英语语法详解
语法精粹 英语动词时态 (Tenses)
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
英语各种时态构成表：以play 为例：
现在
play plays is am playing are
has have played has have been playing
过去
played was were playing
had played had been playing 将来
shall will play shall will be playing shall will have played shall will have been playing 过去
将来 should would play should would be playing should would have played should would have been playing
一、一般现在时：
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s ”，works ，takes
（2）以辅音加“y ”结尾，变“y ”为“i ”，再加“es ”
carry → carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh ”结尾的动词加“es ”
goes dresses watches brushes
2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作：
eg: ?. Birds fly.
?. She loves music.
?. Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often ，sometimes ，usually ，always ，every week ，seldom ，occasionally ，
frequently 等时间副词连用。
eg: ?. I always take a walk after supper.
?. She writes to me very often.
（3?. The earth moves round the sun.
?. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ?. Two and two makes four.
人非圣贤，熟能无过。
（4A ．在由when ，after, before ，as ，as soon as ，although ，because ，if ，even if ，in case ，till ，until ，unless ， so long as ，where ，whatever ，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 例如： ?. I'll tell her when shecomes tomorrow.
?. Even ifit rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
?. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
B
?. The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
?. When does the plane take off?
?. He leaves for that city next week.
?. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning.
（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7 点出发。）
测试精编
1. The Browns ________ a nice car and Brown's brother ________ a nice jeep.
A. have / have
B. has / has
C. have / has
D. has / have
2. If their house ________ not like ours, what ________ it look like?
A. is / is
B. is / does
C. does / does
D. does / is
3. - ________ you think he will come? - If it ________ tomorrow, he will not come.
A. Do / rains
B. Are / rains
C. Do / will rain
D. Are / will rain
4. The little child ________ not even know that the moon ________ around the earth.
A. do / move
B. do / moves
C. does / moves
D. did / moved
5. Many a student ________ fond of films, but a good student seldom ________ to the cinema
A. are / goes
B. is / goes
C. are / go
D. is / go
二．现在进行时：is / am / are + 现在分词
1
?. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?
?. Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight
2
?. He is taking physics this semester。
?. We are preparing for our final examination this week.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
?. Look! The bus is coming.看！车来了！
?. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
?. Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
4．与always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。
?. He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。）
?. The boy is continually making noises.（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
）
5
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道），understand （理解），belong （属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind （介意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心），like （喜欢），hate（讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）
●注意：have a party / think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”。
测试精编：
1. How can you ________ If you are not ________ ?
A. listening / hearing
B. hear / listening
C. be listening / heard
D. be hearing / listening to
2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she ________ her homework.
A. will finish
B. is finishing
C. had finished
D. finishes
3. Those who have applied for the post（职位）________ in the office.（此题超前）
A. are being interviewed
B. are interviewing
C. interviewing
D. to be interviewing
4. The old scientist ________ to do more for the country.
A. is wishing
B. has been wishing
C. wishes
D. has been wished
5. If he ________, don't wake him up.
A. still sleeps
B. is still sleeping
C. still has been sleeping
D. will be sleeping still
三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：
1
?. We visited the school last spring.
?. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
?. China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
?. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.
?. They would not leave until she came back.
?. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：
●Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）
●Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）
●That's all I had to say.（话已说完）
●That's all I have to say.（言之未尽）
●It was so nice to see you.（离别时用）
●It is so nice to see you.（见面时用）
●Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）
●Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）
测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确进态填空）。
1. Yesterday I ________ (think) that you were not in Beijing.
2. Alice usually ________ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she ________ (sit) at the back this morning.
3. He ________ (tell) the news to us three days ago.
4. He________ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
5. she would not telephone me if she ________ (have) no time.
测试精编II：
1. They ________ the trip until the rain stopped.
A. continued
B. didn't continue
C. hadn't continued
D. would continue
2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they ________ of hunger and cold.（without 在这里表条件，你知道吗？）
A. would die
B. will die
C. would be dead
D. would have died
3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth ________ around the sun.
A. moved
B. has moved
C. will move
D. moves
4. When all those present（到场者）________ he began his lecture.（重点题）
A. sit
B. set
C. seated
D. were seated
5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I ________ not.
A. have
B. would have
C. had
D. had had
四．过去进行时：were / was + 现在分词。
1
?. I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
?. When I arrived, they were watching TV.
?
2
?. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
?. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。
?. They told me that they were leaving for New York.
