科技文章英译的合句法
科技文章英译的合句法
长沙铁道学院 杨寿康
由于汉英语言的思维方式和表达方法的差异,科技文章英译时,有时需要把汉语长句拆开分译成两个或两个以上的句子(参看拙文《科技文章英译的分句法》,《中国翻译》1996年3期)。另方面,有时则需要把汉语中两个或两个以上的句子合译成一个英语句子,才能更确切、更顺畅地表达原义,达到与原文等效。根据笔者的翻译实践经验,认为进行科技文章英译时,在以下情况下最好应用合句法,即(一)汉语相邻两个句子表示因果、对比等逻辑关系;(二)相邻两个句子表示主语、述语关系;(三)相邻句表示部分与整体关系;(四)相邻句表示连续关系;(五)相邻句表示平行关系。分别举例说明如下:
一、相邻句表示因果、对比等逻辑关系,可以合并译成英语复合句。如:
1.新的形势给铁路大发展带来了历史性
机遇,也使铁路面临严重的挑战。要抓住机遇,迎接挑战,制定发展战略,担起历史任务,努力实现铁路的大发展。
这两个句子之间存在着一种因果关系,汉语是意合,这种关系蕴藏在字里行间,而英语是形合,要表达这种有机联系,需要某种形式,最好合成一个句子,译成:
(1)Con sidering that the new situati on p resen ts a h isto ric oppo rtun ity fo r rail w ay developm en t as w ell as a seri ou s challenge ,the rail w ay secto r m u st seize the oppo rtun i 2ty to w o rk ou t a strategy to m eet the chal 2lenge ,and realize the great developm en t of rail w ay .
2.由于物体反射光线我们才能看到颜
色。能把大部分红色的光反射出来的东西看上去是红的。同样,一个绿色的物体反射出来的极大多数是绿色光。白色的东西能把所有种类的颜色的光都反射出来。而黑色的东西对任何颜色的光都不反射。
汉语原文是五个句子,但可以看出在第二、第三句之间存在着一种对比关系,而第四、第五句之间存在着另一种对比关系,因此可以用合句法将这种对比关系突出表现出来。
(2)W e can see co lou r on ly becau se ob 2ject reflects ligh t .
Som eth ing red reflects
m o stly red ligh t ,w h ile a green ob ject re 2flects m o stly green ligh t .W h ite ob jects re 2flect all co lou rs of ligh t ,bu t b lack ob jects do no t reflect any ligh t at all
.二、相邻句表示主述语关系,即前句的述语为后句的主语。这样的相邻句可以合译成一个复合句。如:
3.减轻家庭妇女的日常家务劳动的最合
理的办法是添置机器人仆役。它可以被训练去从事某一特定家庭所必须做的事,可以按照编写好的一套程序去担任五、六种或更多的规范工作,只要主妇根据需要拧一下开关就行。
(3)T he m o st logical step to relieve the hou sew ife of rou tine is to p rovide a robo t slave w h ich can be trained to m eet the re 2qu irem en ts of a particu lar hom e and can be p rogramm ed to carry ou t half a dozen o r m o re
standard
op erati on s ,
w hen
so
s w itched by the hou sew ife .
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S hang hai J ou rnal of T ranslators f or S cience and T echnology 1998N o .2
4.最奇异的用途莫过于将金刚石做成拉丝模。那就是钻有许多细孔的金刚石板。当你把金属丝从这些小孔中拉出来以后,就成了细丝。
(4)M o st m arvelou s of all are the dia2 m ond dies,w h ich are flat diam ond w ith a num ber of s m all ho les drilled th rough it. W hen m etal is p u lled th rough the s m all ho les in the diam ond,it com es ou t as th in w ires.
三、相邻句表示部分与整体关系的,合并成一个复合句,能更好地表达两者间的这种密切关系。如:
5.“八五”、“九五”期间要加快南北通路、煤炭外运通路、西北通路、东北通路、华东通路及沿海港口的后方通路等六大通路的建设。其中,要把晋煤外运通路和南北干线通路作为重中之重。
(5)D u ring the E igh th and N in th F ive2 year P lan peri ods,great effo rt shou ld be de2 vo ted to con structi on of six m ajo r rou tes, nam ely,a sou th2no rth rou te,a rou te fo r sh i pp ing coal,a no rthw est rou te,a no rth2 east rou te,an East Ch ina rou te and the rou te connecting coastal po rts and the h in2 terland,am ong w h ich the rou te fo r sh i pp ing coal of Shanx i P rovince and the sou th2no rth rou te w ill be given top p ri o rity.
