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外文阅读与翻译——李祥

外文阅读与翻译——李祥
外文阅读与翻译——李祥

JSJ-1302

计算机信息工程学院

2013 届毕业设计(论文)外文阅读与翻译

毕业设计题目基于Android的个人事务管理系统的设计

外文翻译题目Android 4.1 Compatibility Definition

专业计算机科学与技术班级09计二

姓名李祥学号09030210

指导教师王鲲鹏职称讲师

Android 4.1 Compatibility Definition

3. Software

3.1. Managed API Compatibility

The managed (Dalvik-based) execution environment is the primary vehicle for Android applications. The Android application programming interface (API) is the set of Android platform interfaces exposed to applications running in the managed VM environment. Device implementations MUST provide complete implementations, including all documented behaviors, of any documented API exposed by the Android 4.1 SDK [Resources, 4 ].

Device implementations MUST NOT omit any managed APIs, alter API interfaces or signatures, deviate from the documented behavior, or include no-ops, except where specifically allowed by this Compatibility Definition.

In such cases, the APIs MUST still be present and behave in a reasonable way.

specific requirements for this scenario.

3.2. Soft API Compatibility

In addition to the managed APIs from Section 3.1, Android also includes a significant runtime-only "soft" API, in the form of such things such as Intents, permissions, and similar aspects of Android applications that cannot be enforced at application compile time.

Device implementers MUST support and enforce all permission constants as documented by the Permission reference page [Resources, 5 ].

Note that Section 10 lists additional requirements related to the Android security model.

3.2.3. Intent Compatibility

Device implementations MUST honor Android's loose-coupling Intent system, as described in the sections below.

By "honored", it is meant that the device implementer MUST provide an Android Activity or Service that specifies a matching Intent filter and binds to and implements correct behavior for each specified Intent pattern.

The Android upstream project defines a number of core applications, such as contacts, calendar, photo gallery, music player, and so on.Device implementers MAY replace these applications with alternative versions.

However, any such alternative versions MUST honor the same Intent patterns provided by the upstream project.For example, if a device contains an alternative music player, it must still honor the Intent pattern issued by third-party applications to pick a song.

The following applications are considered core Android system applications: Desk Clock

Brows

Calendar

Contacts

GlobalSearch

Launcher

Music

Settings

The core Android system applications include various Activity, or Service components that are considered "public".That is, the attribute "android:exported" may be absent, or may have the value "true".

For every Activity or Service defined in one of the core Android system apps that is not marked as non public via an android:exported attribute with the value "false", device implementations MUST include a compontent of the same type implementing the same Intent filter patterns as the core Android system app.

In other words, a device implementation MAY replace core Android system apps; however, if it does, the device implementation MUST support all Intent patterns defined by each core Android system app being replaced.

As Android is an extensible platform, device implementations MUST allow each Intent pattern referenced in Section 3.2.3.2 to be overridden by third-party applications. The upstream Android open source implementation allows this by default;device implementers MUST NOT attach special privileges to system applications' use of these Intent patterns, or prevent third-party applications from binding to and assuming control of these patterns.

This prohibition specifically includes but is not limited to disabling the "Chooser" user interface which allows the user to select between multiple applications which all handle the same Intent pattern.

However, device implementations MAY provide default activities for specific URI patterns if the default activity provides a more specific filter for the data URI.

For example, an intent filter specifying the data URI is more specific than the browser filter for http://。

Deviceimplementations MUST provide a user interface for users to modify the default activity for intents.

3.2.3.3. Intent Namespaces

Device implementations MUST NOT include any Android component that honors any new Intent or Broadcast Intent patterns using an ACTION, CATEGORY, or other key string in the android.* or com.android.* namespace.

Device implementers MUST NOT include any Android components that honor any new Intent or Broadcast Intent patterns using an ACTION, CATEGORY, or other key string in a package space belonging to another organization.

Device implementers MUST NOT alter or extend any of the Intent patterns used by the core apps listed in Section 3.2.3.1.

