Introduction Batteries and Fuel Cells

Introduction:Batteries and Fuel Cells

This special issue of Chemical Reviews covers the electrochemical storage and generation of energy in batteries and fuel cells.This area is gaining tremen-dous importance for powering high technology devices and for enabling a greener and less energy-intensive transportation industry.Whether the demand is from a cell phone,a computer,or an iPOD,consumers are demanding a longer life in a smaller package and at a lower cost with minimal if any wired connection. The consumer generally does not care whether the power source is a battery,a fuel cell,or something else,as long as it works.In the area of greener transportation,there has been a surge of interest in vehicles that are electrically powered,either totally, as planned for the green Beijing Olympic Games,or partially,as in hybrid electric vehicles.The present generation of such vehicles uses a combination of an internal combustion engine and a battery,today nickel metal hydride,as in the Toyota Prius,and tomorrow lithium;a future generation is likely to be a hybrid of a fuel cell and a battery.

Both batteries and fuel cells utilize controlled chemical reactions in which the desired process occurs electrochemically and all other reactions in-cluding corrosion are hopefully absent or severely kinetically suppressed.This desired selectivity de-mands careful selection of the chemical components including their morphology and structure.Nanosize is not necessarily good,and in present commercial lithium batteries,particle sizes are intentionally large.All batteries and fuel cells contain an electro-positive electrode(the anode or fuel)and an electro-negative electrode(the cathode or oxidant)between which resides the electrolyte.To ensure that the anode and cathode do not contact each other and short out the cell,a separator is placed between the two electrodes.Most of these critical components are discussed in this thematic issue.

The issue starts with a general introduction by Brodd and Winter to batteries and fuel cells and the associated electrochemistry.It then continues first with several papers discussing batteries and then with papers discussing fuel cells.

Batteries

Outside of the above introduction,the battery papers describe lithium batteries,where most chemi-cal and materials research has been focused during the past three decades.The second paper,by Whit-tingham,begins with a general historical background to lithium batteries and then focuses on the next generation of cathodes.The third,by Xu,gives an in-depth review of the presently used and future electrolytes;this is followed by an extensive review by Arora and Zhang of the separators used in lithium and related batteries.The following paper,by Long, Dunn,Rolison,and White,addresses new three-dimensional concepts for increasing the storage ca-pacity.Critical to the development of new materials are advanced characterization and modeling tech-niques,and some of these are described by Grey and Dupre and by Reed and Ceder in the last two papers of the battery group.Several papers covering anodes, phosphate and nickel oxide cathodes,and nickel metal hydride batteries did not meet the publication deadline,and it is hoped that they will appear in future issues.

Fuel Cells

Although fuel cells were invented in the middle of the19th century,they didn’t find the first application until space exploration in the1960s.Since then,the development of fuel cell technology has gone through several cycles of intense activity,each followed by a period of reduced interest.However,during the past two decades,a confluence of driving forces has created a sustained and significant world-wide effort to develop fuel cell materials and fuel cell systems. These driving needs include the demand for efficient energy systems for transportation,the desire to reduce CO2emissions and other negative environ-mental impacts,and the demand for high energy density power sources for portable electronic applica-tions.Due to the high level of interest in fuel cells during the last decade or so,there have been numer-ous summary articles and symposia focused on the technology state of the art.In this thematic issue, we present a series of summary articles that deal with some of the fundamental scientific issues related to fuel cell development.

