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北京中医药211翻译硕士英语考研练习题

北京中医药211翻译硕士英语考研练习题Directions:After each statement there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Select the only one choice that best completes the statement.Write your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.

1.If you keep on trying something,the day will come when you can do it well and with great_______.

A.care

B.ease

C.tempo

D.dignity

2.She_______to find new stories about her homeland,making sure her American-born daughter did not grow up ignorant of Chinese culture.

A.dropped out

B.went out of her way

C.gave way

D.got down

3.In the past,a woman’s world usually_______household work and waiting for her children and husband to come home.

A.made up

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ea7040884.html,posed of

C.was comprised of

D.consisted of

4.Domestic tourists now make up more than90percent of the country’s total and_______two-thirds of its total tourism earnings.

A.attribute

B.contribute

C.distribute

D.dispatch

5.He is a diligent and________teacher,well liked by his students.

A.voluntary

B.conscious

C.conscientious

D.hard

6.The doctor tried last time to explain to the Browns that infants and young children are more_______to the effects of secondhand smoke than adults.

A.conducive

B.advantageous

C.delicate

D.vulnerable

7.It is absolutely true today that college degrees have become a

valuable________for jobseekers in the country’s developing market economy.

A.asset

B.liability

C.deterrent

D.means

8.She is far too______to believe these ridiculous lies.

A.sensational

B.sensitive

C.sensible

D.sensuous

9.With_______audiences and less financial support from government, Britain’s best orchestras must find new sources of income,if they are to continue.

A.shrinking

B.captive

C.withering

D.sympathetic

10.On July1,1997,China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong,wiping out156years of colonial humiliation_______on the Chinese nation.

A.befell

B.imposed

C.afflicted

D.leased

11.Johnson________the problem in his mind for two more days before he came to a conclusion.

A.turned on

B.turned over

C.turned out

D.turned to

12.Many of the works exhibited in the gallery are_______,filled with energy and vitality,bright colors and unique ways of expressing ideas.

A.imaginative

B.imaginable

C.imagined

D.imaginary

13.Words fail to_______our feelings of great reverence for the hero.

A.imply

B.deliver

C.convey

D.contain

14.China is_______an ambitious plan to stimulate the domestic economy by investing in infrastructure construction,of which telecommunications are an important part.

A.undertaking

B.supervising

C.foiling

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ea7040884.html,piling

15.I have to_______time to prepare for the coming sports meet.

A.set about

B.set aside

C.set up

D.set off

16.If not properly_______,border issues which are always very sensitive and complicated international relations can often trigger conflicts.

A.handled

B.handing

C.handle

D.to handle

17.After_______seemed an endless wait,it was his turn to enter the personnel manager's office.

A.what

B.it

C.that

D.there

18.Every change of season,every change of weather_______some change in the wonderful colors and shapes of these mountains.

A.make

B.makes

C.is making

D.are making

19.There________nothing more for discussion,the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.

A.to be

B.to have been

C.be

D.being

20.Variables such as individual and corporate behavior______nearly impossible for economists to forecast economic trends with precision.

A.make it

B.make

C.it makes

D.makes it

21.Had Jane been more careful on the math exam,she________much better results now.

A.would be getting

B.could have got

C.must get

D.would get

22.By the year2030,it’s estimated that more than two thirds of the world’s population will be living in cities—______today.

A.twice as many as

B.as twice as many

C.as much as twice

D.as much twice as

23.My daughter has walked eight miles today.We never guessed that she could walk________far.

A./

B.such

C.that

D.as

24.Much_______I like Antonia,I hated the superior tone that she sometimes took with me.

A.although

B.since

C.for

D.as

25.Developing friendly ties with neighborly countries is the priority aim of this country’s foreign policy and this policy will not be changed_______the

international situation may be.

A.whichever

B.however

C.wherever

D.whatever

26.The snow leopard is a class-one endangered species______is the giant panda.

A.as

B.such

C.which

D.that

27.Jeremy came to visit me again.It was the second time he_________me that afternoon.

A.had been interrupting

B.has interrupted

C.would have interrupted

D.had interrupted

28.Grace’s eyes were wet with tears as she put her face_______she could, gripping my left hand and stroking it.