四、相邻的句子意思连贯,或具有时间顺序的可以合并成一个句子。如:
6.工业用的金刚石的价值在于它们的硬度,而不在于它们美观与否。其价值还在于它们具有千百种用途。
(6)T he value of indu strial diam onds lies in their hardness,no t in their beau ty, and in the thou sands of job s they do.
7.暨南大学有着悠久而曲折的历史。它的前身是暨南学堂,创办于1907年,校址在南京,主要招收华侨子弟。辛亥革命后停办。1918年复校,后迁上海,改为暨南大学。……。
(7)J inan U n iversity has had a long and chequered h isto ry.It w as first founded in 1907at N an jing as J inan Schoo l m ain ly fo r the ch ilden of overseas Ch inese,clo sed fo r a peri od of ti m e after the1911R evo lu ti on bu t reop ened in1918,and then m oved to Shanghai w here it becam e J inan U n iversity.
五、相邻的句子表示一种平行关系的也可以合并成一个句子,使这种对照关系更为明显。如:
8.科学是讲求实际的。科学是老老实实的学问,来不得半点虚假,需要付出艰巨的劳动。同时,科学也需要创造,需要幻想,有幻想才能打破传统的束缚,才能发展科学。
(8)Science deals w ith th ings in a p rac2 tical w ay.Science m ean s honest,so lid know ledge,allow ing no t an i o ta of false2 hood,and it invo lves hercu lean effo rts and gruelling to il,bu t on the o ther hand,sci2 ence also calls fo r creativeness and i m agina2 ti on;on ly w ith i m aginati on is it po ssib le to b reak aw ay from the confines of conven ti on2 alities and to m ake headw ay in science.
一般说来,这种合句翻译法具有一些优点,这是机械的一句对一句的翻译难以达到的。这些优点综合叙述如下:
一、合句能提供比较完整的信息,而不是片断零散的信息。试对比以下两种不同的译文可以明显的看出合句法的这种优越的地方。
9.金刚石可以用于制作高保真的留声机的唱针。可以用来切割坚固的岩石以找寻石油。牙科医生也要用金刚石,常常把金刚石粉末粘贴在纸上或转轮上。其它金刚石轮子可以用来切割或抛光石块以及用来切割各种发动机上的金属部件。
Indu strial diam onds can be u sed to
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m ake the needles of h i2fi p honograph s,cu t th rough so lid rock in search of o il,and it can often be u sed as a pow der glued to p a2 p er o r a w heel by den tists o r as w heels to cu t o r po lish stones as w ell as to cu t m etal p arts of all k inds of engines.
(对比:Indu strial diam onds m ake the needles of h i2fi phonograp h s.D iam onds cu t th rough so lid rock in search of o il.D en tists u se diam onds too,…often as a pow der glued to pap er o r a w heel.O ther diam ond w heels cu t and po lish stones and cu t m etal p art of all k ind of engines.)
下面的例子也表明,在英译时有些汉语句子需要合并,以避免所提供的信息过分地支离破碎。
10.元素由原子构成。每一个原子的中心有一个核子。核子的主要部分是质子和中子。质子有一个正电荷,中子不带电荷。核子的周围是电子,电子围绕核子极快地旋转,并带有一个负电荷。质子与电子的数目相等。因此,整个原子是中性的。
(10)A n elem en t is com po sed of atom s.A t the cen tre of each atom there is a nucleu s w h ich m ain ly con sists of p ro ton s w ith po sitive electric charges and neu tron s w ith no charge.A round the nucleu s are electron s,w h ich ro tate very rap idly and carry negative electric charges.Since the num ber of p ro ton s is equal to that of elec2 tron s,the w ho le atom is electrically neu2 tral.