?. He was going out when I arrived.
测试精编：
1. My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell / was riding
B. feel / were riding
C. had fallen / rode
D. had fallen / was riding
2. He ________ his leg as he ________ in a football match.
A. broke / played
B. was breaking / was playing
C. broke / was playing
D. was breaking / played
3. -Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he ________ today.
A. was corning
B. is coming
C. will come
D. comes
4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who ________ in.
A. come
B. was coming
C. had been coming
D. had come
5. Michike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she ________ in the lab.
A. had been working
B. has been working
C. was working
D. worked
五．现在完成时：have / has + 过去分词
1．常与yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
●He hasn't seen her lately.
●I haven't finished the book yet.
2．
如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in
the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）……
?. He has worked here for 15 years.
?. I have studied English since I came here.
?. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
?. So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点：
I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go, refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend ...
II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
●She has gone away for a month.（误）
●She has been away for a month （正）
●The man has died for two years.（误）
●The man has been dead for two years.（正）
●How long have youbought the book?（误）
●How long have you got the book.（正）
4．注意since的用法：
?. They haven't had any troublesince they came here.
?. It has been ten years since we met last time.
?. He has been heresince 1980.
?. He has been heresince ten years ago.
5．几组对比：
He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。
She is gone. 她缺席了。（or她死了。）
The door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作）
The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
测试精编：
1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years.
A. keep
B. kept
C. have kept
D. are keeping
2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in this area.
A. is
B. will be
C. has been
D. have been
3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John.
A. have just married with
B. was just married to
C. has just been married to
D. just has been married to
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water for ages.
A. hadn't
B. haven't
C. haven't had
D. hadn't had
5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the development of production and science.
A. found
B. has found
C. finds
D. had found
六．现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词
1
?. I've been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
?. He has been running after her for 8 years.
2．表某种感情色彩。
?. I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
?. Who's been telling you such nonsense.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
?. I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
?. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
?. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
?. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
测试精编：
1. They ________ us since five o'clock this morning.
A. are helping
B. have been helping
C. have been helped
D. have helped
2. I ________ the book the whole day, yet I haven't finished it.
A. have been reading
B. have read
C. am reading
D. had been reading
3. Please come in. We ________ about your paper.
A. talk
B. had been talking
C. have been talking
D. would have talked
4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum ________.
A. gradually are exhausted
B. are being gradually exhausted
C. have gradually exhausting
D. have been exhausting gradually
5. It ________ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining
B. rained
C. rains
D. has been raining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1. You should go to bed. You ________ (watch) TV for 5 hours.
2. I ________ (write) letters since breakfast.
3. I ________ (write) 3 letters since breakfast.
4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith ________ (leave) for Beijing.
5. I ________ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?
七．过去完成时：had + 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
●They had got everything ready before I came.
●The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型结构中。（“一……就”）
●She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
●No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.
（注意no sooner 在句首时句型倒装。）
3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
●I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
（……原想昨天去看你……）
●They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.
（……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……）
测试精编：
1. -Let's hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we ________.
A. already miss him
B. had already missed him
C. will miss him already
D. have already missed him
2. Your letter came just as I ________ my office.
A. was leaving
B. would leave
C. had left
D. left
3. I ________ my keys, I can't remember where I last sawthem.
A. was losing
B. lost
C. had lost
D. have lost
4. Nobody knew where the teacher ________.
A. has gone
B. would have gone
C. had gone
D. would be gone
5. The sportsmen ________ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest.
A. have been
B. are
C. had been
D. were
八．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
●He will graduate from the college next year.
●We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构：
I. be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国口语中常读作be gonna）
●I'm going to buy a new coat this fall.
[be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will ]
●I'll be sixteen years old next year.
●It will be the 20 th of August tomorrow.
●When he comes, I will give him your message.
I. be + to do sth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
●Am I to take over his work?
●We are to meet at the gate.
III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。
●The talk is about to begin.
3．重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
set out to do sth. 着手做某事
set about doing sth. 开始做某事
测试精编：
1. - "The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock."
- "But ________ a delay."
A. it will be
B. there'd be
C. there will be
D. there is
2. He'll leave for Paris before you ________ next week.
A. will come back
B. will be back
C. come back
D. came back
3. Our next meeting ________ on 1st December.
A. has been held
B. will hold
C. is to be held
D. is holding
4. Where ________ a will, there is a way.
A. there will have
B. has been there
C. there is
D. there has been
5. It ________ be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to
B. will
C. is about to
D. is to
九．过去将来时：should / would + 动词原形
1．表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
●He said that they would meet me at the station.