Device implementations MAY include Intent patterns using namespaces clearly and obviously associated with their own organization.This prohibition is analogous to that specified for Java language classes in Section 3.6.

3.2.3.

4. Broadcast Intents

Third-party applications rely on the platform to broadcast certain Intents to notify them of changes in the hardware or software environment.

Android-compatible devices MUST broadcast the public broadcast Intents in response to appropriate system events. Broadcast Intents are described in the SDK documentation。

3.5. API Behavioral Compatibility

The behaviors of each of the API types (managed, soft, native, and web) must be consistent with the preferred implementation of the upstream Android open source project [Resources, 3 ]. Some specific areas of compatibility are: (1)Devices MUST NOT change the behavior or semantics of a standard Intent (2)Devices MUST NOT alter the lifecycle or lifecycle semantics of a particular type of system component (such as Service, Activity, ContentProvider, etc.)

(3)Devices MUST NOT change the semantics of a standard permission

The above list is not comprehensive. The Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) tests significant portions of the platform for behavioral compatibility, but not all. It is the responsibility of the implementer to ensure behavioral compatibility with the Android Open Source Project. For this reason, device implementers SHOULD use the source code available via the Android Open Source Project where possible, rather than re-implement significant parts of the system.

3.6. API Namespaces

Android follows the package and class namespace conventions defined by the Java programming language. To ensure compatibility with third-party applications, device implementers MUST NOT make any prohibited modifications (see below) to these package namespaces:

(1)java.*

(2)javax.*

(3)sun.*

(4)android.*

(5)com.android.*

Prohibited modifications include:

(1)Device implementations MUST NOT modify the publicly exposed APIs on the Android platform by changing any method or class signatures, or by removing classes or class fields.

(2)Device implementers MAY modify the underlying implementation of the APIs, but such modifications MUST NOT impact the stated behavior and Java-language signature of any publicly exposed APIs.

(3)Device implementers MUST NOT add any publicly exposed elements (such as classes or interfaces, or fields or methods to existing classes or interfaces) to the APIs above.

A "publicly exposed element" is any construct which is not decorated with the "@hide" marker as used in the upstream Android source code.In other words, device implementers MUST NOT expose new APIs or alter existing APIs in the namespaces noted above.

Device implementers MAY make internal-only modifications, but those modifications MUST NOT be advertised or otherwise exposed to developers.Device implementers MAY add custom APIs, but any such APIs MUST NOT be in a namespace owned by or referring to another organization.For instance, device implementers MUST NOT add APIs to the com.google.* or similar namespace;only Google may do so.

Similarly, Google MUST NOT add APIs to other companies'namespaces.

Additionally, if a device implementation includes custom APIs outside the standard Android namespace, those APIs MUST be packaged in an Android shared library so that only apps that explicitly use them(via the mechanism) are affected by the increased memory usage of such APIs.

If a device implementer proposes to improve one of the package namespaces above (such as by adding useful new functionality to an existing API, or adding a new API), the implementer SHOULD visit https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e17576996.html, and begin the process for contributing changes and code, according to the information on that site.

Note that the restrictions above correspond to standard conventions for naming APIs in the Java programming language; this section simply aims to reinforce those conventions and make them binding through inclusion in this compatibility definition.

3.8. User Interface Compatibility

3.8.1. Widgets

Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that allows applications to expose an "AppWidget" to the end user [Resources, 18 ].

The Android Open Source reference release includes a Launcher application that includes user interface affordances allowing the user to add, view, and remove AppWidgets from the home screen.Device implementations MAY substitute an alternative to the reference Launcher (i.e. home screen).

Alternative Launchers SHOULD include built-in support for AppWidgets, and expose user interface affordances to add,configure, view, and remove AppWidgets directly within the Launcher. Alternative Launchers MAY omit these user interface elements;

however, if they are omitted, the device implementation MUST provide a separate application accessible from the Launcher that allows users to add, configure, view, and remove AppWidgets.