二、合句法可以突出相邻两个句子或更多句子之中的重点,使英文译文主次分明。如:
11.热水瓶是由两层很薄的玻璃构成的。在两层玻璃壁之间是一个真空。所谓真空是指在两层玻璃壁之间的空气以及其它一切东西都抽掉了。
(11)A ther m o s flask con sists of tw o very th in w alls of glass w ith a vacuum be2 tw een them,w h ich m ean s that the air and everyth ing else has been ex tracted.
(对比:A ther m o s flask con sists of tw o very th in w alls of glass.T here is a vacuum betw een the tw o glass w alls.T he so2called vacuum m ean s that the air and everyth ing else has been ex tracted.)
通过对比,可以明显看出运用合句法的译文重点突出,而句对句的翻译结构松散,重点模糊不清。
三、结构紧凑,意思连贯:在科技文章英译时,如果一句对一句的翻译,有时会显得结构松散,相反用合句法则容易做到结构紧凑,意思连贯。试对比以下译文:
12.我们能感觉出加速度——速度的增加。但是我们感觉到它的时间是短暂的。例如,在飞机起飞时的滑动期间,我们就感觉到这种加速度。
(12)W e can feel accelerati on,an in2 crease in speed,bu t on ly fo r a sho rt peri od of ti m e,such as du ring the take2off run of an airliner.
(对比:W e can feel accelerati on,an in2 crease in sp eed.B u t w e no tice it fo r on ly a sho rt ti m e.Fo r in stance,w e feel it du ring the take2off run of an airliner.)
13.任何一个物体自由下落时都有一个最大速度,不管其下落的时间长短如何。这个速度称为极限速度。极限速度取决于落体的形状及其相对密度。
(13)T he m ax i m um velocity at w h ich any ob ject m ay fall freely th rough air re2 gardless of the du rati on of its fall is know n as its ter m inal velocity,w h ich depends on the shape and relative den sity of the falling body.
(对比:T here is am ax i m um velocity at
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香港翻译教学研讨会召开
1997年12月1日至4日,在香港中文大学举行翻译教学研讨会(Conference on T ranslati on T each2 ing)。会议由中国翻译工作者协会、香港翻译学会、香港中文大学翻译系主办。内地各大学的18名专家,学者组团参加,由中国译协常务副会长林戊荪带队;香港各大学翻译学科的教师、香港翻译工作者共计数十人参加;台湾方面由台湾中山大学外文研究所讲座教授、著名诗人、翻译家余光中等参加;此外,还有新加坡大学以及其他外藉专家、学者数人应邀参加。
会议分别由香港翻译界著名人士刘靖之、金圣华、徐烈炯、陈佐舜、陈万成、张同、郭嘉彦、刘宓庆、赖恬昌、罗志雄主持,香港中文大学副校长金耀基教授致欢迎辞,林戊荪致闭幕辞并代表内地与会人士致谢辞。
大会安排了三位专题主讲人主讲。他们是台湾的余光中教授、北京外交学院的范守义教授和香港中文大学翻译系的金圣华教授。主讲的专题分别是:余光中的“文学翻译的教学”、范守义的“1949年以来中国翻译教程和翻译研究著作出版状况”以及金圣华的“从‘说一套’到‘做一套’——长篇翻译习作的教与学”。此外,有22位主讲人先后分九场发表论文,然后由会议指定的评论人当场分别予以评论并进行大会讨论。
会议比较集中地交流了祖国大陆和港台的翻译教学情况,发现三地在翻译教学和翻译研究方面各具特点,值得相互学习。会议讨论热烈、气氛活跃,既有许多共识,又有不同观点的针锋相对。三地翻译界同仁言犹未尽,有关人士已开始在酝酿下一次不同主题的同类会议。
w h ich any ob ject m ay fall freely th rough air,regardless of the du rati on of its fall. T h is is know n as its ter m inal velocity.T he ter m inal velocity dep ends on the shape and relative den sity of the falling body.)
四、文字简洁,避免重复。有时按汉语句子一句对一句的翻译,译文中会出现重复和累赘现象,而采用合句法,则可避免这种现象,使译文精练简洁。试对比以下两种译文:
14.地铁乘客近来大量增加了。其原因是公共汽车的乘客由于怕公共汽车不可靠转移到了地铁。
(14)T he recen t great increase in p as2 sengers carried on the underground is due to the tran sfer of p assengers from the bu ses becau se of un reliab ility.