A fuel cell that has desirable features for trans-portation and portable power is the polymer electro-lyte membrane(PEM)system.The core of this technology is a polymer membrane that

conducts Volume104,Number10

10.1021/cr020705e CCC:$48.50?2004American Chemical Society

Published on Web10/13/2004

protons but separates the fuel from the oxidant.The material used historically and most frequently in PEM fuel systems is Nafion,a perfluorocarbon-based polymer carrying sulfonic acid residues.Nafion is a commercial material and has received the most extensive study of any PEM fuel cell membranes. Mauritz and Moore prepared a summary of the current understanding of the large volume of re-search that has gone into optimizing and understand-ing this membrane system.Other polymer systems that would have even better performance than Nafion and/or have lower costs are being sought by research-ers around the world.Hickner,Ghassemi,Kim, Einsla,and McGrath summarize work on such al-ternative polymer systems for proton exchange mem-branes.These types of materials have complex trans-port properties that involve not just proton movement but also the movement of water.Theoretical treat-ments of the transport mechanisms and processes in these proton conductors are given by Kreuer,Pad-dison,Spohr,and Schuster and by Weber and New-man.

In PEM fuel cells,catalyst activity and catalyst efficiency are still significant issues.Russell and Rose summarize fundamental work involving X-ray ab-sorption spectroscopy on catalysts in low temperature fuel cell systems.These types of studies are very useful for developing a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of reactions at catalyst surfaces and could lead to the development of new improved efficient catalysts.Important in the development of fuel cell technology are mathematical models of engineering aspects of a fuel cell system.Wang writes about studies related to this topic.

Finally,in order for PEM fuel cell systems to be affordable for portable power applications,a source of high energy density fuel must be considered.To this end,Holladay,Wang,and Jones present a review of the developments of using microreactor technology to convert liquid fuels into hydrogen for directly feeding into a PEM fuel cell.

Another fuel cell system undergoing intense re-search is the solid oxide type.Adler presents the factors that govern the rate limiting oxygen reduction reaction within the solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. McIntosh and Gorte,on the other hand,treat the anode in the solid oxide fuel cell by examining catalytic direct hydrocarbon oxidation.Finally, Calabrese Barton,Gallaway,and Atanossov take a look at the future.In their article,they present a summary of some of the enzymatic biological fuel cells that are being developed as implantable devices and also to power microscale devices.

We hope this collection of papers will provide new researchers in the field with a starting point for advancing research.Furthermore,our hope is to stimulate the next generation of breakthroughs that will lead to the success of fuel cell development.

M.Stanley Whittingham

Chemistry and Materials, State University of New York at Binghamton

Robert F.Savinell

Chemical Engineering,

Case Western Reserve University

Thomas Zawodzinski

Chemical Engineering,

Case Western Reserve University

CR020705E

4244Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.10Editorial

英语口语考试材料

1.Traveling alone Please talk about traveling alone according to the following hints 1) Describing traveling alone 2) Advantages of traveling alone 3) How to prepare for a solo travel Nowadays,traveling alone is not uncommon, most people love traveling alone becaus e of the feeling on their roads.Traveling alone can open you up to unique personal ex perience in new place. If you love freedom,Traveling alone is your best choice.When you are traveling alone, your time and budget（预 算） are your own! It's all up to you how much time to spend someplace, what your daily modes（方 式） of travelwill be！ And it's easier to make friends with the locals. Solo travel can be a great opportunity for reflection and moving at an individual pace. Traveling by y ourself, you only have to please yourself. But you should prepare for your solo travel ,too.Without a thoughtful preparation,your traveling won’t be so successfully. You ha ve to prepare all your need before setting off.Like medicine,ID card,passport,camera and so on.A solo travel means you may be lonely and bored,so bring some interesting magizines to make your travel more funny. And the last,do what you want! Teacher’s Questions: 1)Would you like to travel in a group or alone? (Why or Why not?) Yes.Because it’s an unusual experience for me to learn how to be more independent,and I also enj oy the unconstraint. 2) What places are your ideal destinations if you are traveling solo? Why do you t hink so? HaiNan island.Because the scenery there is very charming and I can eat bananas and coconut as many as I can. 2. Staying Healthy The following are ways some people try to stay healthy. Please offer your comments. 1) Regular exercise 2) Balanced diet 3) Good living habit Health is the most precious（珍贵 的） wealth we have,so it is important to take good care of our health,here are some advice to help you to stay healthy. There is an old saying says:An apple a day keep doctor away.A balance diet is import