Device implementations MUST be capable of rendering widgets that are 4 x 4 in the standard grid size. (See the App Widget Design Guidelines in the Android SDK documentation [Resources, 18 ] for details.

3.8.2. Notifications

Android includes APIs that allow developers to notify users of notable events [ Resources, 19 ],using hardware and software features of the device.

Some APIs allow applications to perform notifications or attract attention using hardware, specifically sound,vibration, and light. Device implementations MUST support notifications that use hardware features, as described in the SDK documentation, and to the extent possible with the device implementation hardware.

For instance, if a device implementation includes a vibrator, it MUST correctly implement the vibration APIs.

If a device implementation lacks hardware, the corresponding APIs MUST be implemented as no-ops. Note that this behavior is further detailed in Section 7.

Additionally, the implementation MUST correctly render all resources (icons, sound files, etc.) provided for in the APIs [Resources, 20 ], or in the

Status/System Bar icon style guide [ Resources, 21].

Device implementers MAY provide an alternative user experience for

notifications than that provided by the reference Android Open Source implementation; however, such alternative notification systems MUST support existing notification resources, as above.

Android 4.1 includes support for rich notifications, such as interactive Views for ongoing notifications. Device implementations MUST properly display and execute rich notifications, as documented in the Android APIs.

3.8.3. Search

Android includes APIs [ Resources, 22 ] that allow developers to incorporate search into their applications, and expose their application's data into the global system search. Generally speaking, this functionality consists of a single, system-wide user interface that allows users to enter queries, displays suggestions as users type, and displays results.

The Android APIs allow developers to reuse this interface to provide search within their own apps,and allow developers to supply results to the common global search user interface.

Device implementations MUST include a single, shared, system-wide search user interface capable of real-time suggestions in response to user input. Device implementations MUST implement the APIs that allow developers to reuse this user interface to provide search within their own applications. Device implementations MUST implement the APIs that allow third-party applications to add suggestions to the search box when it is run in global search mode.

If no third-party applications are installed that make use of this functionality, the default behavior SHOULD be to display web search engine results and suggestions.

3.8.

4. Toasts

Applications can use the "Toast" API (defined in [ Resources, 23 ]) to display short non-modal strings to the end user,that disappear after a brief period of time.

Device implementations MUST display Toasts from applications to end

users in some high-visibility manner.

3.8.5. Themes

Android provides "themes" as a mechanism for applications to apply styles across an entire Activity or application.Android 3.0 introduced a new "Holo" or "holographic" theme as a set of defined styles for application developers to use if they want to match the Holo theme look and feel as defined by the Android SDK [Resources, 24 ].

Device implementations MUST NOT alter any of the Holo theme attributes exposed to applications [Resources, 25 ].

Android 4.0 introduced a new "Device Default" theme as a set of defined styles for application developers to use if they want to match the look and feel of the device theme as defined by the device implementer. Device implementations MAY modify the DeviceDefault theme attributes exposed to applications [Resources, 25 ].

3.8.6. Live Wallpapers

Android defines a component type and corresponding API and lifecycle that

allows applications to expose one or more "Live Wallpapers" to the end user [Resources, 26 ]. Live Wallpapers are animations, patterns, or similar images with limited input capabilities that display as a wallpaper, behind other applications.

Hardware is considered capable of reliably running live wallpapers if it can run all live wallpapers, with no limitations on functionality, at a reasonable framerate with no adverse affects on other applications.

If limitations in the hardware cause wallpapers and/or applications to crash, malfunction, consume excessive CPU or battery power, or run at unacceptably low frame rates, the hardware is considered incapable of running live wallpaper.

As an example, some live wallpapers may use an Open GL 1.0 or 2.0 context to render their content.

Live wallpaper will not run reliably on hardware that does not support multiple OpenGL contexts because the live wallpaper use of an OpenGL context may conflict with other applications that also use an OpenGL context.

