英语语法讲义
专升本英语语法讲义
Unit One Nouns
一．名词的分类
普通名词（可数，不可数），专有名词
二．名词的数
1.可数名词(1 ) 规则变化
a. cup, desk,
b. bus, box, dish, watch
c. boy, toy; city, lady; stor(e)y
d. life, leaf,
shelf, wife, thief, half, knife, wolf, loaf, self e. photo, radio, piano, bamboo, zoo,;
potato, tomato, hero
（2）不规则变化
man, woman, tooth, foot, child, deer, sheep, fish, goose, mouse, ox, phenomenon, datum, thesis, analysis, crises, basis, criterion
(3) looker-on, passer-by, son-in-law, editor-in-chief, armyman
man-servant, woman-doctor
2.不可数名词(1) a piece of news/chalk/advice/work/paper/meat/coal
a cake of soap; a bottle of milk; a piece/set of furniture
a grain of rice, a large sum of money，a loaf of bread
a bunch of flowers/keys/grapes/bananas
（2）物质名词个体名词抽象名词个体名词
glass a glass玻璃杯youth a youth青年
iron an iron熨斗power a power 大国
copper a copper铜币necessity a necessity 必需品
paper a paper报纸，证件beauty a beauty美人，美的东西
wood a wood树林authority an authority权威人士三．名词的格
1. a boy’s voice; the girl’s bag; the teachers’ reading-room, the students’ dormitory;
men’s clothes, the children’s books, women’s h ats
2.the top of the hill, the title of the book, the pocket of his coat
四．名词的性god/ goddess, emperor/ empress, king/queen, prince/princess, actor/ actress, waiter/waitress, host/hostess, chairman/chairwoman, widower/widow, hero/heroine, nephew/niece, bridegroom/bride, lion/lioness, tiger/tigress, bull/ cow, cock/hen
五．名词在句子中的作用
a)Beijing is the capital of China. / He knows five foreign languages./ We are all
servants of the people./ She is studying in a night school./ The meeting lasted an
hour. / They had to work hard day and night./ She has great concern for us
students./ I consider it an easy problem. / We elected him our monitor.
b)主谓一致 a. These books were borrowed from the library.
b. 表示距离、时间、重量、面积、金额等复数名词后用单数
20,000 dollars is not a small sum./ Twenty years is only a short period in history.
c. there be…, either… or…, neither… nor…; as well as, rather than, with, together
with, along with
Gold as well as silver has recently risen in price.
All the students, along with their teachers, assembled in front of the hall.
d. 集合名词audience, committee, family, crew, class等被看成一个整体时，谓语
动词用单数；若考虑其组成成员时，用复数。
The class is in the laboratory. The class are doing experiment in the laboratory.
Exercise
1.Fossils (化石) of ____ that have been extinct for fifty ____ years have been found near
the Baltic Sea.
A. plant…million
B. plants…millions
C.plants…million
D. plant…millions
2.Encyclopedias (百科全书) may be used to answer ____, to solve problems, or to obtain
_____ on a particular topic.
A.questions…informations
B. questions…information
C. question…information
D. question…information
3.I saw there ____ 80 cattle on the grassland.
A. was
B. are
C. were
D. had been
4.In the United States, inches and ____ are still used as units of measurement.
A. foot
B. foots
C. feet
D. feets
5.Several hundred police ____ on duty at the demonstration yesterday.
A. was
B. were
C. being
D. been
6.Cattle ____ to graze on the village common (公地).
A. are allowed
B. is allowed
C. allows
D. allow
7.The police investigate the ____ about the bank robbery.
A. stander-by
B. standers-by
C. stander-bys
D. standers-by
8.After ten years, all those youngsters became _____.
A. growns-up
B. grown-ups
C. grown-up
D. grown-ups
9.His ____ of the Prime Minister are really good.
A. take-offs
B. takes-off
C. take offs
D. takes off
10.Many ____ prefers to use the word ―Ms‖ instead of ―Miss‖ or ―Mrs.‖ before their names
in business correspondence.
A. woman managers
B. woman manager
C. women managers
D. women
manager
11.The flood has done much ____ to this region.
A. damage
B. damages
C. damaging
D. ruin
12.Various ____ sold at this counter.
A. soap is
B. soap are
C. soaps are
D. soaps is
13.Mary was going to a wedding so she brushed ____ well.
A. her hair
B. her hairs
C. the hair
D. the hairs
14.Ten years had elapsed. I found she had ____.
A. a little white hair
B. a few white hairs
C. much white hair
D. some white hair
15.Mumps ____ a very common disease which usually affects children.
A. is
B. will be
C. are
D. has to be
16.Linguistics ____ the science of language, for example, of its structure, acquisition,
relationship to other forms of communication.
A. are
B. is
C. will be
D. have been
17.His politics ____ against mine.
A. is
B. are
C. will be
D. has to be
18.The statistics in the magazine ____ of great importance to us.
A. is
B. are
C. will be
D. has to be
19.There ____ a pair of shoes under the bed.
A. is
B. are
C. has
D. have
20.There ____ two glasses of water on the table.
A. is
B. are
C. has
D. have
21.His words were met with only ____ of laughter by the audience.
A. flashes
B. words
C. attacks
D. peals
22.The news she brought gave me a ____ of hope.
A. burst
B. display
C. ray
D. fit
23.She raises a ____ of chickens in her backyard.
A. flock
B. pack
C. swarm
D. yoke
24.Wolves hunt in ____.
A. flocks
B. packs
C. swarms
D. yokes
25.A(n) ____ music can make people calm down even when they in a rage.
A. item
B. article
C. piece
D. bit
26.Her grandfather bought a ____ of chocolate as her birthday present.
A. blade
B. bar
C. loaf
D. lump
27.She was welcomed with a(n) ____ of flowers by her friend.
A. cupful
B. handful
C. armful
D. bagful
28.He is overwhelmed with a ____ of anger.
A. fit
B. flash
C. stroke
D. display
29.Yesterday a ____ of locusts attacked this village and ate most of the crops.
A. couple
B. pack
C. swarm
D. group
30.Would you have a look at ____? There is a stain on them.
A. these pair of pants
B. this pair of pants
C. this pant
D. this pants
31.They will have it finished in ____.
A.three quarter of an hour time
B. three quarters of an hour time
C. three quarter of an hour’s time
D. three quarters of an hour’s time
32.After all, her birthday is in ____.
A. two weeks times
B. two week’s time
C. two weeks’ time
D. two week time
33.His article is better than ____ in the class.