2．此用法常用于间接引语中。
测试精编：
1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader ________ on Saturday.
A. is arriving
B. will arrive
C. would be arrived
D. would arrive
2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we________ ready.
A. will be
B. would be
C. were
D. are
3. My aunt ________ to see us, she would be here soon.
A. is corning
B. was coming
C. came
D. had came
4. They would be given a new house if more ________ the next year.
A. will be built
B. would be built
C. are built
D. were built
十．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
●She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
比较：
?. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
?. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
测试精编：
1. It ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining
B. would be raining
C. had been raining
D. has rained
2. He told us that he ________ there since 1982.
A. has been living
B. had been living
C. would have lived
D. was living
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and ________ now.
A. is still learning
B. had been learning
C. was still learning
D. has been learning
4. By the end of last week, he ________ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked
B. had been working
C. will have worked
D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he ________ important military information to the enemy for a long time.
A. sold
B. would sell
C. had sold
D. had been selling
十一．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词
1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作：
?. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
〖比较：〗
?. Tom won't cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图）
?. Tom won't be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。
?. Will you be having supper with us this evening?
3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
?. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
?. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
十二．过去将来进行时：should / would be + 现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
?. He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.
测试精编：
1. Tomorrow, I ________ the book all morning.
A. am reading
B. will be reading
C. will read
D. have read
2. -"Can you attend the meeting tonight?" -"No, ________ the manager about something urgent."
A. I see
B. I'll have seen
C. I'll be seeing
D. I can see
3. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people ________ long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
A. will they live
B. they will be living
C. will live
D. living
4. He told us that he ________ visiting Japan by this time next year.
A. will be
B. would be
C. was
D. is
5. It ________ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A. is snowing
B. will snow
C. will be snowing
D. snows
十三．将来完成时：shall / will have + 过去分词
表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
?. They will have been here for 5 years next Friday.
?. By the end of next term, the students will have finished the book.
十四．过去将来完成时：would / should have + 过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
He said that they would have arrived by seven o'clock.
十五．将来完成进行时：shall / will have been + 现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。
?. We shall have been staying here for four weeks when Tom arrives.
?. It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
单项自测题（综合训练）
1. Simple photographic lenses can't ________ sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
A. to form
B. are formed
C. forming
D. form
2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one ________ the most.
A. it influences farmers
B. that influences farmers
C. farmers that it influences
D. why farmers influence it
3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which ________.
A. is a storm moving
B. a storm is moving
C. is moving a storm
D. a moving storm
4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, ________ out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operates
B. is operating
C. has operated
D. operating
5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been ________.
A. the least studied
B. study the least
C. study less and less
D. to study the less
6. During an eclipse of the sun, ________ in the shadow of the Moon.
A. the Earth lies
B. the Earth when lying
C. that the Earth lies
D. the lying Earth
7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, ________.
A. the light is not on
B. and not on light
C. but is not on the light
D. is not on light
8. The wallflower ________ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along strong cliffs for support.
A. so called is
B. so is called
C. is so called
D. called is so
9. Because of its importance in modern living, ________ in all parts of the world.
A. algebra is studied in schools and colleges
B. studying algebra in schools and colleges
C. and the study of algebra in schools and colleges
D. in schools and colleges are algebra studies
10. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension ________.
A. elements from group living
B. elements of a normal group life
C. living are a group of elements
D. are normal elements of group life
名词
（Nouns）
（一）名词变复数：
1．规则名词复数形式：
在单数名词后加“s”day →days week →weeks
2．在以o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加“es”。
hero →heroes box →boxes class →classes
bush →bushes watch →watches
3．黄金重点：
I．有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。
II．以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加“s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。）piano，photo，zero，radio，bamboo，tobacco，solo，cuckoo，dynamo，cameo，soprano 如果以O结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。
hero，tomato，potato，Negro（黑人）[简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
4．以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es”
family →families city →cities
5．y前面是元音字母只加“s”
key →keys boy →boys play →plays toy →toys
6．以f、fe结尾的名词，变f / fe为v加es。
calf →calves knife →knives
I．下列名词直接加“s”。
roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰），gulf （港湾），dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）
II．scarf（头巾），wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕）和hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可变f为v加es.