Device implementations capable of running live wallpapers reliably as described above SHOULD implement live wallpapers.Device implementations determined to not run live wallpapers reliably as described above MUST NOT implement live wallpapers.

3.8.7. Recent Application Display

The upstream Android 4.1 source code includes a user interface for displaying recent applications using a thumbnail image of the application's graphical state at the moment the user last left the application.

Device implementations MAY alter or eliminate this user interface; however, a future version of Android is planned to make more extensive use of this functionality.

Device implementations are strongly encouraged to use the upstream Android 4.1 user interface (or a similar thumbnail-based interface) for recent applications, or else they may not be compatible with a future version of Android.

3.8.8. Input Management Settings

Android 4.1 includes support for Input Management Engines. The Android 4.1 APIs allow custom app IMEs to specify user-tunable settings.Device implementations MUST include a way for the user to access IME settings at all times when an IME that provides such user settings is displayed.

3.8.9. Lock Screen Remote Control

Android 4.0 introduced support for Remote Control API that lets media applications integrate with playback controls that are displayed in a remote view like the device lock screen [Resources, 69 ].

Device implementations SHOULD include support for embedding remote controls in the device lock screen.

3.9 Device Administration

Android 4.1 includes features that allow security-aware applications to perform device administration functions at the system level, such as enforcing password policies or performing remote wipe, through the Android Device Administration API [Resources, 27 ].

Device implementations MUST provide an implementation of the

DevicePolicyManager class [Resources, 28 ], and SHOULD support the full range of device administration policies defined in the Android SDK documentation [Resources, 27 ].

Note: while some of the requirements outlined above are stated as "SHOULD" for Android 4.1, the Compatibility Definition for a future version is planned to change these to "MUST".

That is, these requirements are optional in Android 4.1 but will be required by a future version. Existing and new devices that run Android 4.1 are very strongly encouraged to meet these requirements in Android 4.1, or they will not be able to attain Android compatibility when upgraded to the future version.

3.10 Accessibility

Android 4.1 provides an accessibility layer that helps users with disabilities to navigate their devices more easily.

In addition, Android 4.1 provides platform APIs that enable accessibility service implementations to receive callbacks for user and system events and generate alternate feedback mechanisms, such as text-to-speech, haptic feedback,and trackball/d-pad navigation [Resources, 29 ]. Device implementations MUST provide an implementation of the Android accessibility framework consistent with the default Android implementation.

Specifically, device implementations MUST meet the following requirements.

(1)Device implementations MUST support third party accessibility service implementations through the android.accessibilityservice APIs [Resources, 30 ].

(2)Device implementations MUST generate AccessibilityEvents and deliver these events to all registered AccessibilityService implementations in a manner consistent with the default Android implementation.

(3)Device implementations MUST provide a user-accessible mechanism to enable and disable accessibility services, and MUST display this interface in response to the android.provider.Settings.ACTION_ACCESSIBILITY_SETTINGS intent.

Additionally, device implementations SHOULD provide an implementation of an accessibility service on the device,and SHOULD provide a mechanism for users to enable the accessibility service during device setup.

An open source implementation of an accessibility service is available from the Eyes Free project [Resources, 31].

3.11 Text-to-Speech

Android 4.1 includes APIs that allow applications to make use of

text-to-speech (TTS) services, and allows service providers to provide implementations of TTS services [Resources, 32 ].

Device implementations MUST meet these requirements related to the Android TTS framework:

(1)Device implementations MUST support the Android TTS framework APIs and SHOULD include a TTS engine supporting the languages available on the device.

(2)Device implementations MUST support installation of third-party TTS engines.

(3)Device implementations MUST provide a user-accessible interface that allows users to select a TTS engine for use at the system level.