A. anyone’s else
B. anyone’s else’s
C. anyone else
D. anyone else’s
34.She is ____ friend.
A. Mary’s mother
B. Mary’s mother’s
C. Mary mother’s
D. Mary mother
35.The woman over there is ____.
A. Julia and Mary mother
B. Julia and Mary’s mother
C. Julia’s and Mary’s mother
D. Julia and Mary’s mothers
36.I’m going to dine at ____ at 5:00 pm.
A. the Johnson
B. the Johnson
C. the Johnsons’
D. the Johnson’s
37.Her house is within ____ from the police station.
A. a stone’s throw
B. a throw of a stone
C. stone’s throw
D. the stone’s th row
38.Since I loved her very much when she was alive, I prize my ____ picture and I wouldn’t
sell it for all the money in the world.
A. mother’s-in-law
B. mother-in-law’s
C. mother-in-law
D. mother’s-in-law’s
39.Have you a copy of ____?
A. the book of the teacher
B. the teacher book
C. the teacher’s book
D. a book of the teacher
40.He was granted ____ after five years’ study.
A. a master’s degree
B. a masters’ degree
C. a degree of the master
D. a degree of the masters
41.Some sentences hav e been changed at ____ present in yesterday’s meeting.
A. the suggestion of the teachers
B. the teacher’s suggestion
C. the suggestions of the teacher’s
D. the suggestion’s of the teachers
42.Do you know the ____ appointed a few days ago?
A. opinion of the committee
B. opinion of the committee’s
C. committee’s opinion
D. committee opinion
43.Mr. Smith is a foreign ____ in China.
A. university teacher
B. university’s teacher
C. teacher of a university
D. teacher of a university’s
44.We hope that our government should pay more attention to ____.
A. the livelihood of the poor
B. the poor livelihood
C. the poor’s livelihood
D. the livelihood poor
45.____ in the capitalist countries is developing.
A. The struggle of the exploited
B. Th e exploited’s struggle
C. The struggles of the exploited
D. The exploited struggle
46.____ are you referring to?
A. Which novel of Dickens’
B. Dickens’ which novel
C. Which Dickens’ novel
D. Which of Dickens’ novel
47.We need ____ for tonight’s perfor mance.
A. two songs of Nieh Erh’s
B. two of Nieh Erh songs
C. two songs of Nieh Erh’s
D. Nieh Erh’s two songs
48.Here is ____.
A. your friend’s a notebook
B. a your friend’s notebook
C. a notebook of your friend’s
D. a notebook of your friend
49.____ created a sensation among the students.
A.That very inspiring speech of the old professor’s
B.The old professor’s that very inspiring speech
C. A very inspiring speech of the old professor
D.The old professor’s a very inspiring speech
50.This is ____. It was bought by his grandfather many years ago.
A. a portrait of Mr. Tony Blair
B. a portrait of Mr. Tony Blair’s
C. Mr. Tony Blair’s a portrait
D. a Mr. Tony Blair’s portrait
51.This is ____. It’s difficult to take a good picture of him.
A. a portrait of Mr. Ton y Blair
B. a portrait of Mr. Tony Blair’s
C. Mr. Tony Blair’s a portrait
D. a Mr. Tony Blair’s portrait
52.____ made the director of our department very angry.
A. A criticism of William’s
B. A criticism of William
C. A criticism of William
D. William criticism
53.____ made William very unhappy.
A. A criticism of William’s
B. A criticism of William
C. A criticism of William
D. William criticism
54.Paralysis may be caused by ____.
A. brain’s injury
B. brain injury
C. the injury of brain
D. brains injury
55.I walked too much yesterday and ____ are still aching now.
A. my leg’s muscles
B. my muscles of leg
C. my leg muscles
D. my muscles of the
leg
56.Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the ____ movie could not hold my
attention.
A. three-hours
B. three-hour
C. three-hours’
D. three-hour’s
57.There are five ____ players on the team.
A. seven-feet over tall
B. over sever-feet-tall
C. over seven-foot-tall
D. seven-foot tall over
58.How about the wall? The Walls are ____ thick.
A. third inches
B. third inch
C. three inches
D. three inch
59.There are ____ of kinds of matter in the world.
A. a million
B. a few million
C. millions
D. million
60.____ is a fairy tale.
A. The lesson five
B. The five lesson
C. The fifth lesson
D. Lesson fifth
Unit Two Articles
一．分类
二．不定冠词的用法
1.表示―一‖，意思近似于one:
Rome was not built in a day./ This plan will be ready in a week or two.
The car was running at 100 miles an hour./ A stitch in time saves nine.(及时一针顶十针。)
2.表示―某一个‖或―某一类‖：
A professor from their university is coming to give us a talk.
This poem was written by a college student.
We all thought him a suitable person for the job.
3.表示一类人或事物
A teacher must love his students.
The best way to learn a language is to live among its speakers.
Even a child can answer this question.
4.用在一些习语中：
have a good time; have a bad cold; get a fever; make a living; play a joke on sb. ; in a word; a lot of; a few; a little
三．定冠词的用法
1.特指：Why didn’t you go to the opening ceremony?
He put the paper aside and turned on the radio.
c.f. I like the children’s performance. / I like children’s performance.
2.谈话双方都明白的人或事物：She goes to the theatre(cinema) every week.
I’ll have the TV set fixed. / What’s in the paper(on the radio)?
3.前面已经提到的人或物：I bought a car last month. The car operates well.
She was given a watch for her birthday present. The watch was very beautiful.
4.世界上独一无二的事物：the sun; the moon; the earth; the world; the universe; the
sky
5.用在可数名词单数前，表示一类人或物：
Today we’ll talk about the use of the article. (冠词)
The watch is a useful article.（物品）
The burnt child dreads the fire. ( 挨过烫的孩子害怕火。)
The fox may grow grey, but never good. ( 狐狸会变老，但是不会变好。)
6.用在表示江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、岛屿、海峡等名词前：
the Pacific; the Yellow River; the English Channel; the Five Lakes; the Yangtze River;
the (River) Thames; the Suez Canal; the Red Sea;
7.普通名词组成的专有名词前：
the Great Wall; the people’s Liberation Army; the United States; the United Kingdom;
the United Nations; the Ministry of Education
8.序数词或名词前：
January is the first month of the year. / Shanghai is the largest city in China.
9.用在形容词前，表示一类人：
the poor/rich/deaf/blind/dead/wounded
Soon he would be among the employed.
It’s a worthy cause to help the poor.