继电保护距离保护特性原理说明

三电网距离保护 1距离保护基本原理与构成 1.距离保护的概念 短路时，电压电流同时变化，测量到电压与电流的比值就反映了故障点到保护安装处的距离， 短路时：电流增大、电压变小、 阻抗与电流的关系：故障点与保护安装处越近，阻抗越小，短路电流越大。 阻抗与距离的关系：阻抗与距离成正比，阻抗的单位是欧姆/公里。 距离保护与电流保护的关系：电流保护的范围与距离保护的范围大致相同，电流保护的范围就是用距离来衡量的，电流的保护范围实际反映的是距离的范围。距离与电流是统一的。但是，电流保护只用电流值来判断是否故障，距离保护使用电压、电流2个物理量来判断，因此，距离保护更准确。 2.测量阻抗、负荷阻抗、短路阻抗、整定阻抗、动作阻抗概念辨析？ 负荷阻抗：正常运行条件下，额定电压与负荷电流的比值； 短路阻抗：短路发生后，保护安装处的残压与流过保护的短路电流的比值（线路的阻抗值）；短路阻抗总小于负荷阻抗。 测量阻抗：继电器测量到的电压除以电流，得到的阻抗值；正常运行时，测量阻抗就是负荷阻抗，短路时，测量阻抗就是短路阻抗。测量阻抗能反应出运行状态。整定阻抗：能使继电器动作的最大阻抗，是一个定值。测量阻抗小于整定阻抗，继电器就动作。阻抗继电器是一个欠量继电器，电流继电器是过量继电器，测量电流大于整定电流时动作。这是一对对偶关系。 动作阻抗：阻抗继电器动作时，测量到的阻抗值。比如：人为设置整定阻抗是20Ω，只要测量到的阻抗值小于20就可以动作，今天动作了一次，一查故障记录，动作阻抗是10Ω，说明动作准确无误。 3.一次阻抗、二次阻抗区别？ 这里要对比一次电流和二次电流的概念，道理是一样的。

一次阻抗：一次电压与一次电流的比值， 二次阻抗：二次电压与二次电流的比值， 4.测量阻抗角、负荷阻抗角、短路阻抗角、整定阻抗角、动作阻抗角概念辨析测量阻抗角：测量电压与测量电流的夹角 负荷阻抗角：负荷电压与负荷电流的夹角 短路阻抗角：短路电压与短路电流的夹角 动作阻抗角：继电器动作时，加入继电器的电压与电流的夹角。 整定阻抗角：能够使保护动作的最大灵敏角，这是人为设置的，其余都是测量到的。 5.距离保护的原理 与电流保护一样，需要满足选择性要求，分正方向动作和反方向不动作， 正方向的时候，还判断测量阻抗值，区内动作，区外不动作。 6.测量阻抗怎么表示？ 测量阻抗是保护安装处测量的电压与测量电流之比。电压和电流都是向量，带方向的。 阻抗是一个复数，可以用极坐标表示或者用直角坐标表示。 7.测量阻抗在短路前后的差别 短路前：测量到的为负荷阻抗，Z=U/I，负荷电流比短路电流小，额定电压比短路残压高，所以，负荷阻抗值很大，阻抗角较小，功率因数不低于0.9，对应阻抗角不大于25.8度，以电阻性质为主。

大学英语口语考试试题-10个口语话题(期末)

