经济学原理 微观 第五版测试题库 (04)
Chapter 4
The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
TRUE/FALSE
1. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
2. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and the price at
which it is sold.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
3. A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of a
product.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | Supply
MSC: Definitional
5. A yard sale is an example of a market.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Applicative
6. A newspaper’s classified ads are an example of a market.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Applicative
7. Most markets in the economy are highly competitive.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
8. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not
determined by any single buyer or seller.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
9. In a competitive market, there are so few buyers and so few sellers that each has a significant impact on the
market price.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
10. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Definitional
202
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 203 11. In a perfectly competitive market, buyers and sellers are price setters.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Definitional
12. All goods and services are sold in perfectly competitive markets.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Definitional
13. If a good or service has only one seller, then the seller is called a monopoly.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional
14. Monopolists are price takers.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Interpretive
15. Local cable TV companies frequently are monopolists.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional
16. The quantity demanded of a product is the amount that buyers are willing and able to purchase at a particular
price.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity demanded
MSC: Definitional
17. The law of demand is true for most goods in the economy.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of demand
MSC: Definitional
18. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the
good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of demand
MSC: Definitional
19. The demand curve is the upward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Definitional
20. Individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market demand curve
MSC: Definitional
21. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income of buyers
varies, while all the other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy are held constant.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market demand curve
MSC: Definitional
22. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Definitional
204 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
23. A movement upward and to the left along a given demand curve is called a decrease in demand..
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Interpretive
24. An increase in demand shifts the demand curve to the left.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Definitional
25. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Normal goods
MSC: Definitional
26. When Mario's income decreases, he buys more pasta. For Mario, pasta is a normal good.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Inferior goods
MSC: Applicative
27. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Inferior goods
MSC: Interpretive
28. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Substitutes
MSC: Interpretive
29. Baseballs and baseball bats are substitute goods.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Complements
MSC: Applicative
30. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve for a good to the left.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Complements
MSC: Interpretive
31. When an increase in the price of one good lowers the demand for another good, the two goods are called
complements.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Complements
MSC: Definitional
32. Cocoa and marshmallows are complements, so a decrease in the price of cocoa will cause an increase in the
demand for marshmallows.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Complements
MSC: Applicative
33. If a pe rson expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will
increase.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Expectations
MSC: Applicative
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 205 34. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demand
curve in the same general way.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Interpretive
35. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Interpretive
36. An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Applicative
37. Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition of
cigarette advertising on television are all policies aimed at shifting the demand curve for cigarettes to the right. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand curve
MSC: Applicative
38. Most studies have found that tobacco and marijuana are complements rather than substitutes.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-2
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Complements
MSC: Applicative
39. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particular
price.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity supplied
MSC: Definitional
40. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supply
MSC: Definitional
41. When the price of a good is low, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supply
MSC: Definitional
42. Price cannot fall so low that some sellers choose to supply a quantity of zero.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Quantity supplied
MSC: Interpretive
43. The law of supply states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the
good falls.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supply
MSC: Definitional
44. The law of supply states that, other things equal, when the price of a good falls, the quantity supplied falls as
well.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Law of supply
MSC: Definitional
206 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
45. If a higher price means a greater quantity supplied, then the supply curve slopes upward.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curve
MSC: Definitional
46. Individual supply curves are summed vertically to obtain the market supply curve.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market supply curve
MSC: Definitional
47. The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied of a good varies as input prices vary, holding
constant all the other factors that influence producers’ decisions about how much to sell.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Market supply curve
MSC: Definitional
48. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply
curve to a new quantity supplied.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curve
MSC: Interpretive
49. A movement along a supply curve is called a change in supply while a shift of the supply curve is called a
change in quantity supplied.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied MSC: Interpretive
50. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curve
MSC: Definitional
51. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Input prices
MSC: Interpretive
52. An increase in the price of ink will shift the supply curve for pens to the left.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Input prices
MSC: Applicative
53. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will
shift to the left.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Technology
MSC: Interpretive
54. Advances in production technology typically reduce firms’ costs.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Technology
MSC: Interpretive
55. If a company making frozen orange juice expects the price of its product to be higher next month, it will
supply more to the market this month.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Expectations
MSC: Applicative
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 207 56. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Expectations
MSC: Interpretive
57. An increase in the price of a product and an increase in the number of sellers in the market affect the supply
curve in the same general way.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curve
MSC: Interpretive
58. Whenever a determinant of supply other than price changes, the supply curve shifts.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curve
MSC: Interpretive
59. A decrease in the price of pizza will shift the supply curve for pizza to the left.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-3
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply curve
MSC: Applicative
60. Supply and demand together determine the price and quantity of a good sold in a market.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium
MSC: Definitional
61. A market’s equilibrium is the point at which the supply and demand curves intersect.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium
MSC: Definitional
62. At the equilibrium price, quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
63. The equilibrium price is the same as the market-clearing price.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
64. At the equilibrium price, buyers have bought all they want to buy, but sellers have not sold all they want to
sell.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
65. The actions of buyers and sellers naturally move markets toward equilibrium.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
66. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity
supplied.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
67. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, suppliers are unable to sell all they want to sell.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
68. A surplus is the same as an excess demand.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Surplus
MSC: Definitional
208 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
69. Sellers respond to a surplus by cutting their prices.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Surplus
MSC: Definitional
70. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Surplus MSC: Interpretive
71. When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded at the current market price, the market has a surplus and
market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the surplus.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Surplus MSC: Interpretive
72. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity
supplied.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
73. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, suppliers are unable to sell all they want to sell. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
74. A shortage is the same as an excess demand.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Shortage
MSC: Definitional
75. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Shortage
MSC: Definitional
76. Price will rise to eliminate a shortage.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage MSC: Interpretive
77. When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at the current market price, the market has a shortage and
market price will likely rise in the future to eliminate the shortage.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage MSC: Interpretive
78. Surpluses drive price up while shortages drive price down.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage | Surplus
MSC: Interpretive
79. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price above
equilibrium price.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Shortage | Surplus
MSC: Interpretive
80. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Interpretive
81. When a supply curve or a demand curve shifts, the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity change. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Equilibrium TOP: Equilibrium MSC: Definitional
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 209 82. Demand refers to the amount buyers wish to buy, whereas the quantity demanded refers to the position of the
demand curve.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand
TOP: Demand | Quantity demanded MSC: Definitional
83. Supply refers to the position of the supply curve, whereas the quantity supplied refers to the amount suppliers
wish to sell.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied MSC: Definitional
84. It is not possible for demand and supply to shift at the same time.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Demand
MSC: Interpretive
85. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will cause a decrease in supply.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium
MSC: Interpretive
86. An increase in demand will cause an increase in price, which will cause an increase in quantity supplied. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium
MSC: Interpretive
87. An increase in supply will cause a decrease in price, which will cause an increase in demand.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium
MSC: Interpretive
88. A decrease in supply will cause an increase in price, which will cause a decrease in quantity demanded. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 4-4
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium
MSC: Interpretive
89. In a market economy, prices are the signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 4-5
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
210 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand SHORT ANSWER
1.
a. What is the difference between a "change in demand" and a "change in quantity demanded?"