10.表示身体部位的名词前：
They pulled her by the hair. / He gave me a pat on the back. / He hit me on the chin.
11.用在一些习语中：
in the morning; in the early 1840s
四．零冠词的用法
1.专有名词前：
China is a socialist country.
2.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前：
Horses are useful animals. / Those young men are students.
3.表示星期、月、季节及含有day的名词前：
Sunday, Monday, spring, May Day, Mother’s Day, New Year’s Day (BUT: the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Spring Festival
4.一日三餐名词前：
We have breakfast at 7.
5.球类、棋类名词前：
Two old man were playing chess under the big tree.
The girls were watching their classmates play football.
6.名词前已有作定语的this, that, whose, your, my, his, her, any, each, every 时：
I don’t like this film.
7.物质名词、抽象名词前：
Water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.
Science means honest solid knowledge. (科学是老老实实的学问。)
8.在一些习语中：
at school, at work, by boat/air/sea/train/bus/bike/ship/plane, go to bed, on foot, in charge, in case of, in order to/that
Exercise:
1. A foot is ____ unit of length.
2.They are playing ____ tennis.
3.This house is made of ____ stone.
4.Take ____ umbrella with you in case of ____ rain.
5.My brother is now studying in ____ university in Nanjing.
Unit Three Pronouns
一．人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语用宾格，作表语时用宾格较多，特别在口语中：
1. Who is knocking at the door? ──It’s me.
2. If I were her, I would take your advice.
**: It was he who did it./ It is she who wants it./ It is her that we are talking about.
He is more intelligent that her/she (is).
二．物主代词
1.She refused to tell us her name.
2.This is not my car. Mine is over there.
Since you haven’t brought your calculator, you may use mine.
The purse must be hers. She sat here just now.
**:在下列结构中，常用the 代替物主代词：
He was wounded in the leg. / I had a cold in the head. / He became very red in the face.
He looked me in the face/eyes. / He took me by the arm.
三．反身代词
1.They enjoyed themselves at the evening party.
2.Because he couldn’t bear the great pain, the patient killed himself.
3.The one she cares most is herself. She is selfish.
4.He made the coat himself. / The farmers themselves dug the well.
5.by oneself, for herself
四．指示代词
1.She had a bad cold. That’s why she was absent yesterday.
2.What I want to make clear is this: I didn’t enter the room at all.
五．疑问代词who, whom, whose; what; which
1.Who will go shopping with me?
2.Whom/Who are you looking for?
3.Whose bikes are these?
4.What is the man talking to your father? He is a lawyer.
5.Which one did you lose? / Which books are yours?
六．关系代词who, whom, which, whose, that 引导定语从句
1.This is the person who has trained her for years.
2.This is the person whom you are eager to see.
3.This is the person whose son won the first prize yesterday.
4.The book which you want is out of stock(脱销)./ The book which was written by a
young student is very interesting.
5. A man that can be safely depended on is not easily to be found.
6.Is this the TV set that appeals to you? / appeal to the judge for mercy, appeal to sb.
for help
七．连接代词who, whom, which, whose, what引导名词性从句
1.What happened after the meeting hasn’t been made publ ic(宣布).
2.It is not decided who will chair the meeting.
3.The question is whom we should trust.
4.We should never pretend to know what we don’t know.
who, whom, what, which 还可和ever构成合成词,引导主语和宾语从句。
5.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
6.I’ll say whatever comes into my mind.
7.you can take whichever room you prefer.
Whatever还可引起状语从句，也可用作定语：
8.whatever happens, we must be calm.
9.They had no doubt whatever/whatsoever about it.
八．不定代词some, any; no, none; many, much; few, a few, little, a little; each, every; other, others, the other, the others, another; both, all; either, neither; one, ones; everyone(人), every one(of); some, any, no, every 与one, body, thing 构成复合代词，表示单数概念。
Exercise
1.____ are to do it together. (You and I; I and you)
2.The boss called ____. (Alice and me; me and Alice)
3.The storm destroyed ____, too. (his car and mine; my car and his)
4.It was ____. (her; she; they; them)
5.There is only one man here you know and that’s ____. (they; them; I; me)
6.It was ____ who presided at the meeting. (me; him; her; he)
7.It was ____ who answered the phone. (I; me; him; her)
8.The two captains, ____, were to set the date. (Lola and I; Lola and me)
9.The ones who took all the blame were the supervisors ____. (Tom and I; Tom and me)
10.The group chose two representatives, ____. (Tom and I; Tom and me)
11.____ women now get equal pay. (We; Us)
12.Two of ____ boys were chosen. (we; us)
13.Would you mind ____ closing the door? (my; me; I; mine)
14.Mind ____ business! (your own; own your; you own; yours own)
15.I have nothing ____. (my own; of my own; of me own; of I own)
16.____ is a pretty colourless life. (She; Her; Herself; Hers)
17.I’ll do my work and you ____. (you; yours; yourself; your)
18.Look at that big nose ____! (of his; of him; of his’; himself)
19.I couldn’t, for the life of ____, make head or tail o f this jargon. (I; me; my; mine)
20.At first she played for the fun of ____ and never thought she would stay with the game.
A. her
B. herself
C. it
D. itself
21.Heaven helps those who help ____.
22.She was ____ after she heard the news.
A. in herself
B. at herself
C. by herself
D. beside herself
23.He came to the party ____.
A. in himself
B. at himself
C. by himself
D. on himself
24.I’ll give the book to ____ comes first.
A. Those
B. whoever
C. whom
D. whomever
25.Tell me ____ he is. (who; whom; whose; this)
26.Do you know ____ his name is? (who; whose; whom; what)
27.____ is he? He is an engineer. (who; whose; whom; what)
28.____ of you come from the Northeast? (Who; Whom; Which; What)
29.Who’s ____? ____’s me. (this…I; it…It)
30.His suggestion is ____ as may be called sensible and practical. (such; same)
31.____ was his comment that we considered to be frank and constructive. (such; same)
32.The situation is ____ as to demand your immediate attention. (such; same)
33.The case is not ____ as can be easily settled. (such; same)
34.Thank you all the ____. (such; same)
35.Dutch is of the ____ origin as English. (such; same)
36.I don’t feel the ____ about you as I did. (such; same)
37.____ else, thank you. (Something; Anything; Nothing; Everything)
38.In that case, we’ll ____ pay half. (any; some; some one; each)
39.The concert lasted ____ two hours. (any; some; no; not)
40.Is she ____ better today? (some; no; any; not)
41.He went ____ further than the door. (some; no; any; not)
42.____ the staff of the university contributed to the fund. （All; Every; Each; Both）
43.____ staff of the university contributed to the fund. (All; Every; Both; Some one)
44.The question is whether he can work ____ at present. (at all; after all; above all; in all)
45.Two men came into the room. ____ carried an umbrella. (Each; Every; Both; All)
46.I walked into the room and gave an apple to ____. (each; everybody; every; all)
47.I gave ____ of the girls in the room an apple. (every; everyone; everybody; each)
48.____ thinks he is clever, but ____ except his family know how stupid he really is.