A.as close as to mine

B.so close to mine as

C.as close to mine as

D.much so close as

29.The boys in the family are old enough for________.

A.school

B.schools

C.the school

D.the schools

30.Intellect is to the mind_______sight is to the body.

A.as

B.what

C.like

D.that

考研英语二翻译练习题

考研英语二翻译练习题来源：文都教育考研英语二中的翻译题为150词左右，难度总体来说并不大，但也需要同学们在平常勤加练习。下面小编给出一道翻译练习题，后附参考译文，供大家学习。 It was an adventurous, rewarding life but something was missing. “I remembered the plays I had written at school and that long buried ambition also to be a story teller. I began to write up my diaries of my desert excursions, attempting to publish a book on my camel expedition. That idea failed, but I had picked up a writing habit on weekends and public holidays and in 1997 I started my first novel, loosely based on my family heritage in China—which I finished in 2002.” In 2003 it was published by Hodder & Stoughton as …The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure?. While continuing to live in Beijing working for Jardines, he now spends several months of the year in Italy where he b ought a house for writing. Several more books followed. …The Palace of Heavenly Pleasure?, set in the Boxer Rebellion, became the first in a trilogy. 那是一种很有意义的冒险生活，但是总觉得缺少了点什么。“我记得自己在上学的时候写过戏剧，那个时候野心勃勃，励志要成为一个讲故事的人。我开始写我的沙漠旅行日记，试图出一本关于我的骆驼探险队的书，结果失败了。但我逐渐养成了在周末以及节假日进行写作的习惯。1997年，我开始写我的第一本小说，内容大致基于我们家族在中国的生活。这本小说于2002年完成。”2003年，该书由霍德&斯托顿出版公司出版，名为《天乐院》。现在，威廉姆斯除了继续在北京为怡和集团工作之外，每年还会抽几个月到意大利一所他专门买来进行写作的房子里待几个月。于是便有了之后的几本书。以“义和团运动”为背景的《天乐院》，成为了三部曲中的第一部。

考研英语翻译题型特点及解题技巧

翻译代词的翻译： 1．直接对应成汉语代词，但前提是译文要通顺。（第一人称、第二人称、第三人称） 2．如果不通顺，则需要指代明确；这时，尽可能用指代到的名词来翻译。可以往前查找，遵循“就近和一致”原则来确定。（第三人称） 3．万不得已可以用“这”“这种情况”“这种说法”“这种观点”等来翻译。（it，this，that）强调句型：还原强调部分后直接翻译。定语从句： 1．前置：把定语从句翻译到它所修饰的先行词前面，并习惯用“的”来连接。（如果定词从句结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译的时候前置） 2．后置：（结构复杂，信息负载量比较大，翻译的时候后置，这时可以独立成句，但常常需要重复先行词，或者用代词）后置最常用。常考动词： add补充说道 maintain坚持认为 contend坚持说 accuse指责validate证明，证实 assert 断言 argue that争论说人名地名翻译的处理方式： 1．遵照习惯 2．按照音译 3．万不得已抄英语 there be句型： 1．把英语中的状语翻译成汉语后作主语。简称状语变主语。 2．增加“人们”“大家”“我们”等汉语的范指主语。 3．直接用动词“有”“出现”“存在”等开始翻译。翻译最佳策略：拆分拆分原则： 1．拆出主句，分清从句 2．拆出主干，分清修饰拆分点：连词，引导词，介词，分词，to，标点符号。 ing现在分词短语作定语短语作定语： 1．分词短语作定语 ing现在分词，ed过去分词 2．介词短语作定语 3．其它短语作定语（形容词短语坐定语和不定式短语作定语）

