为家常便饭。消费者趁着有利获得抵押贷款和金融机构的信贷条件，推广新的贷款产品和金融仪器。例如，借款人能够获得住房贷款批准几乎没有首付，而贷款人可以放弃时，他们通过他们自己的既得利益，贷款质量向机构投资者。的需求和房屋价值攀升到2006年，但2007年中期，一个信贷危机爆发。杂乱无章的借贷行为的后果和监管不力的系统迅速赶上全球金融市场。2008年的秋天，当投资银行，如贝尔斯登和雷曼兄弟塌陷的压力下，贬值的抵押贷款支持证券，信贷紧缩迫在眉睫。越来越多的房主拖欠贷款或被迫取消抵押品赎回权的时候，例如，他们不能增加按揭付款。贷款人发现自己抵押贷款支持证券，旁边没有什么值得。破灭的房地产泡沫和烦恼大型机构举行他们引发流动性危机，借贷几乎陷于停顿，信用体系完全抓住。2009年9月18日，美国。政府出面用USD700亿美元纾困计划，希望能拯救金融系统的总崩溃的边缘结束“有毒”资产，注入足够的资金进入银行迅速启动信贷市场的周期。该政府接管房利美（Fannie Mae）和房地美（Freddie Mac）的救助了美国国际集团（AIG）在9月和有效对超过价值5万亿美元的债务时，结合其他银行的债务担保。在其他国家发生类似的纾困陷入困境的银行，最主要的是瑞士和美国 英国。在过去的一年中，政府的干预，以刺激经济已成为常规，几乎预期，但许多发达国家的经济仍然脆弱。巨额债务织机，股票市场依然动荡，并担忧失业，通货膨胀的危险，挥舞基本行业继续削弱消费者的信心。虽然在某些市场有复苏的迹象，关键如住房部门仍然依赖于政府的支持。 1.B.创业和创新的影响轶事 虽然硬盘的数据不难发现，金融危机的出现有实质性的负面投资者愿意资助创新创业的影响。特别是这种资金匮乏令人担忧的光的广泛认可需要创新企业- 所谓的“绿芽”- 重新点燃经济增长之后，全球性的经济衰退。以介绍方式，可以被看作是一个高潜力的企业家融资景观谱，更先进的企业获得大量资金从不同的逐渐变大

以创新为主题的英语作文.doc

以创新为主题的英语作文 1、How to Be Creative Being creative is to have the skill and ability to produce something new . To be honest creative is of immune significance which advances the development of economy and thus gives people pleasure and enjoyment . Do you want to be creative ?if yes here are some suggestion . First of all you should be brave . You should dare break the traditional thoughts without hesitation .You should rid yourself of the idea that what others have put forward is the best and try to doubt it .In other words seeing a good thing or idea you should try your best to creat better rather than only speaking highly of it . In addition you should be confident As the old saying goes "opportunity only knock on the door of a pepared and confident mind ."Or rather the person who are hesitant about anything can't grasp the chance for the reason that creation will flash away if not written down timely .Only when you are confident about yourself can you grasp the idea passing through your mind.

Innovation创新-英语演讲稿

What we cannot afford to lose We cannot lose innovation There is a wonderful word which expresses the most original motions and desires among human-beings. With solving any kind of imperfections, our world has moved ahead. This is the word “innovation” tha t we cannot afford to lose. We chicaned every detail of the innovation. Thousands years before, we created fire when we took a stone to knock another one. Since Han Dynasty, four great inventions had been created and it is one of the greatest signs that China become to the ancient civilized country. And nowadays, thousands of software, products, architectures and public facilities have upgraded more than that about 100 years ago. So how did these happen? What will you do if you are not satisfied with your tools anymore? What will you do if old mode cannot afford to develop in a company? There is no doubt that we should innovate no matter where we are and what we do. Not because of the design itself, but actually for its intended purpose. If there was no Apple, everyone could not imagine how to contact others easily and enjoy a better Internet surfing.