A. None…no
B. None….no one
C. No one …. no one
D. No one …. none
49.Of his three sons, ____ likes literature. (none; both; no; all)
50.Jones is here, but where are the ____? (other; others; another; anothers)
51.Of the two applicants one is a lawyer and ____ a bus-driver. (other; others; another;
anothers)
52.____ may laugh at her but I think she’s sweet. (Others; The other; The others; Another)
53.The glass is broken. Please get me ____. (other; the other; others; another)
54.I don’t like these. Have you ____? (some; any others; anothers; another ones)
a)There are railway stations in ____ city in this province. (every; both; all; everyone
Unit Four Numerals
一．基数词
1.基数词21—99由十位数加个位数构成，中间加连字符。
2.三位数以上的基数词，百位数与十位数之间用连词and。
3.―万‖用ten thousand表示.
4.作用: a. Five of the students are from the south.
b. There are thirty students in the class.
c. Nine minus three is six.
d. We two share one room.
5. a. Hundreds of new buildings have sprung up here this year.
b. Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the city every year.
c. They arrived in twos and threes. (三三两两地)
d. dozens/scores/millions of two dozen eggs/three score books
e. He is in his ea rly thirties. / He died in his forties. / This took place in 1930’s. 二．序数词
1.first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth,
2.以–ty结尾的十位数的整数变为序数词时, 将y变为I, 再加-eth.
3.序数词的缩写: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 60th, 52nd, 7321st.
4.Bus No. 102--- Bus No. one o two; Lesson 9--- Lesson Nine, the Ninth Lesson;
World War One / the First World War
5.用法: a. The first of June is International Children’s Day.
b. She is among the first one to be interviewed.
c. He won the second prize in last competition.
d. The guard is always the first to com
e.
三．分数和小数
1.分数1/2 one half; 1/3 one-third; 1/4 one-fourth(or: a quarter); 2/3 two-thirds; 5/12
five-twelfths; two and three-fifths; 22/9 twenty-two over nine; 33//89 thirty-three over eighty-nine
2.小数0.4 --- zero point four; 5.26--- five point two six; 2.345--- two point three four
five; 13.2--- thirteen point two; 603.03--- six hundred and three point oh nine
3.Its total industrial output value was up 5.6 times in these years. 在这些年里,它的工
业总产值增长了5.6倍.
Exercise:
1.She had become a famous singer when she was _____.
a. her early twenty
b. her early twenties
c. in her early twenty
d. in her early twenties
2 .Many scientists believe that oil came into being in the earth ____ years ago.
a. million
b. millions
c. million of
d. millions of
3. About _____ of the clerks in that company are young people.
a. third-fifth
b. three-fives
c. three-fifths
d. third-fives
4.She is glad to hear her mother will be back in _____.
a. one day or two
b. a day or two
c. one day or two days
d. one and two days
5.If you _____ the distance between two objects, their gravitational attraction
decreases _____. A. double; four time b. double; four times
6.When he went to school, he was only a boy of ______.
a. fifteen
b. five-year-old
c. five years
d. five
7.He had been away from home for _____ days.
a. three hundreds and twenty-six
b. three hundreds twenty-six
c. three hundred and twenty-six
d. three hundred twenty-six
8.0.73 is read as _____.
a. zero point seventy three
b. zero point seventy-three
c. oh point seventy-three
d. zero point seven three
9.I enjoyed the film very much. I’d like to see it _____ time.
a. the second
b. a second
c. first
d. the first
10.Two _____ died of cold last winter.
a. two hundred old people
b. two hundreds old people
11.She found a _____ chair on the seashore and brought it back home.
a. three legs
b. three-leg
c. third leg
d. third-leg
12.It will take him ____ to finish his work.
a. one and a half of time
b. a year and a half time
c. one and a half year’s time
d. a year and a half’s time
13.Mrs. Brown bought ____ eggs in the market.
a. two scores of
b. score of
c. two score of
d. two scores
14.Each student was asked to write a _____ paper.
a. three-thousand-word
b. three-thousand-words
c. three thousand word
d. three thousands words
15.The computer of this kind can work _____ than the one of that kind.
a. thousands of time quicker
b. two hundreds time faster
c. hundreds of time quickly
d. one thousand times faster
16.The students were asked to pay attention to the _____ paragraphs of the passage.
a. first one
b. first second
c. first two
d. one two
17.Spending on farm programs will be reduced by $______.
a. one four point nine billion
b. fourteen point nine billion
c. one four point nine billions
d. fourteen point nine billions
18.The incident took place in the _____.
a. 1960
b. 1960’s
c. 1960’
d. 1960s
Unit Five Adjectives and Adverbs
一．形容词的用法
Ⅰ. 1. She has set a good example for us. / We hope to see an advanced, strong and prosperous China emerge in the world.
2. Our host was kind and generous. / Don’t feel bad. Everything will be all right.
3. I found this question difficult to answer. / Who left the door open?
4. Anxious to tell them the good news, the monitor ran all the way to school. / He spent
seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.
Ⅱ. 只能作表语：alone, afraid, asleep, awake, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable
二．副词的用法
1.In a year or two you can speak English fluently.
2.The students like watching football game very much.
三．比较级和最高级
四．不规则变化good, well; bad, ill; many, much; little, few; far; old
五．无比较级：perfect, unique, full, empty, true, right, wrong, dead, living, alive,
六．比较级的用法
Ⅰ. 1. Our teaching building is higher than theirs.
2. I found this problem more difficult than that one.
3. Tom has more toys than Jack.
Ⅱ.
1．比较级前可加much, even, still, far, a lot, a bit, a great deal, hardly等副词，表示程度，加强语气。
2．The more … the more …
3．more and more
4．as… as
5．This plant is four times as big as that one.
This plant is three times bigger than that one.
6. more or less (大体上，或多或少)
The question is more or less settled.
It’s an hour’s journey, more or less.