短语作定语常常翻译到中心词前标点符号： 1．直接套用；2．一逗到底（多点逗号）第三人称反身代词，一般指离自己最近的那个名词。一个名词前面有一个定语在修饰，后面还有一个定语在修饰，这叫多重并列定语。多重并列定语从后往前翻译。并列结构：一般指并列的词组、并列宾语、并列谓语等等。一般可以直接翻译，但常常需要重复并列部分。比较结构： 1．more…than+num：多余、比……多；more…than+n/v：不仅仅、不止；more…than+adj/adv：非常、很；more…than+can/could：不能；no more…than…=not any more than不……，像……不。 2．as…as像……一样；not so as不像……一样；not so much…as与其……不如。插入结构：常常可以直接翻译，但有时候还需要放到整句话最前面去翻译。倒装结构：恢复正常顺序后直接翻译。复习策略：单词；结构和顺序。结构和顺序：断句点在哪？断句点的上下文是何种关系？（什么修饰关系、修饰语的起止点、修饰语修饰什么）翻译中汉语的先后顺序如何？指着英语单词说汉语。默写这句英语句子。被动结构：可翻译为“使得”“得以”“加以”“受到”“获得”。翻译的原则是：少用“被”字；首先可以主宾颠倒，其次还能省略“被”字，用“受到”“得到”“加以”“得以”“为……所”“由……来”“是……的”等直接翻译。状语和状语从句：状语从句一般可以直接翻译，但常常要把时间、条件、让步和原因状语从句翻译到主句之前，状语的最佳位置是在主语后动词前，时间在前，地点在后。形式主语的翻译：常常当固定词组一样，翻译到整句话最前面。如何做练习：每天20分钟，一句话。

2016考研英语翻译练习真题

我们之前说过，复习考研英语要注重真题，在记忆词汇和练习阅读理解、翻译题的时候要结合真题做搭配记忆，并辅以相应的练习，下面我们就以真题为例，从中摘取出容易出现的考点，不妨参考下尚考考研为大家从真题里摘取易考的考点。 The Tang Dynasty was the peak of Chinese classicalpoetry and many distinguished poets and poetryappeared during this period of less than 300years.Up till now，over 50，000 poems and 2，000poets of the Tang Dynasty have been well-knownamong people.The best-known poets during the Tang Dynasty are Li Bai and Du Fu. Beingindependent and full of talent，Li Bai created a great many poems to praise the wonderfulmountains and brilliant rivers.Du Fu's rough experiences when he was young made him knowbetter about the darkness society and the people's sufferings.The most popular Tang poemscollection might be the 300 Tang Poems compiled by the scholar Sun Zhu of the QingDynasty.Tang poetry has had an ongoing influence on world literature and modern poetry. 参考翻译唐代是中国古典诗歌的鼎盛时期，在不到300年的时间里，产生了许多著名的诗人和诗作。时至今日，有超过5万首唐诗和2000多位唐代诗人为人们所熟知。其中，唐代最著名的诗人是李白和杜甫。李白生性无拘无束，才华横溢，他创作了大量赞美祖国大好河山的诗篇。杜甫年轻时坎坷的生活经历，使他更好地了解了社会的黑暗和人民的困苦。最流行的唐诗作品集或许是由清朝的学者孙洙编著的《唐诗三百首》(300 Tang Poems)。唐诗一直在影响着世界文学和现代诗歌。 1.鼎盛时期：可译为peak，原意为“顶峰，顶点”。 2.无拘无束：可译为independent，它有“不愿受约束的，向往自由的”之意。 3.才华横溢：可译为full of talent. 4.大好河山：即“美好的山河”，可译为wonderfulmountains and brilliant rivers. 5.社会的黑暗和人民的困苦：可译为the darkness of society and the people's sufferings. 6.一直在影响着…：可译为have an ongoing influence on… The Four Treasures of the Study，is a general name ofthe traditional writing tools of Chinese calligraphy，including writing brush，ink，paper and inkstone.The name of Wenfang refers to a scholar's study.Besides these four treasures，tools used in the studyalso include brush pots，brush rack，ink box，wrist-rest，brush washer and inkpad，all of whichare necessities of the study. Classical products of the Four Treasures of the Study made byfamous producers during the Tang and Song Dynasties，when styles of writing were veryprosperous，were highly praised by later scholars.The invention and development of China'straditional culture and art are closely related to the Four Treasures of the Study.And to someextent，the Four Treasures of the Study represents an important element of traditionalChinese culture. 参考翻译文房四宝(Four Treasures of the Study)是中国书法传统书写工具的统称，包括笔、墨、纸、砚(inkstone)。“文房”指的是学者的书房。除了这四宝，书房里的工具还有笔筒、笔架、墨盒、腕托、笔洗、墨块(inkpad)，

考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案(一)

考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案(一) Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) 一、经济学史 Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts. Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.