Topics for Oral test 1. Which great leader do you admire most? What qualities did/does he/she have? bill gates 2. Which do you cherish more, your friendship with a good friend or your romantic relationship? obviously, friend is easy to make, but lover is kind of hard to seek for. Since relationship between friends might be not that close compared to romantic relationship, I will probably take it serious and cherish this sweet relationship. Also, I believe that my friends will support me and our relationship won’t be tense and freezing because of this. As the Chinese saying goes, once you got a boyfriend or a girlfriend, you may leave your friends out of your mind. I partly agree this, and when I fall in love, especially at the very beginning, I think I will cherish it more than friendship. 3. What factors would you consider first if you were to find a job (even a part-time job)? I will first consider whether this company and the offered position is high potential. I think high potential is a quality that is vital for the company’s future development and its personnel’s self improvement. Every one need a room to promote and realize one’s self-value. Another factor I concern is—its location. I’d like to work and live in big cities because big cities offer so many opportunities and a higher salary while small cities can’t. 4. Whom do you usually turn to when in trouble, vour parents or your friends? They know me better than anyone else and their vision is wide, their thoughts are mature.

大学英语口语考试准备资料

1.Shared Bikes in Foshan 佛山共享单车 My name is Zhong Jian. I’m from Big Data Class 2,Group 5.I like playing basketball and listening to music.Thank you. That’s my introduction.Now ,let’s welcome our next presenter. What do you think of going to the park by bike? As far as I am concerned, the development of Shared bikes in Foshan is very good. We can see Shared bikes everywhere on the street, we can use them easily, and the price is right. I think it is for this reason that Shared bikes have developed so quickly. Of course, the development and widespread use of Shared bikes has also facilitated our daily life. Do you think bike sharing is convenient? 2.Celebrating birthdays 庆祝生日 In my opinion, celebrating birthdays is a very common thing. This is because this day is the day we come to this beautiful world, so that we can have a mother's Day of course. When we celebrate our birthdays, we should also be grateful to our mothers for taking care of us. 就我看来，庆祝生日是一件很常见的事情。这是因为这一天是我们来到这个美丽世界的一天，让我们可以拥有眼前的一切。当然也是母亲的受难日，在我们庆祝自己生日的时候，我们也要感恩我们的母亲，感谢母亲对我们的照顾。 3.Business negotiation 商务谈判 For me, I think business negotiation is to exchange for their own interests. People on both sides want the other side to give in, not to give in. Business interests make everyone hope to get the result they want. However, the result is generally a compromise between the two sides. 对我来说，我认为商务谈判就是为了各自的利益而交流。两边的人都希望对方可以让步，而不希望自己让步。商业利益让大家都希望从中可以获得自己所想要的结局。可是，结果一般都是需要双方让步。 你认为商务谈判的主要意义是什么？ What do you think is the main significance of business negotiation? 4.Globalization 全球化 In my opinion, globalization is an inevitable trend, and no one can reverse it. Every country or country is the beneficiary or victim of globalization. The key is how to deal with the trend of globalization. I believe that only by taking the initiative to meet globalization can we benefit from it. 就我看来，全球化是一个必然的趋势，任何人都没有办法去逆转全球化。每一个或者每一个国家都是全球化的受益者，当然也可能是受害者，其中的关键是我们需要处理好如何去面对全球化这一趋势。我相信，只有积极主动去迎接全球化，才能够从中获利。 全球化中谁获得的利益最大？ Who gains the most in globalization? 5.Anti-smoking in Foshan 佛山禁烟 In my opinion, it is a good thing to ban smoking in Foshan. Of course, banning smoking is not only a good thing in Foshan, but also a good thing all over the world. Because smoking is harmful to health, second-hand smoke makes many innocent people die, which is the reality we have to face. If we see these facts, we will know that banning smoking is a good thing.