7. more (less) than
More than four million workers were involved in the strike.
She can’t be more than thirty.
The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms.
七．最高级的用法
I. 1. This is one of the most wonderful exhibitions I has ever seen.
2. Of all the students in the class, Tom runs the fastest.
II. 形容词最高级作定语时,通常前面有定冠词the ,但下面一些情况不用the:
1.作表语时: She is youngest in the class.
2. 最高级前有物主代词或名词所有格修饰时: John is their eldest child.
3. 不表示―最‖,而表示―很,非常‖时: Alice is a most beautiful girl.
Exercise:
1.This lesson is ____ than that one. A. more easy b. more easier c. much
easier
2.The boys felt ____ than the girls about losing the football game.
a. more bad
b. more badly
c. worse
3.If you had read the instructions before using the device, you would have been able to
do it ______. A. many better b. much better c. more better d. most better
4.These oranges are ____ to those I bought last week.
a. more inferior
b. inferior
c. inferiorer
5.The hotter it is, _____ I feel.
a. the more miserably
b. the more miserable
c. more miserably
d. more miserable
6.Tang Feng has learned ____ to study in the U.S.
a. English enough
b. enough English
c. more English
d. much English
7.The population of the city has ____ doubled in the past five years.
a. larger
b. more than
c. as many as
d. as great as
8.I think this kind of fish tastes different ____.
a.and it is better
b. and better than the other
c. from the other, and better
d. but also better than others
9.― How often did he borrow money from you?‖
―____ than I can remember.‖
a. The more time
b. More time
c. More times
d. The more times
10.The sooner you finish your work, _____.
a. the fine
b. the good
c. the better
d. the best
11.Do you know four times three is _____ three times four?
a. the same like
b. the same with
c. the same as
d. the same for
12.Of the three plants Amy had in her flat, only the ivy, which is _____, lived through the
winter. A. harder b. the harder c. hardest d. the hardest
13.To plant the tree, we must dig _____.
a. a three feet deep hole
b. a three-foot-deep hole
c. three feet deep a hole
d. a hole three feet deep
14.She got up ____ miss the first train.
a. too early to
b. so early to
c. so early as to
d. so early as not to
15.The prices in the supermarket are higher than ____ in that shop.
a. it
b. the one
c. that
d. those
16. Food costs ____ it used to.
a.twice more than
b. twice as much as
b.twice so much as d. twice as many as
17.Shanghai is one of the ____ cities in our country.
18.This mountain is almost ____ Mount Tai. as high as/ so high as/ as higher as
19.Which do you think is ____, wealth or health? best / better/the best/ the better
20.The climate of Kunming is as mild as ____ of California. one of/ that of/ those of
21.Your accent is not as strong as _____. my mother/ my mother’s
22.Food costs ____ it used to. twice more than/ twice as much as/ twice as many
as
23.My brother is now working ____than he did last year. much harder/ more
harder/more
24.The sooner you take your medicine, ___ you will feel.
the more good/ better/ the more/the better
25. China is 40 times _____ Britain. big than/ as big as/ so big as/ as bigger as Unit Six Prepositions
一．介词的分类
1.按结构:
(1)简单介词:at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with, off, against等.
(2)合成介词:into, within, upon, outside, without, beside, beneath, below, between, towards, around等.
(3)由形容词、分词转化成的介词:like, unlike, past, during, including, regarding, concerning, considering, given等。
(4)短语介词:according to, because of, due to, instead of, by means of, in front of, in place of, owing to, except for, thanks to等。
2.按意思：
(1)方向：to, for, towards, up, down, along, across, in, into, through, throughout, out of, from, off, about, around, round等.
The River Thames flows through London. / The burglar came in through the window.
The road goes through the forest. / She passed a comb through her hair.
(2)时间：at, in, on, over, for, from, during, since, till, by, until, before, after, through, throughout等.
He won’t live through the night. / The c hildren are too young to sit through a long concert.
(3)位置：at, by, above, below, beneath, in, on, beside, over, under等.
(4)关于：on, as to, as for, in/with regard to, concerning, regarding, with respect to等.
(5)原因：of, from, for, with, because of, due to, on account of, owing to, through等.
It was all though you (=It was your fault) that we were late.
This accident happened through no fault of yours.
We lost ourselves through not knowing the way.
(6)让步：despite, for all, in spite of等.
(7)方法：by, with, by means of, through等.
I learnt of the position through a newspaper advertisement.
(8)标准、比率：by, at, for等。
(9)除外：but, except, but for, except for, excepting, besides, with the exception of等。
Through: 1. He went/has come through many hardships. (experience)
2. He soon got/went through his fortune. (spend the whole of)
3. We must go through the accounts. (examine)
4. He got through the examination. (pass)
5. He saw through the trick. (看穿)
6. We’ll be in London from Tuesday through Saturday. (up to and including, to)
7. Don’t drive through a red light. (without stopping for) 二．介词与其它词类的固定搭配
1．与动词的固定搭配：
belong to laugh at insist on persist in benefit from/by conform to look at/ for/ on/ after/ into /forward to conform to differ from
get up/ on/ off
rely on/upon depend on/ upon
take care of / out/ in /for granted
join in think of /about worry about
2．与形容词的固定搭配
be afraid of be full of be fond of
be proud of be sure of be worried about
be good at be satisfied with
be interested in be responsible for
be aware of be strict with/ in
3．与名词的固定搭配
love for/of struggle against victory over loyalty to
advantage over interest in superiority to confidence in concern for 三．介词短语的用法
1.The dictionary on the desk belongs to Tom.
2.These electronic products are in current use.
3.We found the data quite out of date.
4.There are not many books on the shelf.
四．一些常用介词的比较
1.表示地点、位置的介词
(1)at, in, on
at a point, at a small village; in the world, in China; on the ground
(2)above, over, below, under
The sun rises above the horizon.
The helicopter was right over his head.
When the sun sets, it gets below the horizon.
The river under the bridge is five meters deep.
(3)between, among
(4)before, in front of
How dare you cheat before my very eyes!
(5)after, behind
2.表示时间的介词
(1)at, in, on
at eight, at noon, at dawn/dusk
in the morning, in a week/month/year, in spring
on July 1st, on National Day, on a Sunday morning
(2)after, in
(3)since, for
She has been reading the novel since 8 o’clock.
She has been reading the novel for 4 hours.
3.其它介词
(1)by, with, in
by train, with a brush, in ink
(2)besides, except
(3)except, except for
Exercise:
1.The house is ___ fire! Call ___ help!