考研英语翻译练习

补充练习（n. ——>v.) ?Indo-China War is a drain on French resource. ?The sight of the flowers gladdened her heart . ?她看到了那些花儿，这使她十分开心。 ? A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. ?对原文进行自习地研究，你将能很好地进行翻译。 ?The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. ?我看到了喷气式飞机，听到了它发出的声音，这使我内心充满了特殊的向往之情。 ?An acquaintance with world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. ?了解世界历史有助于研究当今时事。 ?The discovery of a new dish does more for the happiness of mankind than the discovery of a new star. ?发明一道新菜要比发现一颗新星更能让人们感到快乐。 ?The beauty of the scenery baffles（使受困）description. ?这美丽的风景是难以用言语描绘的。 ? A view of the West Lake can be obtained from this house. ?从这座房子可以看到西湖的景色。 ?He is a lover of Chinese painting. ?他热衷于中国画 ?He is no smoker, but his father is a chain smoker. ?他从不抽烟，而他的父亲确长期抽烟 ?He is a lot better actor than you think he is. ?他表演得比你想象的要好。补充练习（注意单复数） ?We had better act on their advice. ?我们最好照他们的那条建议做。 ?We had better act on their advices. ?我们最好按他们的那些建议做 ?An old car problem may arise. ?An old cars problem may arise. ?可能会产生一个旧的汽车问题。 ?We were touched by Mary’s confidence. ?玛丽的自信打动了我们。 ?We were touched by Mary’s confidences. ? ?We asked him to speak from experience. ?我们让他从他的经验谈起， ?We asked him to speak from experiences。 ?我们让他从他的经历谈起补充练习（形容词还能被转换为别的词性） ?Buckley was in a clear minority. ?We are not content with our present achievement. ?我们对于当前的成就并不满意。 ?They were suspicious and resentful of him. ?他们怀疑和憎恨他 ?Hussein was a puzzled man. ?Hussein这个人补充练习（prep---- v.) ?“Coming!” Away she skimmed over （滑过，掠过）the lawn（草坪）, up the path, up the steps,across the veranda, and into the porch.”（门廊，走廊） ? ?At the news they were quite surprised.

2017考研英语翻译模拟练习题(2)

凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！第 1 页共 1 页 2017考研英语翻译模拟练习题（2） There is no question that science-fiction writers have become more ambitious, stylistically and thematically, in recent years. (1) (But this may have less to do with the luring call of academic surroundings than with changing market conditions —a factor that academic critics rarely take into account.) Robert Silverberg, a former president of The Science Fiction Writers of America, is one of the most prolific professionals in a field dominated by people who actually write for a living. (Unlike mystery or Western writers, most science-fiction writers cannot expect to cash in on fat movie sales or TV tie-ins.) (2) (Still in his late thirties, Silverberg has published more than a hundred books, and he is disarmingly frank about the relationship between the quality of genuine prose and the quality of available outlet. )By his own account, he was “an annoyingly verbal young man ” from Brooklyn who picked up his first science-fiction book at the age of ten, started writing seriously at the age of thirteen, and at seventeen nearly gave up in despair over his inability to break into the pulp magazines. (3)( At his parents ’ urging, he enrolled in Columbia University, so that, if worst came to worst, he could always go to the School of Journalism and “get a nice steady job somewhere ”.) During his sophomore year, he sold his first science-fiction story to a Scottish magazine named Nebula. By the end of his junior year, he had sold a novel and twenty more stories. (4) (By the end of his senior year, he was earning two hundred dollars a week writing science fiction, and his parents were reconciled to his pursuit of the literary life. )“I became very cynical very quickly,” he says. First I couldn ’t sell anything, then I could sell everything. The market played to my worst characteristics. An editor of a schlock magazine would call up to tell me he had a ten-thousand-word hole to fill in his next issue. I ’d fill it overnight for a hundred and fifty dollars. I found that rewriting made no difference. (5)( I knew I could not possibly write the kinds of things I admired as a reader —Joyce, Kafka, Mann —so I detached myself from my work.) I was a phenomenon among my friends in college, a published, selling author. But they always asked, “When are you going to do something serious?” —meaning something that wasn ’t science fiction —and I kept telling them, “ When I ’m financially secure.” 答案 1.但是这一点与其说是与学术环境具有诱惑力的召唤有关，还不如说是与变化的市场状况有关——一这是一个学术评论家很少考虑的因素。 2.还不到四十岁，西尔弗伯格就已出版了一百多本书籍，而他对真正散文的质量与应时之作的质量之间的关系十分坦诚，毫无掩饰。 3.在他双亲的敦促下，他报考了哥伦比亚大学，所以即便最糟他也能进入新闻学校，“将来总可以有一份稳定的好工作。” 4.到大四结束的时候，他每星期写科幻小说已经可以赚两百美元了，而他的双亲也接受了他对于文学生涯的追求。 5.我知道我写不出作为读者的我所喜欢的东西，就像乔伊斯、卡夫卡、曼恩的作品，所以我不再那么关注我所写的东西。总体分析本文介绍了科幻小说家罗伯特·西尔弗伯格。文章先指出科幻小说的繁荣与市场需求关系紧密，接着通过介绍多产的科幻小说家西尔弗伯格的创作经历予以说明。本文考查的知识点：后置定语、插入语、比较结构、同位语、上下文中词义的选择，等。