Graph your answer.
b. For each of the following changes, determine whether there will be a change in quantity demanded
or a change in demand.
i. a change in the price of a related good ii. a change in tastes
iii. a change in the number of buyers iv. a change in price
v. a change in consumer expectations vi. a change in income
ANS:
a. A change in demand refers to a shift of the demand curve. A change in quantity demanded refers
to a movement along a fixed demand curve.
b. A change in price causes a change in quantity demanded. All of the other changes listed shift the
demand curve.
A change in quantity demanded A change in demand
D
quantity
price
D D'quantity
price
DIF: 2 REF: 4-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | Quantity demanded
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 211
2.
a.
What is the difference between a "change in supply" and a "change in quantity supplied?" Graph your answer.
b. For each of the following changes, determine whether there will be a change in quantity supplied
or a change in supply.
i. a change in input costs
ii a change in producer expectations
iii. a change in price
iv. a change in technology
v. a change in the number of sellers ANS:
a. A change in supply refers to a shift of the supply curve. A change in quantity supplied refers to
a movement along a fixed supply curve.
b. A change in price causes a change in quantity supplied. All of the other changes listed shift the
supply curve.
A change in quantity supplied A change in supply
S quantity price
S S'
quantity
price
DIF: 2 REF: 4-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply | Quantity supplied
MSC: Interpretive
212 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 3.
a. Given the table below, graph the demand and supply curves for flashlights. Make certain to
label the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.
b. What is the equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity?
c. Suppose the price is currently $5. What problem would exist in the market? What would you
expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.
d. Suppose the price is currently $2. What problem would exist in the market? What would you
expect to happen to price? Show this on your graph.
ANS:
a.
Pe
Qe
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
100001100012000
0.5
11.522.533.544.5
5
b. The equilibrium price (Pe) is $4 and the equilibrium quantity (Qe) is 8,000.
c. A surplus of 4,000 flashlights would be the problem in the market, and we would expect the price
to fall.
d. A shortage of 8,000 flashlights would be the problem in the market, and we would expect the price
to rise.
DIF: 2 REF: 4-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Equilibrium | Shortage | Surplus
MSC: Applicative
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 213 4. Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, stay the
same, or change ambiguously.
DIF: 2 REF: 4-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | Supply
MSC: Interpretive
214 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 5.
Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphically illustrate the impact each of the following would have on demand or supply. Also show how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity would change.
a. Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.
b. The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.
c. The price of cocoa beans decreases.
d. The price of whipped cream falls.
e. A better method of harvesting cocoa beans is introduced.
f. The Surgeon General of the U.S. announces that hot chocolate cures acne.
g. Protesting farmers dump millions of gallons of milk, causing the price of milk to rise.
h. Consumer income falls because of a recession, and hot chocolate is considered a normal good. i. Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month. j. Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.
ANS:
(a)
(b)
D D'S Pe'Pe
Qe Qe'quantity
price
D'D S
Pe Pe'
Qe'Qe
quantity
price
(c)
(d)
D
S'S Pe'
Pe Qe Qe'quantity
price
D
D'S
Pe'
Pe
Qe Qe'
quantity
price
(e) (f)
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 215
D
S'S Pe'
Pe Qe
Qe'quantity
price
D
D'S
Pe'
Pe
Qe Qe'
quantity
price
(g)
(h)
D
S S'Pe
Pe'Qe'Qe quantity
price
D'
D S
Pe
Pe'
Qe'Qe
quantity
price
(i)
(j)
D
S S'Pe
Pe'Qe'Qe quantity
price
D
S
Pe
Pe+Qd Qe $0.50Qs
Surplus
quantity
price
In (j), a price above equilibrium will affect both quantity demanded and quantity supplied and will cause a surplus in the market. It will not cause either demand or supply to shift.
DIF: 2 REF: 4-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | Supply
MSC: Applicative
216 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
Sec00 - The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The two words most often used by economists are
a.prices and quantities.
b.resources and allocation.
c.supply and deman
d.
d.efficiency and equity.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions of economics
TOP: Economists MSC: Definitional
2. The forces that make market economies work are
a.work and leisure.
b.politics and religion.
c.supply and deman
d.
d.taxes and government spending.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
3. In a market economy, supply and demand determine
a.both the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold.
b.the quantity of each good produced, but not the price at which it is sold.
c.the price at which each good is sold, but not the quantity of each good produce
d.
d.neither the quantity of each good produced nor the price at which it is sold.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
4. In a market economy, supply and demand are important because they
a.play a critical role in the allocation of the economy’s scarce resources.
b.determine how much of each good gets produced.
c.can be used to predict the impact on the economy of various events and policies.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
5. In a market economy,
a.supply determines demand and demand, in turn, determines prices.
b.demand determines supply and supply, in turn, determines prices.
c.the allocation of scarce resources determines prices and prices, in turn, determine supply and
demand.
d.supply and demand determine prices and prices, in turn, allocate the economy’s scarce resources. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-0
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Market economies MSC: Definitional
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 217 Sec01 - The Market Forces of Supply and Demand - Markets and Competition MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service is called a(n)
a.coalition.
b.economy.
c.market.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e211194741.html,petition.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
2. Which of the following statements is correct?
a.Buyers determine supply and sellers determine demand.
b.Buyers determine demand and sellers determine supply.
c.Buyers determine both demand and supply.
d.Sellers determine both demand and supply.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand | Supply
MSC: Definitional
3. The demand for a good or service is determined by
a.those who buy the good or service.
b.the government.
c.those who sell the good or service.
d.both those who buy and those who sell the good or servic
e.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Demand
MSC: Definitional
4. The supply of a good or service is determined by
a.those who buy the good or service.
b.the government.
c.those who sell the good or service.
d.both those who buy and those who sell the good or servic
e.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Supply and demand TOP: Supply
MSC: Definitional
5. For a market for a good or service to exist,
a.there must be a group of buyers and sellers.
b.there must be a specific time and place at which the good or service is traded.
c.there must be a high degree of organization present.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
6. Which of the following is an example of a market?
a. a gas station
b. a garage sale
c. a barber shop
d.All of the above are examples of markets.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Applicative
218 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
7. The market for ice cream is
a. a monopolistic market.
b. a highly competitive market.
c. a highly organized market.
d.both (b) and (c) are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
8. Most markets in the economy are
a.markets in which sellers, rather than buyers, control the price of the product.
b.markets in which buyers, rather than sellers, control the price of the product.
c.perfectly competitive.
d.highly competitiv
e.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Markets MSC: Definitional
9. In a competitive market, the price of a product
a.is determined by buyers and the quantity of the product produced is determined by sellers.
b.is determined by sellers and the quantity of the product produced is determined by buyers.
c.and the quantity of the product produced are both determined by sellers.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Interpretive
10. In a competitive market, the quantity of a product produced and the price of the product are determined by
a.buyers.
b.sellers.
c.both buyers and sellers.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Interpretive
11. In a competitive market, the quantity of a product produced and the price of the product are determined by
a. a single buyer.
b. a single seller.
c.one buyer and one seller working together.
d.all buyers and all sellers.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Interpretive
12. A competitive market is a market in which
a.an auctioneer helps set prices and arrange sales.
b.there are only a few sellers.
c.the forces of supply and demand do not apply.