2.I know English history quite well, but ___ French history I can give you no
information.
regarding / considering / supposing / provided
3.Mary ran ___ her teacher while she was shopping in the city.
4.He climbed up ___ the tree and picked all the fruit within reach. into/in
5.That shed protects the animals ___ the rain.
6.My father, as a man of principle, will always stand ___ his word.
by/for/up
7.In the world some people are ___ the war and most of the people are ___ it.
8.The school authorities will not stand ___ your way if you want to apply
___ another school ___ admission.
9.Most people in Asia live ___ rice.
10.Bail was born ___ 10 a.m. ___ June 14th ___ the year 1970.
11.There is a knock ___ the door.
12.She lived ___ the floor ___ me ___ the war but now she lives several miles
away.
13.If cigarettes keep rising ___ price, one of these days I’ll have to do ___
them.
14.I’m rather anxious ___ her, for I haven’t heard ___ her ___ a long time.
15.We succeeded ___ breaking open the door ___ trying ___ half an hour.
16.Will you help me ___ this suitcase?
17.I was caught ___ a traffic jam and ___ the time I reached the airport my
friend’s plane had already taken ___.
18.He is ___ the greatest scientists in the world.
19.Let’s talk ___ a cup of tea.
20.___ Sunday morning we usually go out ___ a walk.
21.We should read the newspapers so that we may not be ___ the times.
22.Japan is/lies ___ the east of China.
23.There goes the bell. It’s time ___ class.
24.The beauty of the scenery is ___ description.
25.They are very thankful ___ what you have given them. to/for/with
26.At the post office, I asked ___. five stamps/some stamps/for some
stamps
27.Get some chalk ___ your teacher, please.
28.They h aven’t seen each other ___ at least three months.
29.I prefer coffee ___ tea.
30.Where is Mr. Sara? A telephone call ___ him. on/for/at
31.The poets compared the rising of the sun ___ the beginning of life.
with/to
32.William lives in the room next ___ ours.
33.To our surprise, everything in the dormitory was ___ good order.
in/on/of
34.They left Nanjing ___ Shanghai yesterday.
35.I haven’t seen them ___ a long time.
36.___ our great joy, our team won the game. to/for/with/in
37.He finally gave his life ___ the revolution. with/for/into/by
38.Excuse me ___ being late.
39.I’m so sorry ___ what has happened.
40.All roads lead ___ Rome.
41.I’ll speak ___ him about it. in/to/through/on
42.―Was it really so?‖ ―Why, I saw it ___ my own eyes.‖
in/with/by/through
43.___ being a professional pianist, he is also a keen amateur singer.
A. Except b. Except for c. But for d. Besides
44.I’m counting ___ you to support me; don’t let me down. with/for/on
45.I want to post this to a friend in America. Will he have to pay duty ___ it?
46.Don’t leave your luggage in the corridor. It’ll be ___ everyone’s way.
47.―What’s your opinion of our teacher’s new painting?‖
―It would seem to me that it’s ___ his usual standard.‖
a. beyond
b. below
c. before
d. beside
48.Let’s drink a toast ___ the new couple. to/for/with
49.We eat ___ chopsticks in China instead of knives and forks.
by/for/on/with
50.I want to do it in any case; the cost is ___ .
A. beside the point b. to the point c. at the point d. from the point
51.Great changes have taken place in the town ___ past three years. since/in
52.___ the help ___ my classmates, I made progress ___ all subjects ___
physics.
53.Let’s try our best to make up ___ our lost time.
54.Be careful you don’t get mixed up ___ bad company. in/with/to/for
55.____, no one knows where the little girl were from.
a.As a matter of fact
b. As a fact of matter
c. As the matter of fact
d. As the fact of matter
56.The rules of football are unfamiliar ___ me. to/with/by/of
57.Jane’s dress is similar in style ___ her sister’s.
58.___ it’s not a good idea to go fishing in the rain.
a. Opinionated
b. Of my opinion
c. In my opinion
d. My opinion
59.He never acts ___ his parents’ decision. about/on/with/by
60.They are twins, and people usually can’t tell one ___ the other.
61.You must take ___ account the boy’s long illness.
62.Before we elect her to Congress, we want to know what she stand ___.
a. at
b. for
c. on
d. by
63.Did you get ___ your examination? at/to/by/through
Unit Seven Verbs
动词的分类
1．实义动词
（1）及物动词
They have two children. / Bring me the book, please.
（2）不及物动词
If you work hard, you’ll succeed. / The car is running at 100 miles an hour.
(3) He sells electric wares at the department store. / Such books sells well.
2．连系动词
He wanted to be a scientist but he has become a businessman.
This problem seems quite easy for me.
Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
Something has gone wrong with my car.
3．情态动词
Money can make mare go. (mare: a female horse or donkey) 有钱能使鬼推磨。
The girl must come here on time.
4．助动词will, shall, would, be, should, have, do
Shall I clean the table for you?
Will she agree with me?
They have finished their homework, haven’t they?
动词的基本形式：
原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词
动词的时态（Tenses）
1.一般现在时
2.一般过去时
3.一般将来时
4.过去将来时
5.现在进行时
6.过去进行时
7.现在完成时
8.过去完成时
9.现在完成进行时
He has been living here since he came to the city.
10.过去完成进行时
It had been raining for two days. The fields were under water.
11.将来完成时
We will have finished the first six units by the end of this month.
