高考整理 2010-2017八年英语真题分类专项训练试题-第一部分阅读理解专题2 科普研究类-附答案

第一部分 阅读理解

考点2 科普研究类

1． （2017新课标Ⅰ）

A build-it-yourself solar still （蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available ． Developed by two doctors in the U ． S ． Department of A griculture, it ’s an excellent water collector ． Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it ’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes ． The only components required, though, are a 55''? sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water ． These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt ．

To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep ． Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher ’s productivity ． Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole ． Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole ．

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet ’s center down with a rock ． The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides ． The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup ．

The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic ． Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup ． When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won ’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink ．

32． What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?

A ． It’s delicate ．

B ． It’s expensive ．

C ． It’s complex ．

D ． It’s portable ．

33． What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A ． The tube ．

B ． The still ．

C ． The hole ．

D ． The cup ．

34． What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?

A ． Dig a hole of a certain size ．

B ． Put the cup in place ．

C．Weight the sheet’s center down．D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet．35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form ．A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole

C．the open air D．beneath the sheet

2．（2017新课标Ⅱ）

When a leafy plant is under attack?it doesn’t sit quietly．B ack in 1983?two scientists?jack Schultz and Ian B aldwin?reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get．These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm．What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds?VOCs for short．

Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked．It’s a plant’s way of crying out．B ut is anyone listening? A pparently．B ecause we can watch the neighbors react．

Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away．B ut others do double duty．They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers．Once they arrive?the tables are turned．The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch．

In study after study?it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors．The damage is usually more serious on the first plant?but the neighbors?relatively speaking?stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do．

Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know．Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches?and so?in effect?was talking to itself．Perhaps the neighbors j ust happened to “overhear” the cry．So information was exchanged?but it wasn’t a true?intentional back and forth．

Charles Darwin?over 150 years ago?imagined a world far busier?noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear．Our senses are weak．There’s a whole lot going on．

32．What does a plant do when it is under attack?

A．It makes noises．B．It gets help from other plants．

C．It stands quietly D．It sends out certain chemicals．

33．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?

A．The attackers get attacked．

B．The insects gather under the table．

C．The plants get ready to fight back．

D．The perfumes attract natural enemies．

34．Scientists find from their studies that plants can ．

A．predict natural disasters B．protect themselves against insects

C．talk to one another intentionally D．help their neighbors when necessary 35．what can we infer from the last paragraph?

A．The word is changing faster than ever．

B．People have stronger senses than before

C．The world is more complex than it seems

D．People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative．

3．（2017新课标Ⅲ）

The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveL AB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are．

Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive．Led by Professor Phil B lythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life．These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations．Phil B lythe explains：“For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others．”

“B ut we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills．The result is that people stop driving before they really need to．”

Dr A my Guo?the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “T he DriveL AB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we

might use technology to address these problems．

“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined．We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that．

“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel．”

32．What is the purpose of the Drivel AB?

A．To explore new means of transport．

B．To design new types of cars．

C．To find out older driver`s problems．

D．To teach people traffic rules．

33．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil B lythe?

A．It keeps them independent．

B．It helps them save time．

C．It builds up their strength．

D．It cures their mental illnesses．

34．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?

A．Improve their driving skills．

B．Develop driver-assist technologies．

C．Provide tips on repairing their cars．

D．Organize regular physical checkups．

35．What is the best title for the text?

A．A new Model Electric Car

B．A Solution to Traffic Problem

C．Driving Service for elders

D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road

4．（2017北京）

Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly．The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(A I) may become

extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want．In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener?who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）?put it this way：“If we use?to achieve our purposes?a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预)?we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire．”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality?one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence．For the machine?this quality is not in-born ?nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead．So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee?it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task．If we are not careful?then?we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined?super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own?with the real world as the chessboard．The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists．Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall?using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world．Unfortunately?that plan seems unlikely to work：we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans?let alone super intelligent machines．

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in A I seems to be possible but not easy．There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines．B ut the problem should not be dismissed out of hand?as it has been by some A I researchers．Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans．Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility．Still others think that super intelligent A I will never happen．On September 11?1933?famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated?with confidence?“A nyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine．”However?on September 12?1933?physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction．67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ．