（二）不规则名词复数形式：
1. foot →feet mouse →mice goose →geese child →children ox →oxen louse →lice
woman →women man →men
2．单复数同形：
sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works,
barracks（兵营）bellows（风箱）kennels（狗窝）
3．一些英语外来词的复数形式：
crisis→crises 危机
analysis→analyses 分析
oasis→oases 绿洲
parenthesis→parentheses 括号
axis→axes 轴心
ellipsis→ellipses 日蚀
hypothesis→hypotheses 假定
synopsis→synopses 内容提要
erratum→errata 勘误误表
addendum→addenda 补遗、附录
medium→media 媒体
（三）．复合名词复数形式：
1．中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：
bookshelf→bookshelves handful→handfuls
2．man和woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。
man servant→men servants
woman teacher→women teachers
3．中间有连字符的合成次，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：
sister-in-law→sisters-in-law
looker-on→lookers-on
editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief
4．下列合成名词在后一个词上变化：
sit-in→sit-ins, grown-up→grown-ups
stand-by→stand-bys touch-me-not→touch-me-nots
go-between→go-betweens
（四）．名词所有格
1．在大多数名词末加“'s”
the boy's toy, men's work
2．以s结尾的复数名词直接加“'”
the students' reading room
3．以s结尾的单数名词加“'”
Dickens' novels the actress' performance
4．合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”
her brother-in-law's piano.
Somebody else's books.
除用于有生命的人外，“'s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中：
an hour's drive, a mile's journey
ten pounds' weight. Beijing's weather
the earth's surface
a stone's throw 投石之距离
at one's wits end 智穷计尽
to one's heart's content 尽情地
by a hair's breadth 千钧一发
at a snail's pace 缓慢地
5．双重所有格：
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
a friend of mine （名词性物主代词）
a child of hers
●a portrait of her mother 她母亲的画像（画中人）
●a portrait of her mother's 她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）
测试精编：
1. Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store
B. shoe's store
C. shoe store
D. shoes' store
2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a ________ bill.
A. ten-dollar
B. ten-dollars
C. tens-dollar
D. ten-dollar's
3. Recently, he has lost all his ________ at cards.
A. wage and saving
B. wages and saving
C. wage and savings
D. wages and savings
4. I want ________ .
A. a dollar worth candy
B. candy a dollar's worth
C. a dollar's worth of candy
D. a dollar worth's candy
5.The surroundings a child grows up in usually ________ an effect on his development.
A. have
B. had
C. do
D. has
形容词、副词比较级和最高级
Comparative degree & Superlative degree:
A．adj / adv + er / est
poor→poorer→poorest fast→faster→fastest
B．词尾e + r / st
large→larger→largest fine→finer→finest
C．重读闭音节中短元音+ 辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾+ er / est.
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest
D．辅音+ y→i + er / est
dry→drier→driest angry→angrier→angriest
E．多音节形容词及副词：
more + adj / adv most + adj / adv
F．不规则变化：
good / well→better→best bad / ill→worse→worst
many / much→more→most little→less→least
late→later→/ latest
late→latter→last
far→farther→farthest
far→further→furthest
【用法示例】
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：
（1）?. He looks stronger than I(do).
?. The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing.
?. My Schoolbag is larger than hers.
?. The book is much more interesting than that one.
笔记要点：两个相比较的主语必须相对应。
（2）?. It is getting colder and colder.
?. She is becoming more and more beautiful
. 笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由and连在一起，表示“越来越……”
（3）?. The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be.
?. The earlier we start, the sooner we'll get there.
笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越……越……”
（4）?. I prefer the cheaper one of the two books.
?. Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer.
笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the cleverest.
三者或三者以上进行比较，“the + 形容词/ 副词est”。
(1) John is the tallest of the three.
He runs fastest in our class.（副词的最高级the可省略）
This is the most difficult book I've read.
(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级）
She is younger than all the other students.
测试精编
1. She is ________ than ________ .
A. busier / us
B. busier / we
C. more busy / us
D. more busy / we
2. Jane is ________ than Betty.
A. less taller
B. less tallest
C. less tall
D. not as tall
3. John's record was not so good as ________ in his team.
A. all the players
B.any player's
C. other players
D. any other player's
4. China is ________ country in the world.
A. the third largest
B. the largest third
C. the third large
D. a third largest
5. Shanghai has a larger population than ________ in china.
A. any city
B. all the cities
C. any other city
D. all other cities
用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：
1. The window is ________ (narrow) of the two.
2. Where is the ________ (near) bus-stop?
3. He is one of ________ (famous) Politicians.
4. Do you have any ________ (far) questions to ask?
5. Tom drives much ________ (careful) than John.
被动语态
(Passive Voice)
1．何时运用被动语态：
（1）强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus.