距离保护基本原理

距离保护的基本原理线路正常运行时：Z＝U/I＝ Z1L+Z L d≈Z L d Z＝U/I＝Z1L+Z L d≈Z L d为负荷阻抗值大角度在30°左右 线路故障时：Z＝U/I＝Z1L k＝Z k 为故障点到保护安装处的线路阻抗即短路阻抗值小角度在60°～90°左右 利用线路故障时阻抗下降的特点构成 低阻抗保护习惯称距离保护 ?特点： 保护区基本不受系统运行方式的影响 能够区分短路与负荷状态?应用： 110K V及以上线路 基本原理?概念 距离保护－反应故障点至保护安装处的阻抗（距离）并根据阻抗的大小（距离的远近） 确定动作时限的保护。用符号表示。 测量阻抗－保护安装处母线电压与流过保护的电流的比值。又称为感受阻抗。Z M＝U/I 整定阻抗－当Φs e t＝Φz L 时保护区末端至保护安 装处的线路阻抗。用符号Z s e t表示?基本原理①线路正常运行时：Z M＝Z L d＞Z s e t保护不启动 ②线路故障时：Z M＝Z1L k ＝Z k＞Z s e t保护不启动Z M＝Z1L k＝Z k≤Z s e t 保护启动 ③启动后的保护动作时限与距离有关保护1：Z M1＝Z A B+Z1L k＝Z1(L A B+L k） 保护2：Z M2＝Z1L k 距离长时限长，距离短时限短，从而保证选 择性 ?基本原理 ①线路正常运行时：Z M＝Z L d＞Z s e t保护不启动 ②线路故障时：Z M＝Z1L k ＝Z k＞Z s e t保护不启动 Z M＝Z1L k＝Z k≤Z s e t保护启动③启动后的保护动作时限 与距离有关保护1：Z M1 ＝Z A B+Z1L k＝ Z1(L A B+L k） 保护2：Z M2＝Z1L k 距离长时限长，距离 短时限短，从而保证选 择性三段式距离保 护?组成 距离Ⅰ段：ZⅠs e t.1＝ K r e l×Z A B K r e l－可靠 系数取0.8～0.85 可保护线路全长的 （80～85）％瞬时动作 距离Ⅱ段：Z Ⅱ s e t.1＝ K r e l×（Z A B＋Z Ⅰ s e t.2) t Ⅱ 1＝t Ⅰ 2＋ Δt＝0.5s 可保护线路全长及下 级线路始端的一部分 距离Ⅲ段：整定阻抗按躲 过线路的最小负荷阻抗整 定 动作时 限按阶梯时限原则确定 保护区较广包括 本级、下级甚至更远 一般Ⅰ、Ⅱ段作为主保 护，Ⅲ段作为后备保护 ?主要元件及其作用 1.电压二次回路断线闭锁 元件：TV二次断线时将 保护闭锁 2. 起动元件：被保护线路 发生短路时立即起动保 护，判断是否是保护范围 内的故障。 3.测量元件：测量短路点 到保护安装处的阻抗，决 定保护是否动作。 4. 振荡闭锁元件：也可以 理解为故障开放元件。在 系统振荡时将保护闭锁。 5.时间元件：设置必要的 延时以满足选择性。?工作 情况 ①正常运行时 起动元件及测 量元件ZⅠ、ZⅡ、ZⅢ均 不动作，距离保护可靠不 动作。 ②线路故障时 起动元件动 作，振荡闭锁元件开放， 测量元件ZⅠ、ZⅡ、ZⅢ 测量至保护安装处的阻 抗，在其保护范围内时动 作，保护出口跳闸。 ③T V二次断线 闭锁保护并发 出断线信号 ④系统振荡 起动元件不动 作，振荡闭锁元件不开放， 将保护闭锁