d.no individual buyer or seller has any significant impact on the market pric
e.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 219
13. A competitive market is one in which
a.there is only one seller, but there are many buyers.
b.there are many sellers and each seller has the ability to set the price of his product.
c.there are many sellers and they compete with one another in such a way that some sellers are
always being forced out of the market.
d.there are so many buyers and so many sellers that each has a negligible impact on the price of the
product.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
14. Assume Tibana buys computers in a competitive market. It follows that
a.Tibana has a limited number of sellers to turn to when she buys a computer.
b.Tibana will find herself negotiating with sellers whenever she buys a computer.
c.if Tibana buys a large number of computers, the price of computers will rise noticeably.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Applicative
15. In a competitive market, each seller has limited control over the price of his product because
a.other sellers are offering similar products.
b.buyers exert more control over the price than do sellers.
c.these markets are highly regulated by the government.
d.sellers usually agree to set a common price that will allow each seller to earn a comfortable profit. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
16. For a competitive market, which of the following statements is correct?
a. A seller can always increase her profit by raising the price of her product.
b.If a seller charges more than the going price, buyers will go elsewhere to make their purchases.
c. A seller often charges less than the going price to increase sales and profit.
d. A single buyer can influence the price of the product, but only when purchasing from several sellers
in a short period of time.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
17. If a seller in a competitive market chooses to charge more than the going price, then
a.the sellers’ profits definitely would increase.
b.the owners of the raw materials used in production would raise the prices for the raw materials.
c.other sellers would also raise their prices.
d.buyers will make purchases from other sellers.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Markets, market failure, and externalities
TOP: Competitive markets MSC: Definitional
18. The highest form of competition is called
a.absolute competition.
b.cutthroat competition.
c.perfect competition.
d.market competition.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Definitional
220 Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand
19. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?
a.Different sellers sell identical products.
b.There are many sellers.
c.Sellers must accept the price the market determines.
d.All of the above are characteristics of a perfectly competitive market.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition MSC: Interpretive
20. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?
a.Sellers set the price of the product.
b.There are many sellers.
c.Buyers must accept the price the market determines.
d.All of the above are characteristics of a perfectly competitive market.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition MSC: Interpretive
21. The term price takers refers to buyers and sellers in
a.perfectly competitive markets.
b.monopolistic markets.
c.markets that are regulated by the government.
d.markets in which buyers cannot buy all they want and/or sellers cannot sell all they want. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition MSC: Interpretive
22. Buyers and sellers who have no influence on market price are referred to as
a.market pawns.
b.monopolists.
c.price takers.
d.price makers.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition MSC: Definitional
23. All market participants are price takers that have no influence over prices in markets that feature
a.only a few buyers and a few sellers.
b.numerous sellers but only a few buyers.
c.numerous buyers but only a few sellers.
d.numerous buyers and numerous sellers.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition MSC: Interpretive
24. If buyers and sellers in a certain market are price takers, then individually
a.they have no influence on market price.