Android 4.1 相容性定义

3. 软件

3.1. 托管API的兼容性

管理(Dalvik-based)执行环境是Android应用程序的主要载体。Android应用程序编程接口(API)是在VM环境中运行的应用程序的Android平台接口。设备的实现必须提供完整的实现,包括所有被记录的行为,任何被记录的API都能揭露Android4.1的SDK【资源,4】。

设备实现不能遗漏任何托管API,包括被更改的API的接口或签名、没被记录在案的行为、或空操作,除非特别允许这种兼容性定义。除了一些被允许的兼容性定义。

在这种情况下,APIs必须存在且以一个合理的方式运行。看第7章有关于此方案的具体要求。

3.2软件API的兼容性

除了第3.1节的托管API,Android还包括一个重要的在运行时只有“软件”的API,这种情况包括Intents,权限和其他类似的方面,Android应用程序不能在应用程序编译时执行。

3.2.3. 意向兼容性

设备的实现必须履行Android松耦合的Intent系统,如下面的章节所描述的。“honored”是指该设备的实现必须提供一个Android活动或服务,以此匹配指定的Intent过滤器,并为每个指定的Intent模式实现正确的行为。

3.2.3.1.核心应用程序Intents

Android的前台项目中定义了一些核心应用程序,如联系人,日历,照片库,音乐播放器,依此类推。设备的实施者可能以替代版本取代这些应用。但是,任何此类替代版本必须履行同样的前台项目所提供的Intent模式。

例如,如果一个器件包含一个替代的音乐播放器,但它仍需兑现来自第三方应用程序的Intent模式来挑选的一首歌曲。下面的应用程序被视为核心的Android系统应用程序:

时钟

浏览器

日历

联系人

全球定位搜索

音乐

设置

Android系统的核心应用包括各种活动,或是被认为“公共”的服务组件。也就是说,属性“android:exported”可能不存在,也可能有为“真”的值。

对每个被核心Android系统应用程序定义的活动和服务不会被标记为非公共,其通过android输出口导出的属性值为“false”,设备的实现必须包括一个相同类型的compontent来执行相同的以Intent过滤器为核心的Android系统应用。

换句话说,一个设备实现可能取代核心Android系统的应用程序,但是,如果是这样,该实现装置必须可以取代所有被Android系统应用程序定义的Intent模式版本。

3.2.3.2. Intent覆盖

由于Android是一个可扩展的平台,设备的实现必须允许每个Intent模式被第三方应用程序覆盖。前台的Android开源实现允许设置为默认,当系统应用程序使用这些Intent模式,或阻止第三方应用程序加载并假设这些模式可以被控制时,设备实现必须不附加特殊权限。

这一禁令包括但不限定于禁用“选择器”的用户界面,它允许用户从多个应用程序定义的相同的Intent模式中选择使用。但是,设备的实现可以为特定的URI模式提供默认的活动(eg.https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e17576996.html,),如果默认的活动提供了一个更具体的过滤器的数据URI。

例如,一个intent过滤器指定的数据URI 比浏览器过滤器更具体比如"http://". 设备的实现都必须提供一个用户界面,用户可以修改默认的活动intents。

3.2.3.3. Intent命名空间

设备的实现必须不包括任何的Android组件,荣誉任何新的意向或广播意向使用操作,类别,在Android或其他密钥字符串的模式。com.android。命名空间。

不包括任何设备实现必须尊重任何新的意向或广播意图的Android组件使用操作,类别,包中的空间属于另一个组织或其他密钥字符串的模式。

设备的实施者不能改变或扩展任何的核心应用程序所使用的意图模式。设备实现可能包括意向清楚地使用名称空间的模式。这项禁令是类似于Java语言类的第3.6节的规定。

3.2.3.