Innovation 创新 英语作文

Innovation With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Innovation is an inexhaustible source of motive power for the development of a nation, and a necessary quality for the growth of a man. Whatcan we benefitfrom it? Innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world.Israel is about the size of China’s Be ijing, yet Israel is the most advanced economics in the Middle East because of its strong innovation supported by advanced education. Although over half of land is in state of drought, Israel has the most advanced irrigation technologies. Some well-known products were invented there, such as router, Povos, Intel Core processor and so on.Always following others’ footsteps, you will never surpass him. Being yourself and dare to innovate will be your best choice. Without innovation, Steve Jobs would not have built up Apple which got where it is today. Each new design product of Apple, conceptual unit as a whole or endless after part, is able to bring you surprise and brighten your eyes.That Apple created smartphone, which have a giant influence on peoples’ lives, also makes one of the most highly valued companies in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in innovation, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through innovation. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on innovation today. Recognizing its importance is only the first step to advocate innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. There is no doubt in saying that without innovation, we will lack the competence we need to have a foothold in society.Therefore, only through innovation can we make ourselves competent and competitive. It is high time that we set our mind free and stride forward to make ourselves join the stream of innovation. Our country should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, our nation has a brighter future.

Innovation创新英语作文

I n n o v a t i o n创新英语 作文 集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#

I n n o v a t i o n With the economic globalization becoming increasingly intensive, innovation has become one of central topic around the world. Many countries see it as the key to develop their economy. Innovation is an inexhaustible source of motive power for the development of a nation, and a necessary quality for the growth of a man. What can we benefit from it Innovation can enhance overall national economy, which is important to heighten our nation status in the world. Israel is about the size of China’s Be ijing, yet Israel is the most advanced economics in the Middle East because of its strong innovation supported by advanced education. Although over half of land is in state of drought, Israel has the most advanced irrigation technologies. Some well-known products were invented there, such as router, Povos, Intel Core processor and so on. Always following others’ footsteps, you will never surpass him. Being yourself and dare to innovate will be your best choice. Without innovation, Steve Jobs would not have built up Apple which got where it is today. Each new design product of Apple, conceptual unit as a whole or endless after part, is able to bring you surprise and brighten your eyes. That Apple created smartphone, which have a giant influence on peoples’ lives, also makes one of the most highly valued companies in the world. Additionally, if factories have the abilities in innovation, the factories will be booming. As a result, they can provide our people with more jobs and it will make our nation more stable. What is more, a majority of new products may be available through innovation. Therefore, it is also significant factor for improving our living standards. Owing to such benefits, no wonder more and more countries focus on innovation today. Recognizing its importance is only the first step to advocate innovation, and some effective measures should be taken for it. There is no doubt in saying that without innovation, we will lack the competence we need to have a foothold in society. Therefore, only through innovation can we make ourselves competent and competitive. It is high time that we set our mind free and stride forward to make ourselves join the stream of innovation. Our country should continue to enlarge the recruit of graduate. For another, the conditions of scientists and skilled workers should be further improved. Only in this way, our nation has a brighter future.

英语演讲 传统和创新(tradition and innovation )

Tradition and Innovation Good morning, my fellow students and dear teachers. The stories of our fathers and mothers lie in the long tradition, while the future script of our children will be written by innovation. One nation would not be itself any more if it does not inherit their tradition, which is one of the most important ingredients for the culture of a nation. The influence of tradition on the main stream thoughts is still dominant, but there were good ones as well as bad ones. Tradition is the result of our ancestors’ adaption to environment. Part of tradition still suits nowadays, such as the solar term is the guide of weather. But somehow, tradition will make people shut down their will to take a step forward which may stop the development of the economy. So, our attitude towards tradition should be dialectical, take the essence to its dregs to keep its positive energy. Innovation is an important power that will help us improve the society in many aspects. First, innovation is the way that people use their intelligence to create new things by breaking the old. Thus, innovation can activate our economy by creating new growth point and new jobs. Second, politics should suit the economy if one country wants to keep its economic growth. Politics should change along with the economy, if politics remain the same, it will have negative effects on the economy, and thus, innovation in politics is needed. Third, I want to talk about my major, Industrial Design, because a lot of things occur to at the first sight of the word “innovation”. Innovation is also needed in improving our daily life. A great example is the Apple Company and its brilliant products. Design is to produce something new and new means in some way. Einstein said: “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.”And apple is one of those who make their products as simple, cheap and functional as they can. You know you’ve achieved perfection in design, not when you have nothing more to add, but when you have nothing more to take away. Tradition is the innovation of the past, and innovation is the new tradition. Innovation is the blast that will bring new towards old. Innovation is the best way for our nation to invest in the future.