b.they have some influence on market price, but that influence is limited.
c.buyers will be able to find prices lower than those determined in the market.
d.sellers will find it difficult to sell all they want to sell at the market pric
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 4 /The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 221
25. In a perfectly competitive market, at the market price,
a.buyers cannot buy all they want and sellers cannot sell all they want.
b.buyers cannot buy all they want, but sellers can sell all they want.
c.buyers can buy all they want, but sellers cannot sell all they want.
d.buyers can buy all they want and sellers can sell all they want.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Definitional
26. An example of a perfectly competitive market would be the
a.cable TV market.
b.soybean market.
c.breakfast cereal market.
d.shampoo market.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Applicative
27. Assume the market for tennis balls is perfectly competitive. When one tennis ball producer exits the market,
a.the price of tennis balls increases.
b.the price of tennis balls decreases.
c.the price of tennis balls does not change.
d.there is no longer a market for tennis balls.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Applicative
28. Assume the market for pork is perfectly competitive. When one pork buyer exits the market,
a.the price of pork increases.
b.the price of pork decreases.
c.the price of pork does not change.
d.there is no longer a market for pork.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Perfect competition TOP: Perfect competition
MSC: Applicative
29. A monopoly is a market
a.with one seller, and that seller is a price taker.
b.with one seller, and that seller sets the price.
c.with one buyer, and that buyer is a price taker.
d.with one buyer, and that buyer sets the pric
e.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Definitional
30. Which of the following would most likely serve as an example of a monopoly?
a. a bakery in a large city
b. a bank in a large city
c. a local cable television company
d. a small group of corn farmers
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 4-1
NAT: Analytic LOC: Monopoly TOP: Monopoly MSC: Applicative
政治经济学原理试题和答案
第一部分选择题（共50分） 一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分）在每个小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将其号码填在题干后的括号内。 1. 马克思主义政治经济学的研究任务是（B ） A. 研究生产力及其发展规律 B. 揭示客观经济规律 C. 揭示资本主义剥削的实质 D. 研究社会经济运行状况 2. 衡量社会生产力发展水平的主要标志是（C ） A. 劳动资料 B. 劳动对象 C. 生产工具 D. 生产的产品 3. 商品的社会属性是指（ B ） A. 使用价值（自然属性） B. 价值 C. 交换价值 D. 抽象劳动 4. 决定商品价值量的是（ D ） A. 简单劳动 B. 商品的使用价值 C. 价格标准 D. 社会必要劳动时间 5. 1只绵羊＝2把石斧表示的是（D ） A. 一般的价值形式 B. 总和的或扩大的价值形式 C. 货币形式 D. 简单的或偶然的价值形式 6. 在商品供求关系平衡的条件下，商品价格（ A ） A. 与商品价值成正比，与货币价值成反比 B. 与商品价值成正比，与货币价值成正比 C. 与商品价值成反比，与货币价值成反比 D. 与商品价值成反比，与货币价值成正比
7. 货币转化为资本的前提条件是（ A ） A.劳动力成为商品 B. 生产资料可以买卖 C. 货币是一般等价物 D. 货币是社会财富的一般代表 8. 通过提高工人劳动强度取得剩余价值属于（ A ） A.绝对剩余价值 B. 相对剩余价值。在工作日长度不变的条件下，由于缩短必要劳动时间、相应延长剩余劳动时间而产生的剩余价值。相对剩余价值是全体资本家长期获得的，以全社会劳动生产率普遍提高为条件。 C. 超额剩余价值。个别资本家通过提高劳动生产率，使自己商品的个别价值低于社会价值而比一般资本家多得的那部分剩余价值。 D. 超额利润 9. 社会再生产就其内容来讲包括（ C ） A. 简单再生产和扩大再生产 B. 外延式扩大再生产和内涵式扩大再生产 C. 物质资料的再生产和生产关系的再生产 D. 生产资料的再生产和消费资料的再生产 10. 计件工资是（ A ） A. 计时工资的转化形式 B. 名义工资的转化形式 C. 实际工资的转化形式 D. 货币工资的转化形式 11. 资本积聚（ A ） A. 是依靠剩余价值的资本化实现的 B. 是由众多中小资本合并实现的 C. 是借助于竞争和信用来实现的 D. 不受社会财富增长速度的限制 12. 货币资本的循环公式是（A ）
曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 08a
Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation Test A 1. A tax levied on the buyers of a product shifts the a. demand curve upward or to the right. b. demand curve downward or to the left. c. supply curve upward or to the left. d. supply curve downward or to the right. ANSWER: b. demand curve downward or to the left. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. When a tax is levied on a good a. buyers are worse off but sellers are not. b. sellers are worse off but buyers are not. c. neither buyers nor sellers are worse off. d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. ANSWER: d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. When a tax on a good is enacted, a. sellers always bear the full burden of the tax. b. buyers always bear the full burden of the tax. c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. d. sellers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them, but buyers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them. ANSWER: c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A tax placed on a good a. causes the price of the good to fall. b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. c. affects buyers of the good, but not sellers. d. is usually borne entirely by the seller of the good. ANSWER: b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a tax is levied on a good a. the market price falls because demand declines. b. the market price falls because supply falls. c. the market price rises because demand falls. d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receiv e. ANSWER: d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y
经济学原理_试题(B)
南开大学经济学院本科2010级经济学原理期末考试（B 卷） 专业： 姓名 学号 成绩 任课教师： 一、单项选择（每小题2分，共30分） < 1、关于生产可能性边界，以下不正确的是：（ ） A 、 生产可能性边界是一个国家利用资源所能生产出的最大商品集合的边界。 B 、 生产可能性边界的斜率代表了增加某种商品产出的机会成本。 C 、 生产可能性边界凹向原点是因为资源的稀缺性。 D 、 生产可能性边界随着技术进步而向右移动。 2、对一种奢侈品征税，很可能使税收负担（ ） A 、 更多的落在买者身上 B 、 、 C 、 更多的落在卖者身上 D 、 在买者和卖者之间平等的分摊 E 、 完全落在买者身上 3、假设可以购买三个一样的鼠标。买者1愿意为一个鼠标支付60元钱，买者2愿意为一个鼠标支付50元钱，买者3愿意为一个鼠标支付40元钱。如果鼠标的市场价格是50元钱，将卖出多少鼠标，这个市场的消费者剩余值是多少（ ） A 、 将卖出一个鼠标，消费者剩余值为60元钱 B 、 将卖出三个鼠标，消费者剩余值为0元 C 、 将卖出三个鼠标，消费者剩余值为10元 D 、 将卖出两个鼠标，消费者剩余值为10元 ; 4、如果一个竞争企业的产量翻了一番，它的总收益（ ） A 、 翻一番 B 、 翻了一番还多 C 、 翻了不到一番 D 、 不能确定，因为物品价格可能上升或下降。 5、在能供给整个市场的产量时，其平均总成本一直下降到最小的企业称为（ ） A 、 完全竞争者 B 、 自然垄断 C 、 政府垄断
E、受管制的垄断 6、垄断竞争企业在长期内经济利润为零，是因为：（） A、市场上存在许多卖者。 B、虽然产品有差异，但产品之间的差异不够大。 C、企业可以无成本的自由进入与退出市场。 D、以上都是。 7、在以下商品中，提高价格最有可能使生产者的收入提高的商品是：（） A、粮食。 B、》 C、高档服装。 D、汽车。 E、手机。 8、下列哪个事件影响了2010年中国的国内生产总值GDP（） A、2010年中国人的家庭劳动 B、2010年中国公司在海外承包的大型建设工程 C、2010年在中国的一家钢铁公司为另一家在中国的造船厂生产的特种钢材。 D、2010年在中国的一家汽车公司把生产出来的汽车封入库存，以便明年旺季销售。 . 9、X与Y两种商品的价格分别由去年的10元与2元上涨至今年的11元与元，如果一个篮子是由4个X和10个Y组成的，那么以去年为基期，今年的通货膨胀率是（） A、10％ B、15% C、20％ D、25％ 10、下列情况中可能会降低社会的失业率的是（） A、政府组织公共培训计划 B、政府提高最低工资水平 C、工会为其会员争取更高的工资待遇 D、| E、企业实行效率工资 11、下列不属于中央银行货币政策工具的是（） A、公开市场操作 B、法定准备金 C、贴现率 D、发行或回购国债 12、假定货币供应量是万亿，真实GDP是5万亿，物价水平是2，货币流通速度则是（）
Aofafcs北大课程-曼昆经济学原理(上)微观部分--期中试题参考标准答案
Aofafcs北大课程-曼昆经济学原理(上)微观部分--期中试题参考答案
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 2
七夕，古今诗人惯咏星月与悲情。吾生虽晚，世态炎凉却已看透矣。情也成空，且作“挥手袖底风”罢。是夜，窗外风雨如晦，吾独坐陋室，听一曲《尘缘》，合成诗韵一首，觉放诸古今，亦独有风韵也。乃书于纸上。毕而卧。凄然入梦。乙酉年七月初七。 -----啸之记。 经济学原理期中考试试题 一、选择题（每题只有一个正确答案，10小题，每题2分，共20分） 1、“资源是稀缺的”是指（） A、资源是不可再生的 B、资源必须留给下一代 C、资源终将被消耗殆尽 D、相对于需求而言，资源总是不足的 2、小强星期六下午决定学习三个小时，而不是去打网球。请问他学习的机会成本是（） A、学习三个小时后，学习成绩的提高 B、学习成绩的提高减去打网球带来的快乐 C、从打网球中得到的快乐和锻炼 D、没有机会成本 3、以下哪一项是宏观经济学研究的内容：（） A、政府管制对民航机票价格的影响 B、农民决定今年种植多少粮食的决策
C、加入WTO对中国汽车企业的影响 D、中国的高储蓄对经济增长的影响 4、以下哪一种表述是实证而非规范的表述：（） A、我国政府应该调高人民币汇率 B、农民工的合法权益理应得到保障 C、印度去年的GDP增长率为9% D、我们必须要遏制经济过热的势头 5、以下哪个概念不能用生产可能性边界表现出来？（） A、效率 B、公平 C、权衡取舍 D、机会成本 6、假定在某个市场中，消费者用于购买正常品的收入减少，而生产该物品的投入品的价格下降。那么，我们可以预期：（） A、均衡价格将上升，但对该市场均衡数量的影响则是不确定的。 B、均衡价格将下降，但对该市场均衡数量的影响则是不确定的。 C、均衡价格与均衡数量都上升。 D、均衡数量将上升，但对该市场均衡价格的影响则是不确定的。 7、当禽流感到来时，鸡蛋的销量下降了，但价格却没有太大的变化。 对此解释最为合理的是：（） A、鸡蛋的供给曲线呈完全水平状态，而需求曲线左移
经济学原理试题
一、判断题（下列各题，如果您认为正确，请在题后的括号中打上“√”号，否则请打上“×”号，每题1分，共10分）1.由于世界资源是有限的，当两个国家发生贸易时，一个国家的消费如果增加，另一个国家的消费必定减少。（）2．假设其他条件都不变，当苹果的价格升高时，苹果的供给就会增加。（）3．无论是完全竞争还是垄断竞争，厂商在长期内只能得到正常利润。（）4．根据边际效用递减规律，消费者的总满意度会随着所吃糖块数量的增加而减少。（） 5. 当苹果的价格处于均衡价格时，每个想得到苹果的人都可以得到。（） 6.通货膨胀期间的所有价格都上涨。（）7.财政政策的作用，是通过政府的税收和支出的力量而移动总供给曲线。（）8.对经济学家来说，投资这个词表示购买股票。（）9.当你把50美元存入你的支票账户的时候，M1仍然不变。（）10.自动稳定器存在一个潜在执行上的滞后，因为萧条开始时，国会需讨论所面临的问题。（）二、单项选择题（每题1分，共50分） 1.以下不属于生产要素的是（） A.电脑B.用于创办新公司的100万美元C．工厂的工人D.在达拉斯的一块空地皮 2.我计划去看一场5美元的电影而不是复习准备考试，这场电影的总机会成本是（） A.是我用这5美元所能买到的东西以及我所放弃的学习时间。 B.是5美元。 C.取决于电影好看与否。 D.是我在相同时间里所能学到的东西。 3.市场机制是（） A.依靠销售和价格来向生
产者传递信息。 B.消除由于政府干预而导致的市场失灵。 C.通过政府的中央计划得以实现。 D.是非常无效率的，因为无法通过直接的方式在消费者和生产者之间进行沟通。 4.一个社会必须关注生产什么这一问题，因为（）A．政府失灵。 B.一个经济体内部的资金是有限的。 C.生产可能性曲线。D．它不能生产所需要的所有商品和服务。 5.下面哪种情况能够使生产可能性曲线向外移动（）A．经济体中资金量的增加。 B.雇佣工人数量的减少。 C.技术的提高。 D.美国移民数量的减少。6．某消费者消费一个单位的某商品获得的效用为50，消费两单位该商品的效用为90，消费三单位的效用为121，则该消费者消费第三单位的该商品获得的效用边际效用为（）A．87 B. 40 C.31 D.71 7.当人们的收入水平提高时,则食物支出占总支出的比重将( )。 A. 大大增加 B. 稍有增加 C. 不变D. 8.如果某商品的价格从3元上升到5元,其需求量从11单位下降到9单位,该厂商的收益将( )。 A. 增加B. C. 不变 D. 9.在其他条件不变的情况下,如果某商品的价格下降10％能够引起消费者在该商品上的总支出增加1％,则这种商品的需求量对其价格是( )。 A. 富有弹性的 B. 缺乏弹性的C. 单元弹性的 D. 10.总产量曲线的斜率是（） A.总产量 B.平均产量 C.边际产量
政治经济学试题及答案