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2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第三部分专题4数词讲义(含参考答案)
高考英语语法突破四大篇：专题4 数词 框架结构图 基数词的构成及作用 1.常用基数词表 2.基数词构成歌诀 1至12逐个记，13至19 teen结尾。 20至90整十位，ty结尾是后缀。 要是表示“几十几”，连字符十位连个位。 若要表示“几百几”，hundred之后and立。 若要用于复合形容词，连字符相连不加-s。
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英语语法学习中文翻译
英语语法学习 摘要：这篇论文主要描述传统英语语法学习。这篇论文同时也强调学习语法对提高英语水平的重要性。该论文列举一些相关的语法学习的例子来阐述如何学习英语语法。文章结尾处，提出一些如何学习英语语法的建议。 关键词：英语语法从句连词 一、导言 英语是世界第一语言（埃利斯，2011），由于其实用性和高度的认可度，世界各地的人都在学习英语。英语首先重视的是说、读、写。确实，语言学习重视的是实践，但是，句法学是从组织规则和语言实践的规则中总结出来的。理解句法学可以减少语言使用的盲目性，提高正确使用语言的能力。请不要忽视句法学习的i地位，尤其是其对阅读和写作的作用。它不仅可以使我们正确的理解句子结构，抓住句子的要点，还能帮助我们写出复杂、漂亮的长句。 我们学习英语语法的目的就是运用语言。我认为语言学习就像是一个支柱。当我们无法行走或遇到困难时，会想到它。普通人不会也不应该总是想着简单的运用句法学。当我们想将自己的英语能力上升到更高的层次时，我们必须借助这个方式。 二、主体 1. 对传统英语语法学习的分析 许多人提到对于英语学习者来说，面临的一个难题就是英语语法
的学习。（菲利普唐宁街安吉拉L,2006）语法之所以很难不仅仅因为该系统庞大、复杂、记忆量大，也源于学习者不知道该如何开始语法学习。语法书中大多数这样的系统都被有秩序的编纂成名词、冠词、代词以及动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、动词(词组)、动词时态和非谓语动词。情态动词和语气词、复杂句、省略句、反意疑问句、交流英语等等。 该陈述将对句法学习者产生一定影响，但对基础差的学习者将会造成一定的困难。词汇学是任何一种语言的基本单位，英语也不例外。每个人在日常的谈话、工作、读书、读报、写作中，根据惯例都会用到具体的单词或词组。但当前的语法书侧重点主要在词汇而非句子，其侧重于单词间的互相使用，而不是如何恰当的运用单词以造句。 此外，传统的教授语法的方法是老师仔细地解释，学生安静的听。这是对理论的运用而非实践教学法。教师和学生习惯了多项选择的测试模式以巩固对语言知识的学习，同时，这似乎也是教师和学生之间默认的一种理解方式。 然而，这种方式的语法教学并不是最好的训练方法。首先，能记住语法知识并不能保证正确使用语言。语言教学并不是我教你，也不是我教你听。我们不能像学习游泳、踢足球那样，用听的方式学习语言，学习一门语言必须投入大量的工作。该方法可以引导学生掌握语言知识，而不是养成使用语言的能力。 其次，学生主观上并不能反映这一过程，教师依然是课堂的主导者。学生的活力和兴趣并没有被吸引，他们身心的一些特质都没有被
初二英语语法总结
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
英语语法讲义
前言 第一章英语的时态 第一节一般现在时的用法 第二节一般过去时 第三节一般将来时： 第四节现在完成时 第五节过去完成时 第六节将来完成时 第七节现在进行时 第八节过去进行时 第九节将来进行时 第二章动词 第一节系动词 第二节助动词 第三节短语动词（动词短语）：起动词作用的短语第四节非谓语动词（动词短语） 第三章独立主格 第四章虚拟语气 第五章感叹句 第六章从句 第一节名词性从句 名词性从句一：引导名词从句的连接词 名词性从句二：名词性that- 从句 名词性从句三：名词性wh- 从句 名词性从句四：if/whether引导的名词性从句第二节定语从句 定语从句一：关系代词引导的定语从句 定语从句二：关系副词引导的定语从句 定语从句三：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 定语从句四：介词&关系词 定语从句五：as, which 非限定性定语从句 定语从句六：关系代词that 的用法 第三节状语从句 状语从句一：地点状语从句 状语从句二：方式状语从句 状语从句三：原因状语从句 状语从句四：目的状语从句 状语从句五：结果状语从句 状语从句六：条件状语从句 状语从句七：让步状语从句 第七章形容词和副词 第一节形容词： 第二节副词 第八章主谓一致 结束语
前言 首先，我们简要讨论一下要不要学习英语语法的问题。 中国目前现阶段主张英语语法可以不学的人往往这样说：“我们中国人，如果智力正常，从小就会说汉语，能遣词造句，没见过哪个小孩先学语法再学话的。再说，英语讲得多了，有了语感，语法还不是水到渠成的事。” 本人个人认为这种实践出真知的说法具有一定的科学正确性，不可完全否认。但我仍主张学一点英语语法理论。 语法，实际上就是给你语言整体上的语感（规则），学习语法的目的，不仅仅是要获得解释语言现象的鱼，更重要的是要让你知道如何用语感去钓语言深层的鱼。 就目前而言，我认为通过学习英语语法，求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要。以前初高中我们只是学习一些语言点，语言现象，最高级的也只是学习了一些独立成块的构词造句，而从没有在空中俯瞰英语语法的脉络和走向，从而造成了盲人摸象，重复记忆，使学生在各个细微的语法现象间迷了路！ 英语语法书很多，学习英语语法的方法也不少。但是学好一样东西，根本没有绝对好的方法。如果号称包治百病的医生，要么是庸医，要么是骗子。事实上，每个人可以根据自己的实际情况，在不断尝试中摸索出适合自己的方法。 归根结底，语言就是规律和例外的组合！！如果两三年内你能把所有的语言规范和所见的语言特例都积累下来，你就是语法精通者！ 第一讲英语的时态 在这里我先声明一点，有许多同学都要问，也有许多老师问我，时态是基于动词用来表达英语里的基本时间逻辑概念的高级语法，时态的基础-动词你都没有讲，更别说构成英语句子的名词，形容词，代词，副词了，你讲什么时态？怎么讲？岂不是无米之炊？ 在这里大家先明确一点，就是在座的各位都已经不是英语的初级学者，而现阶段存在主要问题不是什么细节问题，而是有没有一个良好的，过硬的基础框架问题！ 英语语法里的时态，是随口就说，动笔就有的东西，如果这种基础都不过硬，不管你掌握了多么高深的词汇，多么华丽的句式，都会因为把漂亮的砖瓦错误地放置在了没有根基的建筑结构上，最终都会变成一堆废料！ 这就好像盖一栋楼，没有哪个人会说我们先要漂亮的砖瓦，在要稳固百年的混凝土结构！因为都知道，结构不牢固，砖瓦会塌下来砸人！而结构牢固，添置漂亮的砖瓦只是时间和积累的问题！ 明白了这层关系以后，我们就正式开始我们的语法课程：英语时态。 在开始讲解之前，我想先问大家一个问题：英语一共有几种时态？ 英语一共有16种时态：（见表）
中考英语二轮复习语法突破十二特殊句型考点剖析(讲义,五四制)
五四语法十二特殊句型 语法考点剖析 考点一 there be句型 主要用来表达“某处有某物、某人或某事”，there无实际意义。be动词的单复数形式由最靠近它的名词或代词的单复数形式决定，也可以根据具体要求有多种时态变化。 There is a small village at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有一个小村庄。 There is an apple and two bananas on the table.桌子上有一个苹果和两个香蕉。 There is going to be a wonderful concert this weekend.本周末将有一场精彩的音乐会。 ★There be句型不能与实义动词have连用，其一般将来时结构为there is/are going to be或there will be。 单项选择 1．(2018·吉林中考改编)Let's save pandas! There only about 2，000 pandas living in the forests now. A．am B．is C．are D．be 2．(2018·吉林长春中考)Nowadays, there more heroes in China. We admire them a lot. A．is B．are C．was D．were 考点二感叹句 1．What ＋ a/an ＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！ 2．What ＋adj.＋可数名词复数＋主语＋谓语！ 3．What ＋adj.＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ 4．How＋adj./adv.＋主语＋谓语！ (一)单项选择 1．(2018·湖北随州中考)— sweet the flowers smell in spring! —Yes, many tourists come to enjoy them every day.