（2）不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.
（3）作客观说明：It is said that the meeting has been put off.（经典句型）2．主动变被动的基本方法：
（1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。（3）主动语态主语置于介词by之后，如无必需，则省略。
We keep the piano in the living-room.
→The piano is kept in the living-room.
did→was / were + done
They built the bridge in 1980.
→The bridge was built in 1980.
shall shall
will do →will + be + done
He will read the book tomorrow.
→The book will be read tomorrow.
have have
has done →has + been + done
We have delivered the newspaper.
→The newspapers have been delivered (by us).
had done →had been done
She had seen the film before she came here.
→The film had been seen before she came here.
shall shall
will have done →will have + been + done
By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts.
→By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished.
am am
is doing →is + being + done
are are
They are drawing the picture.
→The picture is being drawn by them.
was doing →was + being + done
were were
He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.
→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday.
may may
can can
must must
should do →should + be + done
ought to ought to
used to used to
You must write an article on the subject.
→An article must be written on the subject.
测试精编
单项选择：
1. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites ________.
A. was launched
B. are launched
C. have been launched
D. had been launched
2. What kind of advice ________ you?
A. has gave
B. was gave
C. had been given to
D. has given
3. The slave ________ from morning till night.
A. madeto work
B. was made working
C. was made worked
D. was made to work
4. The construction of the laboratory ________ by the end of July.
A. must be completing
B. must complete
C. must have completed
D. must have been completed
5. Your proposal ________ by the committee soon.
A. is discussed
B. has been discussed
C. is going to be discussed
D. will have been discussed
非谓语动词
一．不定式
1．定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
2．形式：（以do为例）
to do to be done
to be doing
to have done to have been done
to have been doing
3．用法：
（1）用作主语：
To speak good English is not easy.
or: It is not easy to speak good English.
（采用形式主语it 以避免头重脚轻）
It took me an hour to do the work.
（2）用作宾语：
She decided to take the examination.
I hope to meet him soon.
agree, aim,apply, arrange, ask, beg, care, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor(努力，尝试)，expect, fail , hesitate,hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge（保证）, prepare, pretend, profess(公开声明),promiss，refuse, resolve(决定，决心), seek，swear，threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wish ,
（3）宾语补足语：
They expected us to help them.
He wants his son to study hard.
不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard them sing in the classroom.
I made her clean the room.
The girl is heard to sing an English song.
（4）用作表语：To teach is to learn.
His job is to sell cars.
（5）用作状语，表示目的，结果。
We come to school to study English.（目的）
= in order to
I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（结果）
（6）定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on.
= to write it on the piece of paper.
The poor man has no house to live in.
= to live in the house.
Have you anything to do?
= to do anything
4．不定式的时态意义：
She seems to dance very well.（现在情况）
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）
She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）
Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（动作持续一段时间）
5．不定式语态：
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
She expects the police to find her bicycle.
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.
6．不定式否定形式：not to do ...
He got up early in order not to miss the train.
测试精编
1. Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven?
A. to take
B. have taken
C. when to take
D. being taken
2. You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day.
A. putting up
B. to be put up
C. to pile up
D. pile up
3. We shall set Jim ________ the passage.
A. explaining
B. explained
C. to explain
D. explain
4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles.
A. tostay
B. than stay
C. than staying
D. than have stayed
5. Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium.
A. discovering
B. having discovered
C. to have discovered
D. to discover
二．动名词：
1．动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。
2．形式：以do为例
doing →being done
having done →having been done
3．用法：
（1）主语：
Saving is easier than doing.
His coming here will be a great help.
It is no use waiting here, he has left.
It is no good smoking.
There is no getting along with him.（简直无法和他相处）
（2）表语：His job is keeping the hall clean as possible.
Seeing is believing.
（3）宾语：
a. 动词宾语：He admitted taking the book.
I do mind your smoking here.