政治经济学 一、单项选择题1、商品的使用价值与一般物品的使用价值的区别在于（ A ） a、前者是劳动生产出来的，后者是天然具有的 b、前者是他人生产的，后者是为自己生产的 c、前者构成社会财富的物质容，后者不是社会财富 d、商品使用价值是商品价值的物质承担者 2、马克思指出：“如果物没有用，那么其中包含的劳动也就没有用，不能算作劳动，因此不形成价值。”这句话说明（ B ） a、只要物是有用的，它就有价值 b、价值的存在以物的有用性为前提 c、价值的存在与物的有用性互为前提 d、物越是有用就越有价值 3、货币转化为资本的决定性条件是（） a、劳动产品成为商品 b、生产资料成为商品 c、劳动力成为商品 d、资本家手中集中了很多商品 4、商品的价值量由生产商品的必要劳动时间所决定，它是在（A ） a、同类商品的生产者之间的竞争实现的 b、不同商品的生产者之间的竞争中实现的 c、商品生产者与消费者之间的竞争中实现的 d、商品生产者与销售者之间的竞争中实现的 5、复杂劳动可以折合为倍加的简单劳动，这种折合比例（C） a、参加交换的商品生产者自觉协商出来的 b、由经纪人规定并取得买卖双方同意的 c、在无数次交易中自发形成的 d、由社会职能部门自觉计算出来的 6、商品在的使用价值和价值的矛盾，其完备的外在表现形式是（C ） a、具体劳动与抽象劳动的对立 b、商品与货币之间的对立 c、私人劳动与社会劳动之间的对立 d、商品与商品之间的对立 7、货币的基本职能是（ A ） a、价值手段与流通手段 b、支付手段与世界货币 c、储藏手段与支付手段 d、流通手段与储藏手段 8、简单商品经济的基本矛盾是（） a、个别劳动时间与社会必要劳动时间的矛盾 b、使用价值与价值的矛盾 c、具体劳动与抽象劳动的矛盾 d、私人劳动与社会劳动的矛盾 9、在生产过程中劳动力商品所创造的新价值是（） a、剩余价值 b、商品价值 c、劳动力自身价值 d、剩余价值和劳动力价值之和 10、从整个社会来讲，在不延长工作日且实际工资还有所提高的情况下（） a、工人所受剥削就会有所减轻 b、剩余价值率仍会提高 c、资本家攫取的剩余价值量不会增加 d、剩余价值量仍可增加 11、剩余价值转化为利润掩盖了资本主义剥削关系的实质，是因为（） a、剩余价值被视为不变资本的产物 b、剩余价值被视为所费资本的产物 c、剩余价值被视为全部预付资本的产物 d、剩余价值被视为超过成本价格的部分 12、商业利润来源于（） a、商业销售人员创造的剩余价值 b、商品购销价格的差额 c、资本在流通领域的增值 d、产业工人所创造的剩余价值的一部分 13、同一生产部门部的竞争形成商品的（） a、社会价值 b、平均利润 c、生产价格 d、成本价格 14、平均利润形成后，商品价格上下波动围绕的中心是（） a、成本价格 b、生产价格 c、同一部门商品的平均价格 d、同一部门商品的平均成本 15、资本主义级差地租产生的原因是（） a、对土地的资本主义经营垄断 b、土地私有权的垄断 c、对同一块土地连续追加投资的收益不同 d、土地的优劣等级差别
曼昆经济学原理答案30—34
曼昆经济学原理答案30—34
第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十一章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量的名字。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量的名字。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期 总供给的曲线的图。仔细地标出正确的轴。 答： 图31—1 经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的 三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应
物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应 较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应 当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。 由于这三个原因，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜。 4．解释为什么长期总供给曲线是垂线。 答：在长期中，一个经济的物品与劳务的供给取决于它资本与劳动的供给，以及用来把资本与劳动变为物品与劳务的生产技术。由于物价水平并不影响这些实际GDP的长期决定因素，所以长期总供给曲线是一条垂线，即经济的资本、劳动和技术决定了物品与劳务供给量，而且，无论物价水平如何变动，供给量都是相同的。
5．列出并解释为什么短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的三种理论。 答：在短期中，总供给曲线向右上方倾斜，也就是说，在一个一两年的时期中，经济中物价总水平的上升增加了物品与劳务的供给量，而物价水平下降倾向于减少物品与劳务供给量。什么因素引起物价水平与产量之间的正相关关系呢?宏观经济学家提出了三种理论说明短期总供给曲线的向右上方倾斜。在每一种理论中，一种特殊的市场不完全性引起经济中供给一方的短期状况与长期不同。虽然每一种理论在细节上不同，但它们具有共同的内容：当物价水平背离了人们预期的物价水平时，供给量就背离了其长期水平或“自然水平”。当物价水平高于预期水平时，产量就高于其自然率。当物价水平低于预期水平时，产量就低于其自然率。 (1)新古典的错觉理论 根据这种理论，物价总水平的变动会暂时误导供给者对他们出售其产品的市场发生的变动的看法。由于这些短期的错觉，供给者对物价水平的变动作出了反应，而这种反应引起了向右上方倾斜的总供给曲线。假设物价总水平降到低于
经济学原理I(10秋季期中1)
经济学原理I （2010年秋季学期） 期中考试1（A 卷答案） （2010/11/3） 注意：请将所有题目的答案写在答题册上，写在本试题纸上一律无效。 一、判断题（判断并简要说明理由，必要时可以用图形。每题4分，共20分） 1. 假设你捡到了20美元，并选择用它购买一本小说。则你购买这本小说的机会成本是零。 错误。你购买小说的机会成本是用这20美元购买其他物品或服务带给你的好处（可能大于或等于20美元。（注：答20美元也算对） 2. 电脑行业的技术进步只能使得经济中的电脑产量增加，而经济中其它产品的数量不会增 加。 错误。电脑行业的技术进步使得整个社会的生产可能性边界外移（如图）。一般来说，这会使得社会可以生产的其他产品的数量也增加（如图中A 到A’点）。直观来说，由于技术进步，当社会在既定的生产要素配置下可以生产更多电脑和同样多的其他产品时（图中B 点），通过生产要素重新配置也可以同时生产更多的两种产品（图中B 到A’点）。 3. An increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded but not the quantity supplied. False. The increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied, in general. The reason is that demand increase will raise the price (to eliminate the shortage it causes), which in turn increases the quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply is perfectly inelastic. 4. If more Americans go on a low-carb diet, the demand for bread will fall. The decrease in the demand for bread will cause the price of bread to fall. The lower price, however, will then increase the demand. In the new equilibrium, Americans might end up consuming more bread than they did initially. (DO use a diagram to illustrate your explanations) False. When the demand falls, there will be a surplus of bread for a while (FE 1 in the graph), when the original equilibrium price P 1 has not fallen yet. As time goes on, price begins to fall, quantity 电脑 其他产品
经济学原理试卷及答案
《经济学原理》（A卷） 专业：学号：姓名：分数： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共40分,每题只有一个正确答案） 1、由于选择人们不得不付出的代价被称为（） A、费用 B、成本 C、机会成本 D、支出 2、微观经济学要解决的问题是（） A、既定资源的配置 B、资源总量的决定 C、如何实现充分就业 D、国民收入的决定 3、若某商品价格上升2％，其需求量下降10％，则该商品的需求（） A、缺乏弹性 B、富有弹性 C、具有单位弹性 D、完全无弹性 4、边际效用递减意味着，随着对一种商品消费数量的增加（） A、商品价格越来越高 B、无差异曲线向右下方倾斜 C、预算约束线的斜率越来越小 D、消费者为增加一单位该商品支付的意愿减少 5、在完全竞争市场上，厂商的短期供给曲线是（） A、MC以上的AVC曲线 B、MC以上的AC曲线 C、AVC以上的MC曲线 D、AC以上的MC曲线 6、在完全垄断市场上，厂商面对的需求曲线（） A、与数量轴平行 B、与边际收益曲线重合 C、向右下方倾斜 D、位于边际收益曲线的下方 7、公共物品导致市场失灵，是因为它们具有（） A、竞争性 B、非排他性 C、排他性 D、有用性 8、在国民收入核算体系中，一定时期内一国生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值总和是指（） A、国内生产总值 B、国民收入 C、国内生产净值 D、可支配收入总和 9、失业率是指（） A、失业人数占劳动力总数的百分比 B、失业人数占就业人数的百分比 C、失业人数城镇劳动力总数的百分比 D、失业人数占整个国家人数的百分比 10、在总需求与总供给的短期均衡中，总需求增加必然导致（） A、国民收入减少，价格总水平下降