大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
高中英语语法讲义——名词
高中英语语法讲义——名词 名词的数 单数名词变复数名词的常用法则 （1）一般情况直接加-s, 如：books, trees. （2）以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的加-es, 如：glasses, boxes, watches, brushes. （3）以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词把-y改为-i再加-es. 如：stories, countries. （4）以-o结尾的常在词尾加-s，但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 它们是：黑人英雄 ．．中吃土豆 ．．、西． ．．．．在回声 红柿 ．．，即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes. 下列以-o结尾的名词既可加-es, 也可加-s,它们是：zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes) 火山。 （5）以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时一般直接加-s，但下列名词需把f或fe去掉，加-ves，它们是：为 了自己 ．．和一片树叶 ．．上，把狼．劈成了两半．，即：selves, lives, ．．．．站在架子 ．．手里拿着刀子 ．．和他的妻子 ．．活命．，小偷 thieves, wives, knives, loaves, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves. 但下列以-f结尾的名词既可变f为v后加-es，也可直接在f后加-s，它们是：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。 （6）合成名词变复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如sons-in-law女婿；passers-by过路人；storytellers讲故事的人；housewives家庭主妇。（7）“man/ woman+ n.”变复数时，作定语的man/ woman和中心词都要变复数。 men teachers男老师women engineers女工程师 （8）不规则复数形式 ①变内部元音 foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth mouse-mice goose-geese gentleman-gentlemen ②单复数同形的名词 sheep deer spacecraft太空船 aircraft飞行器Chinese Japanese
新版人教版八年级下英语语法聚焦翻译(全)
P4 grammar focus 1、怎么了？我胃痛。下次你不应该吃这么多。 2、Ben怎么了？他伤到了自己。他背痛。他应该躺下休息。 3、你发烧吗？是的，我发烧。/不，我不发烧。/我不知道。 4、他牙痛吗？是的，他牙痛。他应该去看牙医，拍一张X光照片。 5、她应该怎么办？她应该量体温。 6、我应该在上面敷些药吗？是的，你应该。/ 不，你不应该。 P12 语法聚焦 1、我想帮助无家可归的人。 2、你可以请求医院让你去看望孩子们，让他们振作起来。 3、她自愿一去周去那里一次帮助孩子们学习阅读。 4、她决定尝试参加一个志愿者课外阅读项目。 5、马里奥认为，这可以帮助他得到未来梦想的工作。 6、我在制作-些标牌张贴在学校周围。 P20 语法聚焦 1、我可以和朋友们出去吃饭吗？当然可以，那应该是可以的。 3、我们可以看完电影后去买些喝的吗？不，你不能。你明天有一场篮球赛。 3、请你带着狗去散步好吗？好的，但我想先看个节目。 4、请你倒一下垃圾好吗？好的，当然可以。 P28 语法聚焦 1、你看起来很累。怎么了？昨晚我一直学习到半夜，因此睡眠不足。 2、我该怎么办？你为什么不忘掉它呢？虽然她错了，但这没什么大不了的。 3、他应该做些什么？他应该跟他的朋友谈一谈，以便他可以说他很抱歉。 4、也许你可以去他家。我想我可以，但我不想让他吃惊。 P36语法聚焦 1、昨天晚上八点你在干什么？我在洗操。 2、暴风雨来临时她在干什么？她在做作业。 3、暴风雨来临时他在干什么？暴风雨来临时，他在图书馆读书。 4、当雨开始下大时， Ben在干什么？开始卜雨时， Ben在帮妈妈做晚餐。 5、当琳达在睡觉时，Jenny在干什么？当Linda在睡觉时， Jenny在帮玛丽做作业。 P44语法聚焦 1、故事是怎样开始的？从前，有位老人…… 2、接下来发生了什么？这个人一说完，愚公就说他死后他的家人可以继续移山。
高考英语语法讲义
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2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第三部分专题3介词讲义
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----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
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2019高考英语语法突破四大篇第一部分专题2非谓语动词讲义
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①一般式doing 表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。 The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系) ②完成式having done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington. ③被动式having been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。 Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前) (3)过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。 Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系) 2.非谓语动词作定语 (1)现在分词作定语 现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her. (2)不定式作定语 不定式作定语表示未做的事情。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story. 不定式作定语的特殊用法： ①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。 ②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one to look after her. ③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。 She is now looking for a room to live in. (3)过去分词作定语 过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts. His first book published last month is based on a true story. 注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)
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Ex 6E 1. 今天上午你干了多少活儿（work ）How much work have you done this morning? 2. 开凿隧道需要大量劳力。（labour ） To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. 他做了最少的工作。（work ） He' s done the least work. 4. 处理这一问题有几种方法。（methods ） There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. 我不懂多少法语。 I know little French. 6. 少说空话（empty talk ）多干实事。（practical work ）There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. 有许多人出席招待会吗 Were there many people at the reception? 8. 我可以跟你谈几句话吗（words ） May I have a few words with you? 9. 今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。
There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. 哈利犯的错误最少 Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. 你读的诗( poetry )和做的练习( exercises )都比我多。You' ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. 杰克做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。 Jack ' s dnoe the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. 他做了很多工作，也犯了汗多错误。 He' s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. 百万富翁有许多钱财(money) ，也有许多烦恼。 A millionaire has lots of money —and lots of worries. 15. 安娜因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。 Anna has enough worries because sh e hasn ' t got enough money. 16. 每隔几分钟电话铃就响一次。 The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. 在过去这几天的寒冷日子里，我们一直在坚持实验。 We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days.
英语_高中英语语法归纳总结_46页
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法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构