4. Broadcast Intents

第三方应用程序所依赖的平台上播放某些意图,通知他们在硬件上的变化或软件环境。兼容Android的设备必须响应广播公共广播意图适当的系统事件。广播意图是在SDK文档中描述。

3.5. API Behavioral Compatibility

每个API类型的行为(管理的、本地的和网络)必须是一致的优选实现Android 开源项目的上游资源,3]。的相容性的某些具体领域分别是:

(1)设备必须不能改变的行为或语义标准的意图

(2)设备必须不能改变的生命周期或生命周期语义的一种特殊类型的系统组件(如服务,活动,内容提供等)

(3)设备必须不改变语义的标准权限

上面的列表是不全面的。兼容性测试套件(CTS)测试的平台的重要部分行为的兼容性,但不是全部。这是实施者的责任,以确保行为的兼容性Android开源项目。出于这个原因,设备的实施者应使用的源代码可以通过Android开源项目,在可能的情况下,而不是重新实现重大的部分系统。

3.6. API Namespaces

Android遵循Java编程语言定义的包和类的方法。为确保与第三方应用程序的兼容性,设备实现必须禁止修改的这些软件包的包名(见下文):

(1)java.*

(2)javax.*

(3)sun.*

(4)android.*

(5)com.android.*

(1)设备的实现不能在Android平台上通过改变任何方法或类,或通过删除类或类领域的签名来修改公开的API。

(2)设备实施者可以修改底层的API,但这些修改都必须不会影响任何公开的API 规定的行为和Java语言的签名。

(3)不得添加任何设备实现者公开声明的元素(如类或接口,或字段或方法现有的类或接口)的api之上。

一个“公开声明的元素”是任何构造而不是以“@hide”标记的用于前台的Android源代码。换句话说,设备不得声明新的api实现或改变现有的api上面所提到的名称空间。实现者可能被内部演示设备修改,但这些修改不得告知于开发者。

设备实现者可能添加自定义的api,但是任何此类api不能在一个名称空间属于另

一个组织。例如,设备实现者必须不添加到com.google.*或类似名称空间,只有谷歌可能会这样做。同样,谷歌不能添加其他公司命名空间。此外,如果一个设备实现了包括自定义api标准的Android外,这些api的名称空间必须打包在Android共享库,因此只有应用程序显式地根据内存使用增加这样的api来使用它们(通过<使用图书馆>机制)。

如果一个设备实现者做好一个包上面的名称空间(如添加有用的新功能,以现有的API,或者添加一个新的API),实现者应该访问https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e17576996.html,然后开始这一根据

信息网站产生变化和代码的过程。

请注意,上面的限制对应在Java编程语言命名的api;本节目标只是加强这些公约

和通过绑定使他们包含在这个兼容性定义。

3.8. 用户界面的相容性

3.8.1. Widgets

Android定义了一个组件类型和相应的API和生命周期,允许应用程序暴露一个“AppWidget”给最终用户【资源、18】。Android开源参考版本包括一个发射器应用

和用户界面功能,允许用户从主屏幕添加、查看和删AppWidgets。

设备实现可能会替代另一种参考发射器(即主屏幕)。

替代发射器应支持内置AppWidgets, 在发射器直接显示用户界面添加、配置、查看和删除AppWidgets的功能。替代发射器可以省略这些用户界面元素,但是,如果他们是省略的,则设备实现必须在发射器提供一个单独的应用程序,它允许用户添加、配置、查看和删除AppWidgets。设备的实现必须能够呈现的小部件是4 * 4的标准网格大小。(这个应用程序部件设计指南在Android SDK文档)【资源、18】。

3.8.2. 通知

Android包括允许开发人员通知用户事件的api 【资源、19】,这个api是使用硬件和软件功能的装置。一些api允许应用程序使用硬件来获得外部的消息,特别是声音,振动,光。设备的实现必须支持消息,且利用使用硬件特性,如前面描述的SDK文档,尽可能实现硬件与设备。

例如,如果一个设备实现包括一个振动器,它必须正确地实现振动的api。如果一个设备的实现缺乏硬件,相应的api必须实现下面功能。注意,这个行为是在第七节进一步详细。此外,该实现必须正确地呈现所有资源(图标、声音文件等)提供的api(资源、20)[资源,21]。然而,这样的另类通知系统必须支持现有通知资源,如上。