英语口语材料

2014-2015学年下学期期末英语口语考试材料 zzqXQiang专用 1.It is said that a tough childhood might drive people to remarkable achievement and success. Do you agree with it or not? Why? 你同意“艰苦的童年也许能使人获得卓越成就”吗？ Yes, I agree. It’s true that difficul t childhoods do leave some people wounded and disadvantaged. But for others, a tough childhood actually drives them to remarkable achievement and success, because the tough childhood make them realize their full potential. So, hardships do not have to lead to failure and “well-being” is not always an advantage for us. All in all, i t’s the positive attitude towards life that really matters.是的,我同意。的确,这是真的，艰难的童年也让某些人受伤 也对他们不利（弱势群体）。但对另一些人来说,一个艰难的童年真正驱使他们非凡的成就和成功,因为艰难的童年使他们意识到他们的全部潜力。所以,困难没有导致失败,“幸福”是对我们来说不是一个优势。总之,积极的生活态度,真的很重要。 2.How much do you know about Anna Eleanor Roosevelt? 你对安娜·埃莉诺·罗斯福有何了解？ She was a former US “First Lady”. She lost her parents at the age of 10, and had a very unpleasant childhood, but she always kept a positive attitude towards life. After becoming the First Lady, she helped her husband manage the White House and raised 6 children. After her husband’s death, she spent the remainder of her life as a highly respected American spokesperson to the US. 她是美国前“第一夫人”。她10岁时失去了父母，过了一个很不愉快的童年，但她始终保持着积极的生活态度。在成为第一夫人，她帮助她的丈夫管理白宫和抚养6个孩子。在她丈夫死后，她将生命中剩下的时间都花在了美国，作为一个备受尊敬的美国发言人。 3.What has happened to the British pubs nowadays? Why? 如今英国的酒吧发生了怎样的变化？

大一期末英语口语考试复习资料

1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of online learning? In online learning, we can learn something at the time and place ,that is most convenience to us .On the other hang ,online learning offers the flexibility(灵活性)we need ,Every thing has two slides. In online learning, you have to have some special skills ,You have to be self-motivated(自我激励)、responsible for your own learning and have good time management skills. 2、If you were to go to an interview, what would you do to make a good impression? Here are many ways for make a good impression, First, we have to wear a formal wear .we want to be a polite person. And we should keep smiling. Then, we do not be afraid ,answer questions calmly. Last ,the most important thing is ,we must believe ourselves can do it。 3、What do you think parents should do when children do something wrong, such as telling lies? As parents, first we should love our children ,whatever children do something wrong ,we can not hit our children. When children do something wrong ,first ,we should analyze why they do, then we should make a communication with our children,let them understand the harm. 4、Ways to make my university life more rewarding. First I will set goals ,and I will try my best to achieve it.Then I will take part in all kinds of activities if I have time and I will do it well. the

距离保护

距离保护 距离保护是指利用阻抗元件来反应短路故障的保护装置。 目录 概念 距离保护是反应故障点至保护安装地点之间的距离（或阻抗）。并根据距离的远近而确定动作时间的一种保护装置。该装置的主要元件为距离（阻抗）继电器，它可根据其端子上所加的电压和电流测知保护安装处至短路点间的阻抗值，此阻抗称为继电器的测量阻抗。当短路点距保护安装处近时，其测量阻抗小，动作时间短；当短路点距保护安装处远时，其测量阻抗增大，动作时间增长，这样就保证了保护有选择性地切除故障线路。 用电压与电流的比值(即阻抗)构成的继电保护，又称阻抗保护，阻抗元件的阻抗值是接入该元件的电压与 距离保护 电流的比值：U/I=Z，也就是短路点至保护安装处的阻抗值。因线路的阻抗值与距离成正比，所以叫距离保护或阻抗保护。距离保护分为接地距离保护和相间距离保护等。 距离保护分的动作行为反映保护安装处到短路点距离的远近。与电流保护和电压保护相比，距离保护的性能受系统运行方式的影响较小。