(对比:T he p assengers carried on the underground have increased greatly in re2cen t ti m e.T he reason fo r that is that pas2 sengers have been tranferring from the bu s2 es to the underground becau se the bu ses are un reliab le.)
综上所述,在科技文章英译时,当汉语中相邻的句子间具有逻辑关系,主、述语关系、部分与整体关系、连续和平行关系时,最好用合句法,这样容易使译文提供比较完整的信息,而且重点突出、主次分明;还容易做到结构紧凑、意思连贯,文字简洁、顺畅。
参考文献
1.Ch inese R ail w ay s,Scientific&T echno logical In2
fo r m ati on R esearch Institute,M OR,A ugust, 1995.
2.吕瑞昌等编著,《汉英翻译教程》。陕西人民出版
社,1983年。
3.邹人杰编著,《汉英科技翻译技巧》。同济大学出版
社,1989年。
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英语修辞大全
本文根据《大学英语》中出现的最常见的几种修辞格加以分析，希望有助于大家在学习英语的过程中能够恰当地选择修辞手段来丰富自己的表达。 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。例如： ●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsint oshis wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。)在《品尝家》一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。 ●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。)《礼物》一文中，老太太喜迎八十大寿，大女儿不来庆祝，只寄来一张支票。作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟，形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭，极度伤心的心情。 暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： ●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。 ●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬
修辞格的翻译方法
修辞格的翻译方法 修辞格一般都具有形式独特新颖、内容丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的精神和风格。 英译汉中常见的修辞格，包括音韵修辞格、词义修辞格、句法修辞格等，本文着重介绍了修辞格的翻译方法，包括直译、加注、意译法、替换法、归化、切分等，并通过一些实例来阐述。 一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法修辞格的翻译上存在许多差异，为了使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表达习惯。总的来说，英语修辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、意译、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。 （一）直译法在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达能力。 His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。 （二）加注法加注也是丰富译文语言表达的一种有效方法。它既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面，尤其原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到比较好的效果。 Christ，to hear some of th ose sailor’s myths，you’dthink bloody Fort know was on every ship that sailed.天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。（注：诺克斯
堡是美国一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。） （三）意译法由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的，如保留其形象就会危害其义。 如英语的头韵法，其搭配可以千变万化，很难碰巧找到这样的汉语搭配，即使勉强凑韵，也不一定能表达原文的意思。 在这种情况下，必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容，然后尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。 safe and sound安然无恙 now and never机不可失 （1）He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。 （2）He took his time and the floor.他不慌不忙，翩然起舞。 （四）替换法 替换法有两种情况， 一是用其他修辞格翻译某种达到原文具有的效果， 二是保留修辞格，但是在内容上做少许变动，而不会影响效果。 第一种情况的例子： （1）Anna was thin and black，a very umbrella of awomen.安娜是个又瘦又黑的女人，简直像一把雨伞。 （2）（2）They went to the funeral with weeping eyes andhearts.他们向墓地走去，眼里流泪，心里滴血。 第二种情况可以拿比喻的翻译作例，比喻在英汉两种语言中都是应用
科技作文之现代科技英语作文
现代科技英语作文 【篇一：现代科技对人类的影响(英文版)】 modern inventions have remarkable impacts in our society today, there are many modern inventions in our society and all of them have their own important impacts in life. we enjoy the convenience of these modern inventions and we need to accept the fact that they become more and more important for us. in our daily life, we always hear that some people said they had forgotten to take their mobile phones and then they would be very anxiety. it’s not funny. in contrast, this condition just indicates that our life is connected with modern inventions closely. as we all know, humans evolve from apes and monkeys. in the past, we moved from one place to another by our feet. it is because of this, we couldn’t go far away. in another words, it makes us live in a small world. as time goes by, we learned to make animals become our transportations, for examples, we used horses to be vehicles. then in 1776, james watt invented the first steam energy, and then there were a lot of inventions of transport, like the steam train the steam boat and so on. then we could go to further places than before by these things. now, we have cars, ships, planes and many kinds of transportations. these modern inventions of transportations make our life more convenient and even more they seem to make our planet, the earth, become smaller and smaller because we can visit many places on spending only little time. the modern transport really benefits our life, though some people also criticize it because there’re many accidents, such as the air crashes and the traffic accidents. in my view, it’s normal and it’s also avoidable. why i say it normal is because i believe that nothing is absolutely good and right for us. it’s avoidable, i mean that, is that we can develop the science and technology so that we make them more perfect. except for the modern inventions of transport, there are plenty of other things, including robots. robots become more and more popular and they bring us a lot of joy. it’s used in many aspects of our life. and there’re a large number of movies