Android 4.1包括支持丰富的消息,比如正在进行的交互式视图的消息。设备实现必须正确显示和执行丰富的消息,作为在Android api的记录。

3.8.3. 搜索

Android包括api(资源、22)允许开发者将搜索到他们的应用程序和应用程序的数据显示在他们的全球搜索系统中。一般来说,这个功能包括一个单一的、全系统的用户界面,允许用户输入查询,显示用户类型,并显示结果。Android api允许开发人员重用这个接口来实现自己的搜索应用程序,并允许开发人员将结果给常见的全球搜索系统

的用户界面。设备的实现必须包括一个单一的、共享的、全系统的搜索用户界面,在响应用户输入时能够实时建议。

设备的实现必须实现的api允许开发人员以他们自己的应用程序重用这个用户界面。设备的实现必须实现允许第三方应用程序添加搜索框的api,并当它运行时建议运行全球搜索模式。如果没有第三方的应用程序安装,利用这一功能,默认方式应该显示web搜索引擎的结果和建议。

3.8.

4. Toasts

应用程序可以使用“Toast”API(定义在[资源,23]),经过了短暂的消失时间后显示短的非模态的字符串给最终用户。设备的实现必须显示来自应用程序的结果。并以一些显眼的方式告知用户。

3.8.5. 主题

Android提供“主题”作为一种机制来应用在整个活动或应用程序。Android 3.0引入了一个新的“整体”或“全息”主题作为一组定义的样式给应用程序开发人员使

用,如果他们想匹配Android SDK所定义的整体主题外观和感觉(资源、24)。

Android 4.0引入了一个新的“默认设备”主题作为一组定义的样式给应用程序开发人员使用,如果他们想匹配现者所定义的设备主题的外观和感觉设备实。设备实现可能会修改DeviceDefault主题属性 (资源、25)。

3.8.6. Live Wallpapers

Android定义了一个组件类型和相应的API生命周期,允许应用程序公开一个或多

个“动态壁纸”给最终用户(资源、26]。生活壁纸是动画,图案,或类似壁纸的图像,显示作为一个,它落后于其他应用程序。

如果所有生活壁纸都能被运行,硬件必须能够可靠地运行生活壁纸,不限制其功能,在一个合理的帧速率下且不影响其他应用程序。如果限制硬件导致壁纸和/或应用程序崩溃,故障,消耗过多的CPU或电池供电,或运行在低帧率下,则硬件被认为无法运行动

态壁纸。作为一个例子,一些生活壁纸可能使用一个开放的GL 1.0或2.0来呈现他们的内容。

生活壁纸不会运行再一个不支持多个OpenGL环境的硬件上,因为生活壁纸使用OpenGL,可能其他应用程序也使用一个OpenGL。设备实现能够运行可靠的生活壁纸比如的能实现的生活壁纸。设备实现不会运行不可靠的生活壁纸如上边所描述不能实现的生活壁纸。

3.8.7. 最近应用程序显示

前期Android 4.1的源代码包含一个用户界面用来显示最近的应用程序使用情况的一个缩略图和在最后用户离开应用程序时应用程序形状的图像。设备实现可能会改变或消除这种用户界面;然而,未来版本的Android是打算更广泛的使用这个功能。

设备实现强烈被鼓励使用Android 4.1用户界面(或类似的缩略图建立接口)最近的应用程序,否则他们可能会不兼容未来版本的Android。

3.8.8. 输入管理设置

Android 4.1包括支持输入的管理引擎。Android 4.1 api允许自定义IMEs应用程序。设备的实现必须包括用户在任何时候访问输入法设置并显示设置。

3.8.9. 锁屏远程控制

Android 4.0引入了支持远程控制的API,允许媒体应用程序整合播放控制,并显示在一个远程视图比如装置锁屏(资源,69]。设备实现应该包括支持嵌入遥控器在设备锁定屏幕。