政治经济学试题与答案全集
政治经济学试题及答案 一、选择题（每题2分，共30分） 1.政治经济学研究生产关系要联系（ B ） A.生产力和经济基础 B.生产力和上层建筑 C.生产力和生产方式 D.经济基础和上层建筑 2.基本经济规律是（ A ） A.某一社会形态特有的经济规律. B.几种社会形态共有的经济规律 C.在一切社会形态都存在和起作用的经济规律 D.只存在于资本主义社会的经济规律 3.理解马克思主义政治经济学的枢纽（D ） A. 剩余价值理论 B. 商品经济理论 C.生产商品的劳动二重性理论 D.阶级斗争理论 4.纸币的发行量取决于（ B ） A.市场购买力 B.流通中所需要的金属货币量 C.商品价格总额 D.商品的供求状况 5.劳动力商品的价值是由（ B ） A.个别劳动时间决定的 B.生产和再生产劳动力商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的 C. 历史和道德因素决定的 D. 市场供求关系决定的 6.任何社会再生产从其容看（B ） A.既是生产力的再生产，又是生产关系的再生产 B. 既是物质资料的再生产，又是生产关系的再生产 C.既是使用价值的再生产，又是价值的再生产 D.既是外延的扩大再生产，又是涵的扩大再生产 7．社会总产品在价值形式上表现为（ D ） A.货币资本 B.生产资本 C. 流通资本 D.社会总产值 8.生产成本（ C ） A.同资本主义生产费用是不同的量 B.是商品价值的转化形式 C.由生产单位商品所耗费的不变资本和可变资本之和构成 D. 是计算全部生产资料的耗费 9.商品资本的职能独立化为商业资本的职能（ C ） A.产业资本中的商品资本便不复存在 B. 商业资本仍是产业资本的职能形式 C.有利于产业资本集中力量从事生产活动，增加利润总额 D.使流通环节增多，延缓了产业资本的周转 10.资本主义绝对地租来源于（ C ） A.农产品在流通领域中的贱买贵卖 B. 农业工人所创造的剩余价值的一部分 C.农业资本家所获得的平均利润的一部分 D.工业资本家转让给农业资本家的一部分利润 11.新殖义在实质上同旧殖义是相同的，二者的区别在于（D ） A.仅仅是所处的历史发展阶段不同 B.发达国家援助发展中国家的方法有所改变 C.体现着国际分工的不同发展阶段 D. 所采取的控制和掠夺的方法有所改变 12.国家垄断资本主义的局限性在于（ D ） A.使垄断资本主义存在着时而迅速发展时而停滞的趋势 B.使垄断资本主义经济长期处于停滞状态 C.使垄断资本主义经济长期处于滞胀状态 D.它只能暂时使某些矛盾缓和，但却使这些矛盾进一步加深和复杂化 13.资本主义经济政治发展不平衡规律（A ） A.与自由竞争时期相比，这一规律在垄断阶段的作用呈现出一些新的特点 B.只是在垄断资本主义经济条件的基础上产生并发生作用
曼昆经济学原理试题及答案
一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本 2.科斯定理 3.搭便车 4.囚徒困境 5.菲利普斯曲线 6.供应学派 7.凯恩斯革命 8.看不见的手 9.比较优势 10.外部性 二、简述题（第11、12、13题各12分，14题14分，共50分） 1.简述银行存款的创造过程。 2.简述失业的根源及其类型。 3.简述节俭的是非。 4.根据有关经济学原理，简析我国森林减少、珍稀动物来绝的原因及解决的措施。 三、论述题(每小题25分，共计50分) 1.论述人民币升值对中国经济的影响。 2.论述政府公共投资对国民经济的作用。 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本:指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的在其他可能的用途中所能够获取的最大收入。生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。机会成本的存在需要三个前提条件。第一，资源是稀缺的；第二，资源具有多种生产用途；第三，资源的投
向不受限制。从机会成本的角度来考察生产过程时，厂商需要将生产要素投向收益最大的项目，而避免带来生产的浪费，达到资源配置的最优。机会成本的概念是以资源的稀缺性为前提提出的。从经济资源的稀缺性这一前提出发，当一个社会或一个企业用一定的经济资源生产一定数量的一种或者几种产品时，这些经济资源就不能同时被使用在其他的生产用途方面。这就是说，这个社会或这个企业所能获得的一定数量的产品收入，是以放弃用同样的经济资源来生产其他产品时所能获得的收入作为代价的。这也是机会成本产生的缘由。因此，社会生产某种产品的真正成本就是它不能生产另一些产品的代价。所以，机会成本的含义是：任何生产资源或生产要素一般都有多种不同的使用途径或机会，也就是说可以用于多种产品的生产。但是当一定量的某种资源用于生产甲种产品时，就不能同时用于生产乙种产品。因此生产甲种产品的真正成本就是不生产乙种产品的代价，或者是等于该种资源投放于乙种产品生产上可能获得的最大报酬。一种资源决定用于甲种产品，就牺牲了生产其他产品的机会；从事生产甲种产品的收入，是由于不从事或放弃其他产品生产的机会而产生的。 2.科斯定理:指一种产权理论。科斯本人并未将科斯定理写成文字，科斯定理的提出是由其好友斯蒂格勒首先根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括出来的。其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为0或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。按照这个定理，只要那些假设条件成立，则外部影响就不可能导致资源配置不当。或者以另一角度来说，在所给条件下，市场力量足够强大，总能够使外部影响以最经济的办法来解决，从而仍然可以实现帕累托最优状态。西方学者认为，明确的财产权及其转让可以使得私人成本（或利益）与社会成本（或利益）趋于一致。以污染问题为例，科斯定理意味着，一旦所需条件均被满足，则污染者的私人边际成本曲线就会趋于上升，直到与边际社会成本曲线完全重合，从而污染者的利润最大化产量将下降至社会最优产量水平。 科斯定理解决外部影响问题在实际中并不—定真的有效。资产的财产权不一定总是能够明确地加以规定；已经明确的财产权不一定总是能够转让；分派产权会影响收入分配，而收入分配的变动可以造成社会不公平，引起社会动乱。在社会动乱的情况下，就谈不上解决外部效果的问题了。 3.搭便车：指不付成本或支付很低的成本而消费公共产品的行为。公共产品的特点决定了私人厂商不愿自动提供这种产品。这是因为在公用产品消费中存在“搭便车”问题，即每个人都想不付任何成本，或只支付很低的代价，来享受公共产品的服务。由于公共物品具有消费的非竞争性和受益的非排他性，人们可以在不付费的情况下享受公共物品所带来的效益。因此公共产品覆盖的消费者人数越多，搭便车问题就越严重，公共产品由私人厂商提供出来的可能性就越小。例如：1970年美国通用汽车公司研制出了一种汽车污染物排放控制装置，每个售价20美金，如果每个车尾都装上这一装置，可使汽车排放的污染下降30％至50％。然而，污染的降低是一种公共产品，每个人呼吸空气质量是否改善并不取决于自己的车上是否装上这个新发明，而是取决于该地区大多数车主的选择，于是大多数人都不想多花20美元而只是试图搭便车，结果，在私人市场上，这种公共产品的产量总难以达到最佳水平。私人不能提供公共产品，就只能由政府出面担当此项职能。事实上，私人经济中的政府，最初就是为了提供公共产品(法律、国防、公安等等)的目的由众多私人共同建立起来的。政府这一职能具体体现为：①尽可能正确地估价社会对公用产品的实际需求；②按照社会福利最大化的原则确定税收比率，并用税收收入购置公用产品，为公众提供服务。 4.囚徒困境：指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论，这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。这是博弈论中的一个经典例证，同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。具体情况如下：两囚徒被指控是一桩罪案的同案犯。他们被分关在不同的牢房且无法互通信息。各囚徒都被要求坦白罪行。如果两囚徒都坦白，各将被判入狱5年；如果两人都不坦白，则很难对他们提起刑事诉讼，因而两囚徒可以期望被从轻发落为入狱2年；另一方面，如果一个囚徒坦白而另一个囚徒不坦白，坦白的囚徒就只需入狱1年，而另一个将被判入狱10年。那么囚徒将会怎么选择呢？下表归纳了各种可能的结果。（其中“得益”是负的，表格右下角单元格意思是两个囚徒各2年徒刑）。该表说明，这两个囚徒面临着一种困境。如果他们都不坦白（以一种会遵守的方法），那么两人只需入狱仅仅2年。但他们不能相互讲话，如果囚徒A不坦白，他就冒着被B利用的危险。因为不管囚徒A怎么选择，囚徒B坦白总是最优方案。
经济学原理I(05秋季期中1)
