冶金工程专业外语句子翻译(终结版)
句子翻译
1 The choice of extraction route will largely depend on the cost per tonne of metal extracted which, in turn, will depend on the type of ore, availability and cost of fuel (coal, oil, natural gas or electricity), production quantity and rate and the required metal purity.
提取冶金工艺路线的选择，主要取决于所要提取金属每吨的成本,其成本依次受矿石的类型，燃料(煤，油，天然气或电）的可用性和成本，产量和生产速率及所需的金属纯度的影响。
Unless cheap hydroelectric power is available or the metal is highly reactive, such as aluminum, electrometallurgy is an expensive route but it usually provides the metal in an extremely pure state of about 99.9+%. Electrorefining is often used as a final refining process after pyrometallurgical extraction.
除非廉价水力发电是可用的或金属有高度活性,如铝、电冶金是一个昂贵的工艺路线但它通常提供的金属有一个极其高的纯度，高于99.9 %。电解精炼常被用作最后的精炼过程在火法冶金后提取。
Hydrometallurgy tends to be slower than pyrometallurgical extraction process and reagent costs tend to be high but it is ideal for extracting metals from lean ores. 湿法冶金往往低于火法冶金提取过程，试剂成本往往较高,但它是一个从贫矿中提取金属的理想过程。
Again, a final electrorefining process is often adopted. Owing to the abundance and relatively low cost of fossil fuels (oil, coal, coke and natural gas) and the fact that pyrometallurgy is more adaptable than hydrometallurgy and electrometallurgy to high production rates, pyrometallurgical processes provide the main routes for the extraction of metals. For this reason the major portion of the present chapter will be spent on pyrometallurgical extraction.
。再一个,最后的电解精炼过程通常被采纳是取决于化石燃料(石油、煤炭、焦炭和天然气)的丰富程度和相对低的成本，和火法冶金学比湿法冶金和电冶金高生产速度的事实, 火法冶金过程为金属的提取提供了主要的路线。因为这个原因，本章节的主要部分将放在现火法精炼提取。
2 lower down the stack towardsthe hearth direct reduction between the coke and the metal oxide increases 。the co/co2 ratio is used as a major control parameter in blast furnace smelting of metal oxides.the combustion of the coke also provides the necessary heat, while ther high strength of coke at temperatures up to 2000 allow full support of the charge in the stack of the blast furnace.
(沿着炉腹向炉膛)降低堆积高度有助于炉床中焦炭和金属氧化物直接还原的增加。CO和CO2的比值被用作是高炉中金属氧化物熔炼控制的主要参数。焦炭的燃烧也提供必要的热量，同时，在高达2000摄氏度时焦炭的高强度使其对炉腹处的炉料提供充分的支撑。
A bl
ast furnace of circular cross section is used for metal oxide smelting with tuyeres evenly spaced around the base of the stack, just above the slag. this arrangement produces temperatures sufficient to melt the high melting point oxides as they approach the tuyeres.the ore, coke and flux material are chargedtothefurnace at the top of the stack or shaft. The charge is dried and subse quently reduced as it descends. This provides a counter current technique in which the reducing gases rise through the descending ore ,creating excellent contact and favorable reaction rates.
沿着炉缸底部平均分布着分口的高炉圆形十字部分用于熔炼金属氧化物，它就在渣面以上。这种设计产生的温度足以熔化高熔点的氧化物当他们接近分口是，矿石焦炭和溶剂被加到高炉顶部。随着炉料的下降它被干燥并逐渐还原。这就产生了一种逆向流动技术。在此过程中，还原气体通过下降的矿石上升，使得他们之间充分接触并快速反应。
3 This reaction is only possible because the mutual reduction reaction ()has a negative △G value at 1200℃ The copper content after converting is approximately 98% and is called blister copper due to the bubbling do sulphur dioxide through the melt producing a blister effect.the precious metals ,as would be expected from their free energies of oxidation ,are not oxidised and are collected in the blister copper .
这个反应仅仅在1200摄氏度时是可行的，因为相互还原反应（）具有更负的吉布斯自由能。
转换工艺之后，铜的含量大约是98%，由于二氧化硫气泡通过熔体产生了气孔而叫作粗铜。
贵金属考虑到他们氧化的自由能，不能被氧化而在粗铜中富集。
4 Again, several retorts are placed in batches . Since magnesium is the only gaseous product there is no danger of a reversion reaction to MgO during cooling .