高科技英语作文
高科技英语作文文件排版存档编号：[UYTR-OUPT28-KBNTL98-UYNN208]
The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to w h i c h w e m u s t s o m e s o l u t i o n s. Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective communication device now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before. Modern transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and fast. With the help of modern transportation, people can go everywhere they prefer to. The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space travel. Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many diseases. Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples health. Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made, these diseases become treatable. However, the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human beings. Internet, though widely used in modern communication, is easy to be destroyed by computer virus. Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the space. A tiny metal, a screw, for example can destroy a flying man-made satellite. Industrialization is making natural resources become scarce. Confronted with these problems, scientists are seeking prompt and feasible solutions. The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to us. We must eliminate the positive effects to the least extent. 科学技术的发展使我们的生活更加舒适和方便。然而，科学家们创造了许多不容 易解决的问题，如空气污染，环境恶化和自然资源的匮乏，我们必须要有一些解 决办法。 现代科学技术给人们带来许多好处。现代通信缩短了人与人之间的距离，使交流 更容易。互联网不仅被广泛用于收集丰富的信息，而且还用于通信。电子邮件， 现在最有效的通信设备，正在变得非常流行。此外，电话和手机比以前更方便。
分句与合句法
分句法、合句法 英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。英语重形合，连接词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，叠床架屋，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多；汉语重意合，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线型排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。针对英汉句子结构的不同特征，在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的转换，以确保译文通顺流畅。 在进行英汉翻译时，有时我们可以把原文的整个句子结构保存下来或稍加些许改动即可。但在多数情况下，需对原句子作较大的改动以符合目的语的表达习惯。分句法和合句法就是改变句子结构的两种重要的方法。 所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个简单句来表达。
一、分句法 （—）副词的分译 1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. --中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理的。 2）Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. --杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. (adv.） 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago. ( adv.) 她真愿意那时已在康定。要是在平常的日子里，她早已到康定三个小时了。 Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会，这是他的特点。
翻译难点--英语修辞格译法
一、什么是修辞格 修辞格（figures of speech）是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。 （一）音韵修辞格（phonological rhetorical devices） 顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration和assonance.Onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如： Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。 Alliteration就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。前者与汉语的双声（汉语中两个或多个音节，声母相同，叫做双声，它不是辞格）相似，后者与汉语的叠韵（两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同）非常相似。例如： （1）Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.（alliteration）皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。 （2）With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. （assonance）怀着这个信念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 （二）词义修辞格（semantic rhetorical devices） 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。它们主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion, metonymy, transferred epithet, personifi-cation, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma, contrast 等。 A. simile，metaphor；allusion Simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语simile 的比喻词一般是like, as （……as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是"好象"、"仿佛"等。例如： They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行。 Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。如： （1）Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。（隐喻）
科技英语文章资料
科技英语文章