经济学原理（Ⅰ）期中考试一 注意：请全部用中文回答（留学生可用英文）。试卷的答案必须写在答题册上才有效，请记住在答题册上写下姓名和学号。 一、判断题（判断并必须说明理由，可以用文字或图形。每题5分，共40分） 1.某城市幼儿园的规定是每天下午4点钟家长必须将孩子接走，可是每周都有那么几个家长迟到（孩子在等待父母的过程中会较烦躁，幼儿园也不得不留下一个老师专门看护。）。因此，有人向校长建议对迟到的家长每次罚款10元。如果校长采用该建议，那么迟到的家长数肯定减少。 错误。在没有罚款之前，家长们迟到实际上是免费的，但是很多家长没有迟到，这说明迟到会引起一种心理成本（内疚感）。一旦有了罚款，家长们迟到的成本变为10元钱，但是心理成本消失，其净效果很可能是激励更多的家长迟到。 2.众所周知，汽车超速对于公路安全带来危害，并且超速越严重危害越大。某城市现行的法律是每超速10公里就增加罚款2千元。有代表指出这种交通立法对于超速行为过于宽松，建议只要发现超速行为，不管超速多少即罚款1万元。该代表的建议能够降低超速带来的危害性。 错误。理性的人考虑边际量。采用该建议后，驾驶者只要交足1万元就可以随意超速，即超速的边际成本等于0，面临这样的激励，超速的程度将很严重，危害也就越大。 3、出版社的张编辑是某著名经济学教科书的销售负责人，他认为，由于允许学生将旧的教科书再次出售，损害了出版社的利益。某著名化学家对此建议，出版社可以使用一种他本人发明的印刷墨水，当教科书使用半年后，这种墨水自动褪色，使得书页变成空白。如果张编辑接受这一建议，其结果是必然导致新书价格上升和出版社盈利增加。 错误。这里的分析虽然看到了旧教科书和新教科书为替代品，随着旧教科书的供给下降（甚至消失），旧教科书价格上升，引起新教科书需求上升，需求曲线右移，价格上升，这可以增加出版社盈利。但是，必须看到问题的另一方面。对于购买新教科书的需求者来说，他原来使用教科书实际支付的价格仅是新书和旧书的差价，而现在必须支付新书的全部价格，相当于新书的市场 ．．价格而言，现在的需求曲线会左移（需求下降）。两方面的影响相反，抵消后的结果使得需求曲线变化方向不确定。加上新书的印刷使用该墨水还可能提高了生产成本，是否盈利更成为问题。 4.小明的预算是每月用在手机通讯上的部分为100元，该预算长期不变。通过这个信息我们可以认为小明手机通话需求的价格弹性是单位1. 正确。需求价格弹性与总收益或总支出的关系：如果是单位弹性，则价格的变动不会带来总收益或总支出的变化。反之命题也为真。 5、In a competitive market, an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded, but not the quantity supplied. 错误。练习本的需求提高了练习本的均衡价格和均衡数量。均衡数量同时代表者需求和供给的数量，所以供给量也增加了。这一说法混淆了供给变动和供给量变动两个术语。实际上，随着需求增加，开始会出现短缺现象，推动价格上升，从而刺激供给量增加（和需求量下降），最终回到供求平衡。 6、“非典”期间，口罩的价格上升了，购买的人也大大增加了。这一现象违背了需求定律，因为价格上升导致需求上升而非下降。 错误。“非典”事件是除价格以外其他因素导致的需求变动，是需求曲线的移动而不是沿着需求曲线移动。因此，这一变化不能用需求定律（沿着需求曲线移动）来解释。实际上，需求曲线右移，均衡价格和数量上升，运用比较静态分析可以得出正确结论。
经济学原理试卷及答案
专业：学号：姓名：分数： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共40分,每题只有一个正确答案） 1、由于选择人们不得不付出的代价被称为（） A、费用 B、成本 C、机会成本 D、支出 2、微观经济学要解决的问题是（） A、既定资源的配置 B、资源总量的决定 C、如何实现充分就业 D、国民收入的决定 3、若某商品价格上升2％，其需求量下降10％，则该商品的需求（） A、缺乏弹性 B、富有弹性 C、具有单位弹性 D、完全无弹性 4、边际效用递减意味着，随着对一种商品消费数量的增加（） A、商品价格越来越高 B、无差异曲线向右下方倾斜 C、预算约束线的斜率越来越小 D、消费者为增加一单位该商品支付的意愿减少 5、在完全竞争市场上，厂商的短期供给曲线是（） A、MC以上的AVC曲线 B、MC以上的AC曲线 C、AVC以上的MC曲线 D、AC以上的MC曲线 6、在完全垄断市场上，厂商面对的需求曲线（） A、与数量轴平行 B、与边际收益曲线重合 C、向右下方倾斜 D、位于边际收益曲线的下方 7、公共物品导致市场失灵，是因为它们具有（） A、竞争性 B、非排他性 C、排他性 D、有用性 8、在国民收入核算体系中，一定时期内一国生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值总和是指（） A、国内生产总值 B、国民收入 C、国内生产净值 D、可支配收入总和 9、失业率是指（） A、失业人数占劳动力总数的百分比 B、失业人数占就业人数的百分比 C、失业人数城镇劳动力总数的百分比 D、失业人数占整个国家人数的百分比 10、在总需求与总供给的短期均衡中，总需求增加必然导致（） A、国民收入减少，价格总水平下降 B、国民收入增加，价格总水平下降
曼昆经济学原理 课后答案
第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 复习题 1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。 答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。 2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么? 答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。 3．水是生活必需的。一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢? 答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。 4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励? 答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。 5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢? 答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例：如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。 市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如：某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8．为什么生产率是重要的? 答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。
2004北大经济学原理期中考试答案1
经济学原理I（2004年秋季学期） 期中考试1（B卷答案，A卷只有顺序不同） 一、判断题（判断并必须说明理由，可以用文字或图形。每题5分，共40分） 因为历史数据表明，基础教育的平均社会收益大于高等教育，所以在资金有限的情况下，应该优先增加对基础教育的投入。 错误。这里应该考虑的是给定的新增投入带来的收益的增加量，也即边际收益，而不是根据历史数据计算的平均收益。（原理3：理性人考虑边际量） 2、某大学决定将拥挤的学生澡堂扩建一倍。这一做法必定会使得澡堂的拥挤程度下降一半。错误。在学生的洗澡行为（特别是洗澡频率）不变时，澡堂扩建一倍会使得其拥挤程度下降一半。但学生会对澡堂拥挤下降的激励做出反应，增加洗澡频率，这样澡堂的拥挤程度会有所回升。（原理4：人们会对激励做出反应。） 3、Certain very talented people have a comparative advantage in everything they do. 错误。他可以在任何事情上都有绝对优势，但不会都有比较优势。 4、单个农民减少自己的产量并不能使自己受益，但农产品总量的减少可能使农民在总体上受益。 正确。在市场上，单个农民面对的是既定的市场价格，减少产量只能使自己的收益下降。但市场供给总体上的减少，由于市场需求是缺乏弹性的，可以使得价格上升，其幅度大于销售量下降的幅度。从而使得卖者的总收益上升，农民在总体上受益。 5、In a competitive market, an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded, but not the quantity supplied. 错误。练习本的需求提高了练习本的均衡价格和均衡数量。均衡数量同时代表者需求和供给的数量，所以供给量也增加了。这一说法混淆了供给变动和供给量变动两个术语。实际上，随着需求增加，开始会出现短缺现象，推动价格上升，从而刺激供给量增加（和需求量下降），最终回到供求平衡。 6、“非典”期间，口罩的价格上升了，购买的人也大大增加了。这一现象违背了需求定律，因为价格上升导致需求上升而非下降。 错误。“非典”事件是除价格以外其他因素导致的需求变动，是需求曲线的移动而不是沿着需求曲线移动。因此，这一变化不能用需求定律（沿着需求曲线移动）来解释。实际上，需求曲线右移，均衡价格和数量上升，运用比较静态分析可以得出正确结论。 7、出版社的张编辑是某著名经济学教科书的销售负责人，他认为，由于允许学生将旧的教科书再次出售，损害了出版社的利益。某著名化学家对此建议，出版社可以使用一种他本人发明的印刷墨水，当教科书使用半年后，这种墨水自动褪色，使得书页变成空白。如果张编辑接受这一建议，其结果是必然导致新书价格上升和出版社盈利增加。 错误。这里的分析虽然看到了旧教科书和新教科书为替代品，随着旧教科书的供给下降（甚至消失），旧教科书价格上升，引起新教科书需求上升，需求曲线右移，价格上升，这可以增加出版社盈利。但是，必须看到问题的另一方面。对于购买新教科书的需求者来说，他原来使用教科书实际支付的价格仅是新书和旧书的差价，而现在必须支付新书的全部价格，相当于新书的市场价格而言，现在的需求曲线会左移（需求下降）。两方面的影响相反，抵消后的结果使得需求曲线变化方向不确定。加上新书的印刷使用该墨水还可能提高了生产成本，是否盈利更成为问题。 8、同需求价格弹性的情况一样，如果供给价格弹性大于1，价格上升则卖者总收益下降。 错误。供给弹性永远是大于零的，价格上升总会导致供给增加和总收益上升。
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