再一个，一些蒸馏罐被分批放置，因为镁是唯一的气态产物，所以在冷却中就没有（发生）逆反应生成MgO的危险。
By consultation of the △G-T relationships for the carbothermic reduction of MgO the minimum reduction temperature is 1850℃：MgO（s）+C(g)→Mg（g）+CO（g）
通过讨论（查看）△G-T 关系图，可以得到碳还原MgO的最小还原温度为1850℃。
If the magnesium vapour cools below 1850℃ the above reaction will reverse .therefore ,the Mg vapour must be rapidly “shock cooled " with hydrogen or natural gas to prevent considerable reversion fire on exposure to air (pyrophoric ).For this reason ,the magnesium dust is refined by vacuum sublimation which makes this process more expensive than the Pidgeon process or the electrolytic process.。
如果镁蒸汽冷却到1850℃以下上述的反应将会逆向进行，因此，镁蒸汽必须迅速用氢气或天然气冷却防止其在自然的空气中暴露而发生逆反应。出去这个原因，镁粉
在真空中被提纯，这就使得这个过程比皮江法和电解过程更加昂贵。
5 The above reactions should be considered together with temperature distributions Within the stack .These isotherms may be leveled out to some extent by using a graded burdens size or an agglomerate ( sinter or pellet )charge .Fig.9.2 shows the ΔGθ-T relationships for the relevant reactions in ironmaking and steelmaking Using Fig.9.2 it is possible to consider the theoretical thermodynamic relationships that occur when a pocket of preheated air enters the blast furnace via the tyueres and reacts alternatingly with coke and iron oxides (FeO) represented in the diagram by an arrowed line. The preheated air first reacts with coke in the tuyere zone to produce CO2 which reacts with more coke outside the tuyere zone produce CO by the overall reaction:
上述反应应该一起和烟囱中温度分布考虑。这些等温线可能在某种程度上趋于平稳通过使用分级负担的大小或给料的结块程度(烧结或颗粒)图9 .2显示了ΔGθ-T关系相关的反应在炼铁和炼钢中用图9-2可以推理，当一股以图中一条带箭头的线表示的预热空气，从风口进入高炉并选择性地与焦炭和铁氧化物（Feo)反应时，（炉内）发生的理论热力学关系。当一股以图中箭头表示的预热空气进入高炉并选择性地与焦炭和铁氧化物反应时，（炉内）发生的理论热力学关系。预热空气与焦炭在风口第一次反应产生的二氧化碳会与风口区更多的碳反应，生成CO在总反应中
6 whereas ironmaking is a reduction process producing an impure iron containing carbon ,silicon ,manganese,phosphorous and sulphur as the main impurities ,steelmaking is an oxidising (fire refining)process in which the pig iron are lowered to acceptable levels depending on the required steel specification .
炼铁是生产含有碳，硅，锰，硫为主杂质的不纯铁的还原工艺，而炼钢是依据所需的规格要求把生铁中所含杂质降到可以接受水平的氧化（火法精炼）工艺。
the relevant steelmaking oxidation reaction lines are reproduced in the △G-T diagram in Fig.9.2 From this it would be expected that at the steelmaking temperature of about 1600℃，preferential oxidation of C ,Si Mn would take place before excessive oxidation of iron .the impurity elements in the pig iron oxidise during steelmaking with exothermic reactions
有关的炼钢氧化反应线被再现在如图9.2所示的△G-T图中，从这个图可以预测炼钢的温度大约在1600℃。C，Si Mn 优先被氧化发生在过度氧化铁之前。生铁中的杂质元素在炼钢期间伴随着放热反应。
7
(1)hydrolysis
when water is the only reagent added ,the process is called hydrolysis and this usually leads to the preciptation of oxides ,hydrated xoides ,hydroxides or hydrated salts .For example ,the precipition of hydr
oxide can be represented by:
This usually takes places on doluting the solution .for example ,on diluting a solution of titanylsulfate ,titanium dioxide is precipitated:
The reaction is usually slow and may ........and a seed of aluminum hydroxide is added to accelerate the hydrolytic reaction :....
THis is the basis of ......aluminate ion is in basic medium.
水解
当水是唯一添加剂时，这个过程叫做水解，这通常导致氧化物，氢氧化物，水和盐的沉淀，例如，氢氧化物的水解可以用下列式子表示，Mx++H20→M（OH)x(s)+xH+
这通常发生在稀溶液中，例如，在硫化氧钛的稀释溶液中，二氧化钛是沉淀：TiO+ +H2O→TiO2（s） +2H+
这个反应通常较慢，但是加入一些细微的在沉淀反应中作为晶种的二氧化钛时可以加快反应。这是一个利用硫酸盐生产二氧化钛颜料的工艺过程，这个溶液时稀释的氢氧化铝晶种，被添加来加快水解反应：[Al（OH)4]- +H2O →Al(OH)3(S) +OH-
这是一个为生产铝而准备氧化铝的基础，这两个过程的不同之处是，钛氧基离子的水解发生在酸性介质中，然而铝离子的水解发生在碱性介质中。