3.9 设备管理

Android 4.1包括安全敏感特性,允许应用程序在系统级执行设备管理功能,如执行密码策略或执行远程遥控,通过Android设备管理API(资源、27)。

设备的实现必须提供一个实现的DevicePolicyManager类(资源、28],应该支持全面的定义在Android SDK文档的设备管理策略 (资源、27)。注意:虽然Android 4.1一些要求表达为“应该”,兼容性定义为未来版本来计划改变这些“必须”。

就是说,这些需求是可选的,但将在Android 4.1以后的版本要求。,运行Android

4.1的现有的和新设备非常强烈鼓励在Android 4.1满足这些需求,不然当他们升级到未来版本将无法获得Android兼容。

3.10 可访问性

Android 4.1提供了一个可访问层,帮助残疾人用户更容易浏览他们的设备。

此外,安卓4.1提供了易访问平台api,使服务实现接收回调函数对于用户和系统事件产生交替的反馈机制,如语音合成、触觉反馈,和轨迹球/方向键导航(资源、29]。设备的实现必须提供一个实现无障碍的Android框架符合默认Android的设备。

具体来说,设备的实现必须符合以下要求。

(1)设备的实现必须支持第三方可访问性服务实现通过android得到服务API。

(2)设备实现必须生成AccessibilityEvents和以符合Android设备的方式给所有注册AccessibilityService的用户实现这些事件。

(3)设备的实现必须提供一个用户可访问的机制来启用和禁用可访问性服务,而且当返回android.provider.Settings.ACTION_ACCESSIBILITY_SETTINGS的目的时必须显界面。

另外, 实现装置应该提供一个可实现访问服务的设备,应提供一个为用户在设备设置启用访问服务的机制。一个开源实现的可访问性服务是可以从Eyes Free项目得到(资源、31)。

3.11 文字语音切换

Android 4.1包括允许应用程序使用文本到语音(TTS)服务的APIs,允许服务提供商提供实现TTS的服务 [资源,32]。设备的实现必须满足这些与需求相关的Android TTS 框架:

(1)设备的实现必须支持Android TTS框架APIs并包括一个支持可用语言设备的TTS引擎。注意,前阶段Android开源软件包括一个实现全功能的TTS引擎。

(2)设备的实现必须支持第三方TTS引擎的安装。

(3)设备的实现必须提供一个用户可访问的接口,允许用户在系统级选择一个TTS 引擎使用。

最新高中英语阅读理解翻译100篇资料

V. Reading Comprehension (15%) A It was 3.21 a. m. when nine-year-old Glenn Kreamer awoke to the smell of burning. Except for the crackling (爆裂声)of flames somewhere below there was not a sound in the two-storey house at Baldwin, Long Island. With his father away on night duty at a local factory, Glenn was worried about the safety of his mother, his sister Karen, 14 and his 12-year-old brother Todd. He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each on through the house to the safety of the garden. There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn. The nine-year-old raced back into the house and upstairs to his mother's room. He found it impossible to wake her up. Mrs. Kreamer, a victim of the smoke, was unconscious, and there was nobody to help Glenn carry her to the garden. But the boy remained calm and, as a fireman said later, "acted with all the self-control of a trained adult." On the bedroom telephone, luckily still working, Glenn called his father and, leaving Mr. Kreamer to telephone the fire brigade and ambulance service, got on with the task of saving his mother. First he filled a bucket with water from the bathroom and threw water over his mother and her bed. Then, with a wet cloth around his head he went back to the garden. He could hear the fire engine coming up, but how would the firemen find his mother in the smoke-filled house where flames had almost swallowed up the ground flo or? Grasping firmly a ball of string from the garage, Glenn raced back into the house and dashed upstairs to his mother's room. Tying one end of the string to her hand he ran back, laying out the string as he went, through the hall and back out into the ga rden. Minutes later he was telling fire chief John Coughlan :"The string will lead you to mother." Mrs. Kreamer was carried to safety as the flames were breaking through her bedroom floor. 71.Why did Glenn run downstairs first? A.He wanted to find out what was happening. B.He was worried about his mother's safety.

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2019年高考英语卷I 阅读理解翻译 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

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