考研英语一翻译真题汇总

1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population

2016考研英语翻译模拟练习题(5)

2016考研英语翻译模拟练习题（5） Relativity theory has had a profound influence on our picture of matter by forcing us to modify our concept of a particle in an essential way. (1)(In classical physics, the mass of an object had always been associated with an indestructible material subst ance, with some “stuff” of which all things were thought to be made.)Relativity theory showed that mass has nothing to do with any substance, but is a form energy. Energy, however, is a dynamic quantity associated with activity, or with processes.(2)(The fact that the mass of a particle is equivalent to a certain of energy means that the particle can no longer be seen as a static object, but has to be conceived as a dynamic pattern, a process involving the energy which manifest itself a s the particle’s mass.) (3)(This new view of particles was initiated by Dirac when he formulated a relativistic equation describing the behavior of electrons.) Dirac’s theory was not only extremely successful in accounting for the fine details of atomic structure, but also revealed a fundamental symmetry between matter and anti-matter. It predicted the existence of an anti-matter with the same mass as the electron but with an opposite charge. This positively charged particle, now called the positron, was indeed discovered two years after Dirac had predicted it. The symmetry between matter and anti-matter implies that for every particle there exists an antiparticles with equal mass and opposite charge. Pairs of particles and antiparticles can be created if enough energy is available and can be made to turn into pure energy in the reverse process of destruction.(4)(These processes of particle creation and destruction had been predicted from Dirac’s theory before they were actually discovered in nature, and since then they have been observed millions of times.) The creation of material particles from pure energy is certainly the most spectacular effect of relativity theory, and it can only be understood in terms of the view of particles outlined above.(5)(Before relativistic particle physics, the constituents of matter had always been considered as being either elementary units which were indestructible and unchangeable, or as composite objects which could be broken up into their constituent parts;)and the basic question was whether one could divide matter again and again, or whether one would finally arrive at some smallest indivisible units. 答案 1.在古典物理中，某一物体的质量总是与一种不可毁灭的物质相关联。这是一种构成一切物质的“东西”。 2.某一粒子的质量相当于一定的能量，这一事实意味着该粒子不再被看作是一个静态的物体，而应该被看成是一种动态的形式，一种与能量表现为粒子质量相关的过程。 3.这一新的粒子观是由迪拉克首创的，他列出了描述电子运动行为的相对论方程。 4.粒子生成和毁灭的过程在真正被发现之前，迪拉克的理论已经对它们作出了预测，从那时起人们对此做过数百万次的观测。 5.在相对论粒子物理学诞生之前，人们一直以为物质的构成成分要么是不可毁灭和不可改变的基本单位，要么是可以分解为其构成部分的合成物。总体分析