下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：
admit, advise appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, mind, practice, allow, permit... can not help, consider, contemplate, defer延迟，escape, endure, enjoy , excuse, evade逃避，fancy , finish, include, imagine, leave off, resist, risk , resent, require, suggest
特注：以allow为例：allow + doing sth（动名词作宾语）。但可以：Allow sb to do sth（不定式作宾补）。
这类动词常见如advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc.
b. 作介词宾语：
He left without saying goodbye to us.
I'm looking forwardto meeting you.（to 在这里是介词）
（4）定语：
reading room swimming pool walking stick
4．动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。
His leaving is a great loss.
Mother dislikes my (me) working late.
John's having seen her did not make her worried.
注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语是必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。
5．动名词时态：
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary.（以后）
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前）
6．动名词语态：
He doesn't like being flattered.
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.
7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：
（1）在begin，start，continue 等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。
He began writing / to write in 1980.
（2）下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。
He stopped talking. 停止讲话。
He stopped to talk. 停下来开始讲话。
Please remember to post the letter. 记住寄走这封信。
I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄出了这封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）
I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）
测试精编
1.The workers favor ________ funds to build the bridge.
A. to raise
B. raising
C. raised
D. rising
2. No one can avoid ________ by one's surroundings.
A. to be influenced
B. having influenced
C. influencing
D. being influenced
3. She doesn't feel like ________ tonight.
A. dancing
B. to dance
C. dance
D. to be dancing
4. Does Mr Wang object to ________ her the money?
A. that we lend
B. be lent
C. lending
D. lend
5. I can still recall ________ with him many years ago.
A. to stay
B. to staying
C. to have stayed
D. having stayed
三．分词
1．分词的性质：
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。
2．分词的形式：
例：write (vt) rise (vi)
过去分词
现在时writing being written rising risen /
完成时having written having been written having risen /
3．分词的用法：
（1）定语分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于置于被修饰名词后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
The problem being discussed is very important.
（2）表语：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book.
The news is exciting.
He feels excited.
（3）宾语补足语：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.
I'd like to havethis package weighed.
掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。
（4）状语：
①If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.
→Turning to the left, you'll find the station.
②As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
③While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
④When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.
→Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
①Whenschool was over, the boys went home.
→Being over, the boys went home. ×
School being over, the boys went home. √
②As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
经典英语语法讲解解析
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接 宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
六年级英语语法知识点汇总
六年级语法总复习 一、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如yesterday, last weekend ,last Saturday ,等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句——What did you do last weekend?你上周做什么了？ ——I played football last weekend.我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 ⒈一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play—played ⒉词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance—danced ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop（停止）--stopped ⒋结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加-ed，例如：study--studied ★一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is—was are—were go—went swim—swam fly—flew do—did have—had say—said see—saw take—took come—came become—became get—got draw—drew hurt—hurt read—read tell—told will—would eat—ate take—took make—made drink—drank sleep(睡觉)—slept cut（切）--cut sit(坐)—sat begin(开始)—began think—thought find—found run(跑)---ran buy—bought win—won give(给)—gave sing—sang leave—left hear（听）--heart wear—wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在的事实和真理。常与often ,always ,usually ,sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ●主语（非第三人称）+动词原形+其他。例句：——What do you usually do on the weekend?——I usually do my homework on the weekend. ●主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ——What does Sarah usually do on the weekend?萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ——She usually does her homework on the weekend.她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play—plays ⒉以s ,x ,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch—watches ⒊以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly—flies ⒋个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do—does go—goes （三）现在进行时态 现在进行时态表示说话人现在正在进行的动作。基本句型：主语+be+动词的-ing+其他。 例如:——What are you doing ?你在干什么？ ——I am doing my homework..我正在做作业。 ★动词现在分词的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在词尾加ing ，例如;wash—washing ⒉以不发音e字母结尾的动词，去掉e ,再加ing.例如：make—making ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，要双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing.例如swim—swimming （四）一般将来时态 一般将来时态表示将来某一时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间如tomorrow ,next weeken ,this afternoon 等连用。我们通常用will,be going to+动词原形来表示一般将来时态。
英语名词知识点讲解
Less on 1 名词 定义：名词(noun)，缩写为n.是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔),English(英语)，life(生活)。1名词的分类 名词可以分为专有名词( Proper Nou ns)和普通名词(Com mon Nou ns ),专有名词是某个(些)人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beiji ng. Ch ina等。普通名词是一类人或东西或 是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1) 个体名词(In dividual Nou ns):表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2) 集体名词 (Collective Nou ns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3) 物质名词(Material Nou ns ):表示无法分为个体的实物，如: air。 4) 抽象名词(Abstract Nou ns):表 示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，女口：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词( Cou ntable Nou ns ),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词( Uncoun table Nou ns )。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：
3、名词复数的不规则变化 1）c hild---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---me n woma n---wome n 注意：与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。 女口：an En glishma n， two En glishme n. 但Germa n 不是合成词，故复数形式为Germa ns ；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2 ）单复同形女口： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese, Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。女口： a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3 ）集体名词 只在动词使用时区分，如果将名词所表示的集体是为一个整体，则位于动词用单数; 如果将名词表示的集体是为分散的个体，位于动词则用复数。如： The class is small.这是小班。 The whole class are working very hard at English.这个班上的学生学习英语很刻苦。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The Uni ted Natio ns was orga nized in 1945.联合国是1945 年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
小学英语语法基础知识大全蓝本
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英语语法详解全集
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中考英语语法知识点总结讲解（上） 第1讲：名词 First, 名词复数的特殊变化。 普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或-es，可是偏偏有一些名词不听话，变化不规则。这些小调皮是： a. class, box, watch, brush等词以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾，复数要加-es； b. story, factory 等以辅音字母+y结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es； c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es； d. 以-o结尾的名词，一般来说，末尾是元音字母+o 的词加-s，我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是辅音字母+o的词，变复数加-es。如：tomato, hero, potato，当然其中的piano 和photo，又是一个例外，他们的结尾只能加-s。 e. child（children）, foot（feet）, tooth（teeth）, mouse（mice）, man （men ）, woman（women ）等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。 注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans； f. deer，sheep等词更是懒得可以，竟然单复数同形。好记好记。people，police，cattle 等词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数，所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式，这就是集体名词。the English，the French，the
小学英语语法知识点汇总!
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Nouns ending in aconsonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories Nouns ending in s,sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches Nouns ending in o+s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes Nouns ending in for fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves 04 不可数名词（单复数不变） bread, rice, water ,juice等。 05 缩略形式 I’m= I a，you’re = you are，she’s= she is，he’s = he is it’s= it is，who’s =who is，can’t =can not，isn’t=is not等。 06 a/an a book, a peach an egg，an hour 07 Preposition on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at,behind. 表示时间：at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
人教版小学英语语法知识点汇总知识讲解
目录 一、音素及音标 (2) 二、音节及音节的划分 (3) 三、常用字母或字母组合发音规律 (4) 1、元音字母及组合的发音 (4) （1）与字母a 相关的单词 (4) （2）与字母 e 相关的单词 (5) （3）与字母i 相关的单词 (6) （4）与字母o 相关的单词 (7) （5）与字母u 相关的单词 (8) 2、辅音字母及组合的发音 (9) （1）单个字母 (9) （2）字母组合 (10) 四、词的变式及用法 (11) 1、名词及名词的复数形式 (11) 2、冠词及其用法 (12) 3、代词及其用法 (13) 4、形容词的比较级和最高级 (14) 5、介词的固定用法 (15) 五、时态及语法 (16) 1、一般现在时及其用法 (16) 2、现在进行时 (19) 3、一般将来时 (20) 4、一般过去时 (21) 六、常见固定词组 (23) 附各专项测试习题 (24)