特性 当短路点距保护安装处近时，其量测阻抗小，动作时间短;当短路点距保护安装处远时，其量测阻抗大,动作时间就增长，这样保证了保护有选择性地切除故障线路。距离保护的动作时间 (t)与保护安装处至短路点距离(l)的关系t=f(l),称为距离保护的时限特性。为了满足继电保护速动性、选择性和灵敏性的要求，目前广泛采用具有三段动作范围的时限特性。三段分别称为距离保护的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段，它们分别与电流速断、限时电流速断及过电流保护相对应。 距离保护的第Ⅰ段是瞬时动作的，它的保护范围为本线路全长的80～85％;第Ⅱ段与限时电流速断相似,它的保护范围应不超出下一条线路距离第Ⅰ段的保护范围，并带有高出一个△t的时限以保证动作的选择性;第Ⅲ段与过电流保护相似，其起动阻抗按躲开正常运行时的负荷参量来选择，动作时限比保护范围内其他各保护的最大动作时限高出一个△t。 组成 (1)测量部分，用于对短路点的距离测量和判别短路故障的方向。 (2)启动部分，用来判别系统是否处于故障状态。当短路故障发生时，瞬时启动保护装置。有的距离保护装置的启动部分兼起后备保护的作用。 (3)振荡闭锁部分，用来防止系统振荡时距离保护误动作。 (4)二次电压回路断线失压闭锁部分，当电压互感器（TV）二次回路断线失压时，它可防止由于阻抗继电器动作而引起的保护误动作。但当TV断线时保护可以选择投/退“TV断线相过流保护”。 (5)逻辑部分，用来实现保护装置应有的性能和建立各段保护的时限。 装置构成 一般情况下,距离保护装置由以下4种元件组成。①起动元件：在发生故障的瞬间起动整套保护，并可作 距离保护

英语口语期末考试6篇

一、宠物 L：Oh, what a lovely dog！Is it your pet? Z: Yes,so it is.. I love it very much. My mother intended it for me on my birthday as my birthday gift. L: Great! I also want to keep a lovely dog as my pet. I like poodles(贵宾犬). Do you ever hear of this kind of dog? Z: No. In fact, I don’t know much about dogs. I even don’t know what kind of my dog is. But I like dogs with long white hair and small shapes. What does a poodle look like? L: It is so lovely. And it looks like a toy. Usually, it is with curly fur, which even covers its eyes. When it stands still, I can say no one can distinguish it from a toy dog. Z: Oh,I can imagine how lovely it is. By the way, do you keep a pet? L: No, my mother don’t like animals, even a bird. So she doesn’t allow me to keep a pet in our house. But I really want to keep a pet. Z: What a pity! But what animal do you think makes the best pet? L: I think a dog may be the best pet. Because I think a dog is sensible, smart and loyal. It can understand our words and gestures. Do you think so? Z: Yes. A dog is a clever animal. But I want to keep a rabbit as my pet. I think a rabbit is beautiful, especially a little white rabbit. But it is also a trouble to keep a pet. We have to go home in a hurry after work to feed it. And we have to worry about it when we plan to go out to have a nice holiday. L: That’s true. But keeping a pet also has advantages. At times, it seems to understand our feelings, and keep us company to share our happiness and sorrow. Keeping a pet is a good choice especially for those old people whose children are busy with work. It can be a comfort to them, and it can reduce their loneliness, add fun to their life. Z: Yes, great! I decide to buy a lovely dog to my grandparents. You know, my parents are always busy with work, and I am busy with study. They must feel lonely and expect us to company them. Maybe a pet can reduce their loneliness. L:Yeah, that is a good idea! .

上学期一年级英语口语期末水平测试题和质量分析

2015学年上学期期末考试情况分析 结合考试情况，认真分析考得好的内容，进行经验小结。 1.口试题做得比较好的是sing a song，一年级的小朋友对英文歌曲比 较感兴趣，基本上个个都过关，而且加上老师设计的动作，拍掌， 摆手等，小朋友学英文歌学得非常开心，也就很快就朗朗上口了。 2.口试题做得比较好的还有读单词，每个学生抽五个单词来读，每个 单元各抽一个，全对的学生占大部分。学生对单词的掌握比较好。 3.笔试题做得比较好的是第三题涂颜色，一年级的小朋友初学颜色 时，都对涂涂画画充满了极大的兴趣，学这一类单词也特别起劲， 基本上没有什么孩子会涂错颜色。 联系平时教学，对卷面考得不理想的内容，进行反思。 1.口试题做得比较不好的是读chant, 单词量比较多，而且句子比较多，起 码都有五六句，学生掌握得不太牢固，有时甚至有个别同学读不流畅。2.笔试题做得比较不好的是看图找单词，有个别同学对单词不够熟悉，导致 无法把图与相应的单词连接起来。