探索发现:科学家发现奇特系外"钻石"行星群 An exoplanet, called WASP-12b which is about 1,200 light years from Earth and 1.4 times the mass of Jupiter has been considered suitable for life existence, although a little hot. And its sibling planets could even be made of diamonds, according to new research findings. 最新研究结果显示，一颗名为WASP-12b、距离地球1200光年、质量为木星1.4 倍的系外行星适合生命存在，尽管热了一点。而与其同属一个星系的情况更甚：它们有可能由钻石构成。 A team led by researcher Nikku Madhusudhan of Princeton University and scientist Joe Harrington of the University of Central Florida monitor WASP-12b during one of its orbits, particularly in the instants before it passed behind its home star. In those brief moments, the light from the star would flow through the planet's atmosphere, allowing astronomers to study the wavelengths produced and infer the atmosphere's chemical composition. 由美国普林斯顿大学的研究员尼库马杜苏丹和佛罗里达中部大学的科学家乔哈林顿 领导的一个研究小组检测WASP-12b的一次绕轨运行情况，特别是在它从其母恒星后面经过的那一刻。在这一刹那，恒星发出的光会穿透行星的大气，天文学家得以研究产生的波长，并推断行星大气的化学成分。 They found some exoplanets, WASP-12b included, have carbon-rich chemistry: Some have atmospheres with a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of about 0.5. As for WASP-12b, however, there was more than twice the concentration of carbon as usual and almost 100 times more methane than expected. 他们发现，一些包括WASP-12b在内的系外行星具有碳浓度高的化学特性，即它们大气中的碳氧比率约为0.5。不过，WASP-12b的碳浓度要比通常情况高出一倍多，而且甲烷的浓度几乎是预计的100倍。 That has big implications for extraterrestrial biology, since life is based on carbon, and methane - which is made up of carbon and hydrogen - is a byproduct of metabolism. The planet's carbon-heavy atmosphere could retain heat and light, providing energy for life to get started and thrive. That life would have to survive on comparatively little oxygen and water, and would have to be very tolerant of methane. 这对于地外生命学来说意义重大。因为生命建立在碳的基础上，而由碳和氢构成的甲烷是新陈代谢的副产品。大气中高浓度的碳可以留住光和热，为生命的出现和茁壮成长提供能量。这些生命要再氧气和水相对较少的环境下生存，而且要能够忍受甲烷。
高考英语作文常用的12个修辞手法
高考英语作文常用的12个修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味，一篇好的作文，语言应该生动形象。而恰当地运用修辞手法，可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真，大大增强艺术表现力，扩大语言表达的范围；而且还可以激发读者的想象，给人留下深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1、比喻 (metaphor) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻 (simile)： 用like， as， as。。。as， as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love’s like a red， red rose。我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can’t be trusted。 He is as slippery as an eel。那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung。他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream。童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻 (metaphor)： 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事
物。例如： He has a heart of stone。他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage。世界是一个大舞台。 2、换喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。例如： His purse would not allow him that luxury。他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle。母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848。他在1848年继承了王位。 3、提喻 (synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing。他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season。在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket。澳大利亚队在板球
科技英语文章
科技英语文章 Arctic Melt Earth's North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean fell to a record low1. Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining. Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end-of-summer ice cover2. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness -- becoming 1.13 meters thinner. Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its skimpiest levels yet. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. That's 38 percent less area than the average cover at that time of year. Andit's a very large 23 percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has scientists concerned There may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jinlun Zhang, an oceanographer at the University of Washington3 in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water4. Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.5℃Celsius warmer than average and 1.5℃ warmer than the pr evious record high5. With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea6, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3m thick at the beginning of the summer measured just 50 centimeters by season's end. The new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than scientists have seen by just looking at ice cover from above, says Donald K. Perovich, a geophysicist at the U. S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory in Hanover, N.H.7 Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend from which it may never recover. 练习： 1. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "build" in the first sentence of the second paragraph?