一、音素及音标 音素：英语把组成一个读音的最小单位叫音素。因素分为元音和辅音（相当于语文中的韵母和声母） 1、元音（韵母） 1.1发音方式：靠声带发音，有声调，气流通过喉头、口腔不受阻碍。 元音单元音 长元音[a:][?:][i:][?:][u:] 短元音[Λ][?][i][?][u][?][e]双元音[ai][ei][?i][i? ][e? ][u? ][au][?u] 1.3元音的结构 元音的常见构成有： 组合方式举例1单个元音字母D o g 2元音字母+元音字母S ee、s ea、m ea t、b oo k 3元音字母+辅音字母T al l、pl ay a e i o u 2、辅音（声母） 2.1发音方式：主要是用气流与牙齿舌头等其它器官摩擦发音,气流通过喉头、口腔要受到某个部位的阻碍。 辅音10对 清辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [∫][t∫][tr] [θ][ts] 浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [?][d?][dr] [e] [dz] 3个鼻音[m] [n] [η] 3个似拼音[h] [r] [l] 2个半元音[w] [j] 组合方式举例 1单个辅音字母D og、b ook 2辅音字母+辅音字tr ee、dr aw、tea ch、sh ip 26个字母中，除去5个元音字母（a、e、i、o、u），其他字母都是辅音字母。 3、开音节（结尾必然是元音字母） 分类组成举例绝对开音节辅音+元音He、go、hi、do、be、tree、three、相对开音节辅音+元音+辅音+e name、bike、home、due、plane、shine 4、闭音节（结尾必然是辅音字母） 分类组成举例 1元音+辅音it、is、of、in、on、up、out、ant 2辅音+元音+辅音bad、bed、sit、hot、cup、let sleep
英语语法基本基础知识——时态
英语的时态问题 英语的时态可以分为：“时”(time) 和“体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。 时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来 体分为：一般（在某个时间点）， 进行（延续某个时间段）， 完成（完成某个时间段） 完成进行（延续某个完成的时间段） 如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。 注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。 下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。 一．一般现在时 表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况 1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时 间状语连用。 He takes a walk after supper everyday My mother and father work at the same company. 2、表示性格，特征，能力。 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. 3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。
The sun rises in the east. 二．一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用 She bought a car last week. He came to help me at that time. 三．一般将来时 表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。 The train will arrive soon. We shall know the news tomorrow. 四．过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。 I asked her where she would spend her holiday. I told my father that I should go home next Monday. 五．现在进行时 表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。 I’m doing some washing. What are you doing? 六．过去进行时 在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。 I was working in my office at eight o’clock yesterday evening. He was making a phone call when I saw him. 七．将来进行时 在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon? （明天下午三点你将在做什么哪） 八．现在完成时 表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语since 1987，for 10 hours , by the last year相连。 My brother has been ill for 3 days. I have not seen her since 1991. 九．过去完成时 在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。 He said that he had written her a letter. Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.
英语语法知识详解
高中英语语法知识表解 一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 1. 规则名词的复数形式： 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下： 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成：
用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法：
三．代词： I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：
1. one, some与any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上， 而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no： no等于not any，作定语。 none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
初三英语语法知识点归纳
初中英语语法速记口诀大全 很多同学认为语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。笔者根据有关书目和多年教学经验，搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a，an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato) 加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth —teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③
初中英语语法三大从句汇总重点笔记知识讲解
精品文档 初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可
以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 精品文档． 精品文档 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：
英语语法基础知识大全.doc
v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词
人教版八年级下册英语语法解析知识重点总结
新目标英语八年级(下)重点短语及句型总 1 ? 1. 更少的人（修饰名词复数，表示否定） 2. 更少的空闲时间（修饰不可数名词，表示否定） 3. 10年后（的时间短语用于将来时，提问用） 4. …爱上…… 例： I . , I . 当我第一次见到许老师，我立刻爱上他。 5. 单独居住 6. 感到孤独（比较：等） ,
't . 那女孩独自沿着街道走，但她并不感到孤独。 7. a 养一头宠物猪 8. 飞上月球 9. + 复数数百/几百（概数，类似还有 ; ） 10. 和……相同 11. A B A与B不同 (= a A B) 12. 醒来 ( . 表示“唤醒某人”)
13. 变得厌倦（是连系动词，后跟形容词如 等） 14. 去滑冰（类似还有 / 等） 15. a 许多（修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可以） 16. 在周末 17. 在家通过电脑学习 18. . 同意某人(的意见) 19. I 't . = I . 我不同意。 20. a 在一张纸上 （注意
等常考到的不可数名词） 21. 度假 22. . 帮助某人做某事 23. 许多不同种金鱼 24. 住在公寓里； 住在12楼 25. .332 住在上海路332号 26. a 作为一名记者 27. 显得精神/看起来聪明 28. ? 你在骗我吗？ 29. 在将来/在未来
30. = …不再（强调多次发生的动作不再发生） 31. = …不再（强调状态不再发生） 32. （除……之外还，包括）与 = （除……之外，不包括） 33. 与能；会 （用于各种时态，而 只能用于一般现在时态和一般过去时态中；用于各种时态，而 只能用于一般现在时态）例如： ① I . （不可以用） ②（不可以用）
英语语法名词讲解
小学英语语法 第一章 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student student是普通名词，john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——数不清（没有复数） drink: milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food:rice bread meat fish fruit 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法： 1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。