A．run out of human control

B．satisfy human’s real desires

C．command armies of killer robots

D．work faster than a mathematician

68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ．

A．prevent themselves from being destroyed

B．achieve their original goals independently

C．do anything successfully with given orders

D．beat humans in international chess matches

69．A ccording to some researchers?we can use firewalls to ．

A．help super intelligent machines work better

B．be secure against evil human beings

C．keep machines from being harmed

D．avoid robots’ affecting the world

70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

A．It will disappear with the development of A I．

B．It will get worse with human interference．

C．It will be solved but with difficulty．

D．It will stay for a decade．

5．（2017浙江）

Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most A merican kids．A ccording to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation?51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights?even though they have to get up early．Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day?and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school．

How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age．B abies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! A dults need about eight hours．For most school-age children?ten hours is ideal(理想的)．B ut the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours．A nd guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV．

“More children are going to bed with TVs on?and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake?with more homework?the Internet and the phone?” says Dr．Mary Carskadon?a sleep researcher at B rown University Medical School．She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep．Other experts say part of the problem is chemical．Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics?but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm．

B ecause sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers?some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to．Three years ago?schools in Edina?Minnesota ?changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am．Students?parents and teachers are pleased with the results．

25．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?

A．A merican kids’ sleep ing habits．B．Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases．

C．A ctivities to prevent sleeplessness．D．Learning problems and lack of sleep．26．How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?

A．7 hours．B．8 hours．C．10 hours．D．18 hours．27．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?

A．They are affected by certain body chemicals．

B．They tend to do things that excite them．

C．They follow their parents’ examples．

D．They don’t need to go to school earl y．

6．（2017江苏）

Population Change

Why is the world’s population growing? The answer is not what you might think．The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits?but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies．In 1900?people died at the average age of 30．B y 2000 the average age was 65．B ut while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century?declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st．

Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4．9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays．Furthermore?around 50% of the world’s population live in regions

where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate．You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world’s people now live in such nations)?but you’d be wrong．Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too?which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades．

A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China?for instance．What does it imply? First?China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country．Second?if other factors such as technology remain constant?economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble．Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise．Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%．Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961．Why is this occurring? Nobody is quite sure?but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it．If current trends don’t bend?Russia’s population will be about the size of Yemen’s by the year 2050．In the north of India?the population is booming due to high birth rates?but in the south?where most economic development is taking place?birth rate is falling rapidly．In a further twist ?birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas．In total?25% of India’s working-age population has no education．In 2030?a sixth of the country’s potential work force could be totally uneducated．

One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration．A s for the US A?it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010—2030．Moreover?the US A has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants．A s a result it’s likely to see a rise in the size of its workin g-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term．

7． (2016新课标Ⅲ)

B ad news sells ． If it bleeds, it leads ． No news is good news, and good news is no news ． Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers ． B ut now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules ． B y tracking people’s e -mails and online posts, scientists have found that American solution Population and (74)____ pressure Decline of the birth

rate The USA will increase, from

2010-2030, its population by 20%

through (79)____. This will (80) ____

for the lack of young work force.

Leaving aside the birth rate issue,

India’s economy may take off when

the country achieves (78)_____ of

educational opportunity.

The (76)_______ death of Russians

may result in a shrinking population,

which would damage its economic

future. It would be better if it can

change people’s way of (77)______.

To guarantee its economic growth,

China needs to deal with the

population issue properly, as its

workers are getting (75)________.

The impact of dropping birth rate on

developing countries may not be

(73)____________ but disastrous.

It would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72)___ of

population.

The birth rate in the 21st century may

be much (71)______ than it was in

the 20th.

Population Change

good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories．

“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says jonah B erger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania．“They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling．B ut when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react．You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer．”

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news．Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr．B erger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website．He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months．One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles．He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others．

Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad．They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad．The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr．B erger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On．”

32．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?

A．News reports．B．Research papers．

C．Private e-mails．D．Daily conversations．

33．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?

A．They’re socially inactive．B．They’re good at telling stories．

C．They’re inconsiderate of others．D．They’re careful with their words．34．Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr．B erger’s research?

A．Sports news．B．Science articles．

C．Personal accounts．D．Financial reviews．

35．What can be a suitable title for the text?

A．Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B．Online News A ttracts More People

高考英语阅读理解篇全汇总版

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高考英语试题分类汇编阅读理解

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2017年高考英语试题分类汇编——阅读理解（2016湖南） A L1PITOR

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高考英语阅读理解练习题集(附答案)

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