分句法与合句法练习(1)
分句法与合句法练习: 注意以下副词，形容词和短语的分译 1.He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been there three hours ago. 他真愿那时候已在家里了。要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家三小时了。 2.illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 3.她想会有某种奇迹般的解决办法。这是不合情理的事。 4.But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long. 5.但是，偶尔也会有这种情况，由于匆忙或者粗心，而造成错误，结果当天停业结算时， 有的出纳会少了钱，而另一个会多了。 6.Characteristically, Mr. Li concealed his feelings and watches and learned. 7.哈罗德先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心神领会。这是他的特点 8.He stalked away, but with a gnawing uncertainty in his breast. 9.他昂首阔步地走开，心里半信半疑，感到十分苦恼。 10.The inside of each tent depended on the personality of its occupant. 11.每个帐篷的内部怎样布置，要看各个居住者的性格了。 12.He was lying on his side watching her. 13.他侧身躺着，注视着她。 14.Doctors and men both talked about a miracle drug constantly almost with awe. 15.医生们和几个男的不停地谈论一种神奇的药物，面目严肃。 16.John still smiled but his voice had a little bit of irritation in it, unusual to Rob. 17.约翰仍然面带微笑，但是不同于罗布的是他言语里面略带愤怒。 18.He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally. 19.他来到华盛顿时，就国际形势而言，是个好时机。 20.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery. 21.他没有遵守安全守则从而导致机器出了事故。 22.As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity... 就住而言，它还需要改进。作为一个新型的革命飞机，它是一个极好的秘密训练基地，因为它地势偏远，有效地掩盖了飞机飞行活动。 翻译下列定语从句， 23.He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each. 24.他竟然奇迹般种出了200个西红柿，每个重达2英镑。 25.There was something original，independent，and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them。 26.这个计划里有新颖，独立，英勇的想法，他们非常满意。 27.My assistant，who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment， could not obtain satisfactory results，because he followed them mechanically。 28.在未做实验之前，我的助手认真的读了说明，但是却没得到满意的结果，因为他只是机 械性的照搬。 29.The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands。 30.帝国主义国家为了镇压和剥削遥远地区的人们，保持了大量巨大的军队和海军。
英语广告的句法与修辞
英语广告的句法与修辞 周敏新Ξ (广西商业高等学校,南宁 53003) [摘 要] 英语广告既有英语语言的共性,但更重要的是因其功能目的而决定的独特之处。文章从句法修辞角度探讨了广告英语的特点,以丰富的例证说明特征的同时,提出了汉语广告英译的一条有效途径。 [关键词] 英语广告 句法 修辞 [中图分类号] G623.31 [文献标识码] C [文章编号] 1004-6232(2002)04-0109-03 现代人的生活充斥着广告。特别是西方国家,其广告业已经到了很发达的程度。作为广告创意的关键之笔———广告词历来对产品营销是否成功起着重要的作用,也凝聚了广告设计者的巨大心血。中国面对入世后的机遇与挑战,产品广告的汉语倾向越来越明确。诚然走向世界的产品说服对象自然是要有“世界语”之作的英语支持的。然而汉语广告词的英译问题要得到恰当处理,了解英语广告语言的特征是很必要的。本文着重讨论英语广告的句法与修辞特点。一直以来,广告英语被视为英语语言的一个应用文体分支,同时广告英语因其目的用途的差异,又有自己鲜明的句法修辞特征。下面对这些特征进行举证。 一、句法特征(syntax features) (一)多用简单句,少用复合句 纵观现代英语广告文案,以简单句形式设计的占绝大多数。原因在于简单句言简意赅,短小精悍,语义单位有效分割及与其它简单句的意义经过排列,避免了复合句层层叠叠的结构,显得有力简洁。更重要的是这迎合了现代人生活快节奏,对媒体广告仅当作“快餐式”消费的实际情况。请看下几例: 1.Pepsi-cola hits the spot,twelve full ounces, thatπs a lot.Twice as much for a nickel,too.Pepsi-cola is the drink for you. 百事可乐味最好,十二盎司真不少,五元钞票买两瓶,一喝永远忘不了。 2.My Rolex is more just than a watch.It makes one feel dressed.劳力士不只是表,更为人增辉。 3.Itπs not built to be something to everyone, but everything for someone.(保时捷汽车) 不为人人,倾心为你。 4.I fonly everything in life was as reliable as a Volkswagen.(大众汽车)事事如大众,生活多如意! 这些广告词,均简洁明了。主要着力在语言的煽动性上,以情以理,实现广告、告知、劝谏,巩固已产生消费愿望,促进购买行为的作用。 (二)省略句大量使用(Elliptical Sentence) 省略句较简单句,因省去了一个或多个句子成分,而更显干练,能最大限度在有限词中折射广告精华所在。古人讲求“炼句”,广告也是如此。纵览形形色色的广告,省略俯拾即是: 1.Canπt beat the real feeling! 挡不住的诱惑。(可口可乐) 901 第19卷 第4期vol.19 N o.4 广西商业高等专科学校学报 Journal of G u angxi Commercial College 2002年12月 DEC.2002 Ξ收稿日期:2002-09-21 作者简介:周敏新,男,(1976,1-)广西商业高等专科学校商务外语系教师。
英语中常见的修辞手法11928
英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中，马克.吐温是位伟大作家，他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)（eternal和endless都是夸张用语，表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。） 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）（大学英语第三册第六课课文A） 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如： “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)