2015学年上学期铁四小学一年级英语口语期末水平测试题 班别姓名学号成绩 II 听力部分（70分）： 一、Listen and Choose. 听一听，请√出你听到的图片。（15分） 1、 （）（）（） 2、 （）（）（） 3、 （）（）（） 4、 （）（）（） 5、 （）（）（）

二、Listen and tick.听一听，请√出每种物品的数目。（15分） 三、Listen and colour. 听句子，给图片涂颜色。（15分） 1、 （）（） 2、 （）（） 3、 （）（） 4、 （）（）5、 （）（）

关于英语口语考试资料

1.关于time 的讨论 要想知道一年的价值 To realize the value of one year. 就去问期末考试不及格的同学 Ask a student who has failed a final exam. 要想知道一个月的价值 To realize the value of one month. 要想知道一周的价值 To realize the value of one week. 就去问问周报的编辑 Ask an editor of a weekly newspaper. 要想知道一小时的价值 To realize the value of one hour. 就去问等待相会的恋人 Ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.

要想知道一分钟的价值 To realize the value of one minute. 那就去问问误了火车汽车或飞机的人 Ask a person who has missed the train, bus or plane. 要想知道一秒的价值 To realize the value of one second. 就去问大难不死的人 Ask a person who has survived an accident. 要想知道一毫秒的价值 To realaize the value of one millisecond. 就去问问奥运会获得银牌的人 Ask the person who has won a silver medal in the Olympics. 时间不等人 Time waits for no one.

期末英语口语考试资料

1. What do you know about Oxford University? (1A) What do you think of your university life here? Oxford University is the oldest university in Britain and one of the most famous universities in the world. It is situated to the northwest of London. The 35 colleges in Oxford are governed by its own head. Almost a quarter of the whole students are from overseas and more than 130 nationalities are represented. Each student is assigned to a tutor to supervises their program of study,primarily through tutorials. Oxford also grants higher degrees,diplomas,and certificates in a side variety of subjects,of course there are usually strict requirements. To maintain and develop its historical position as a world-class university. Oxford University will provide the facilities and support for its staff to pursue innovative research. Tianjin Normal University is my dream university. There are many students from different provinces. We can make friends with many people who have different life style,but it must have some quarr els during the university life,but it doesn’t matter.I like the scenery in our school.It is very beautiful.And the climate is not very cold in winter.Every four students in a dormitory,the environment in the warm and sweet room is good.The food in the mess is delicious but a little expensive.My favorite place is our library.It looks very large,and I usually go to the library to study.I enjoy the atmosphere.I believe my four years in TJNU is happy. 2. How to seek jobs on the Internet? (2A) How to prepare for a job interview? There are many website for searching jobs.You can log on the home page and input some key words about district、major、age and your requirements.The website will offer you some jobs which are matching your requirements.Then you can send your CV to the company and wait for the reply. First,you can understand the history of the company.And focus on the company condition recently.Second,you should prepare some professional knowledge about the job that you apply for.Third,simulate an interview,consider the problem they will ask you and think the best https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e77764995.html,st,before the interview,have a rest,make sure that you look full of energy,and keep smile to the company. 3.What is your dream job? What is your ideal employer? (2B) What should you do to prepare for your dream job? (1) I have many dream jobs ,but as the age increasing. I realized my real dream job—teacher. Luckily, I have the suitable major to my dream. And now, I am trying for it, because I know “Hope is a good thing and maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever done . My ideal employer must have the abilitys to work well with other workers and Be welling to learn and peogross,and have good analytical capability,willing to work under pressure (2)For me, It’s a nearest opportunity to my dream, I will make preparation to face