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Wireless Remote Control

Modern remote control, mainly by the electric circuit board and used to generate different messages composed of a button.Today, wireless remote control has been in the life of a growing number of applications, giving people a great convenience. With advances in technology wireless remote control is also extended to many species, simply have two kinds of common one is the infrared remote control model used home appliances (IR Remote Control), the other is anti-theft alarm devices, doors, windows remote control, car so commonly used radio-controlled remote control mode.

1.The type of wireless remote control

1.1 Infrared remote control

Home Infrared remote control Infrared remote control (IR Remote Control) is to use a wavelength of 0.76 ~ 1.5μm near-infrared to transfer between the remote control device control signal.

Infrared remote control system commonly used it normally transmit and receive two parts.The main components for the transmitter IR LED. It is actually a special light-emitting diodes, due to its internal material different from the ordinary light emitting diodes, and thus a certain voltage applied at its ends, it will send the infrared rather than visible light.Current heavy use of infrared light-emitting diode infrared wavelength of 940nm issued about the same shape and general light-emitting diode, just different color.Receiving part of the main components of the infrared receiver diodes generally have round and square. In practice, to give additional infrared receiver diode reverse bias, it can work, that is, infrared receiver diode in reverse application of the circuit is used, so as to obtain high sensitivity.

Finished infrared receiving roughly two packages: one with metal shielding; a plastic package. Have three pins, which power is (VDD), power supply negative (GND) and data output (VOUT). Infrared receiving the pin arrangement different for different models, refer to manufacturer's instructions. Finished the first has the advantage of infrared receiver does not require complex debugging and shell shield,

to use as a transistor, very convenient. However, when attention to the use of infrared receiver finished the first carrier frequency.

Characterized by infrared remote control does not affect the surrounding environment, without interfering with other electrical equipment. Since it can not penetrate walls, so different rooms of household appliances can use a universal remote control device which will not produce interference; circuit debugging easy, as long as the connection is correct according to the given circuit, generally without any debugging can be put into work; code decoding easy remote control can be multiple. Therefore, it is infrared remote control in home appliances, indoor short distance (less than 10 meters) remote control has been widely used in.

1.2 Radio remote control

Transmit and receive radio remote controller module (RF Remote Control) is to use distant radio signal on the various institutions of the remote control device to control. These signals are distant receiving equipment to receive, you can order or drive a variety of other mechanical or electronic device corresponding to the completion of various operations, such as closed circuit, move the handle, start motor, then from the operation of these machines were needed. As a remote control with infrared remote control with additional types of garage doors, electric gate, automatic barrier remote control, burglar alarm, industrial control and wireless intelligent home field has been widely used.

Radio remote control system commonly used it normally transmit and receive two parts.Transmitter is generally divided into two types, namely, remote control and the transmitter module, remote control and remote control module is for the use of means, the remote control device can be used as a machine to separate the external wiring trailer coupling with Lead; and remote control module in the circuit when a component to use, in accordance with its pin definitions applied, using the advantages of remote control module and the application circuit can be a seamless connection, small size, low price, best use, but users must truly understand the circuit principle, or still use the remote control to convenience.Received some general also divided into two types, namely, with the super-regenerative receiver superheterodyne method, super-regenerative demodulator circuits, also known as super-regenerative detector circuit, it is actually working in the regeneration of under intermittent oscillation detection circuit. Superheterodyne superheterodyne radio demodulation circuit and

the same, it is set to a machine oscillation circuit oscillation signal, and the received carrier frequency signal, after mixing, are intermediate frequency (typically 465kHz) signal by IF amplification and detection, demodulation a data signal. As the carrier frequency rate is fixed, so the circuit simpler than the radio. Superheterodyne receiver stability, high sensitivity, anti-interference ability is relatively good; super-regenerative receiver-type small and cheap.

Common carrier radio frequency remote control for the 315mHz or 433mHz, using a remote control set by the state opening band, in this frequency band, transmission power less than 10mW, the coverage is less than 100m, or less than the scope of this unit, you can not read "Radio Management Committee" for approval and free to use. Provisions of China's opening band 315mHz, while Europe and the United States and other countries provides for the 433mHz, so the products exported to these countries should use the 433mHz remote control.

Radio remote control, there are two common types of coding, that is the fixed code and rolling code two, rolling code is a fixed code upgrade products, now where confidentiality is a requirement, use the scroll encoding.Rolling code encoding has the following advantages:

1. Ssecurity-type strong launch automatically after each change coding, others can not use "detection code" of access to address code;

2. Ccoding capacity, address code group number more than 100,000, the use of "re-code" are rare;

3. Tthe error is small, because the advantages of coding, so the receiver does not receive the key at the time of malfunction almost to 0.

Fixed, the coding capacity of only 6,561, the probability of significant weight code, the code value can be seen through the solder connection, or use the site as "device detection code" to get, so I do not have the confidentiality, the main application confidentiality requirements in the lower places, because of its lower price it has also been a large number of applications.

Radio remote control and infrared remote control difference (The difference between IR and RF Remote Control), infrared remote control and wireless remote

control is a different carrier for the infrared remote control is used to send infrared control signals, it is characterized by directional, not a block, generally not more than seven meters away, free from electromagnetic interference, TV remote control is infrared remote control; radio remote control is to use radio waves to transmit control signals, it is characterized by non-directional, can not "face to face" control, distance (up to tens, even hundreds of kilometers), susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Or in need through no directional control remote areas, such as industrial control, etc., the use of radio remote control easier to solve.

2. Wireless remote control distance factors

Range of Radio Remote Control (Remote distance of RF Remote Control) main factors are the following:

（1）Transmit Power: Transmit Power for big distance, but the big power, prone to interference;

（2）Receiver sensitivity: receiver sensitivity of the receiver, remote control distance increases, but susceptible to malfunction due to interference or loss of control;

（3）The antenna: use of linear antenna and parallel to each other, remote control range, but occupy a large space, in use the antenna stretched, straightened increase the remote control distance;

（4）Height: the higher the antenna, remote control farther away, but subject to objective conditions;

（5）Stop: the current use of wireless remote control uses UHF frequency band set by the state, its transmission characteristics and optical approximation, straight lines, diffraction small transmitter and receiver block wall between the subject will be greatly discounted remote distance and, if steel for mixed wall, as conductor of the radio wave absorption, far worse.

3. The industrial wireless remote control applications

3.1 Industrial traffic: industrial traffic is the most widely used remote control system for one of the areas to Germany, for example, remote control system of the annual production accounting for about 40%; in particular, metallurgy, automobile

manufacturing, paper mills, warehouses and other new materials Almost all traffic with industrial wireless remote control.

3.2 Mobile crane, lorry crane: Typically, large-scale remote control car suspension system is also equipped with data feedback system, feedback device can be run parameters (such as load, boom length, load torque, oil temperature, pressure, angle, etc.) show display in the launch system, the operator can display the data to monitor the crane;

3.3 Concrete Pump: Concrete pump operation due to the console there are tens of meters away from the casting operation surface (or even 100 meters), the traditional mode of operation can be completed with a few people, due to low efficiency and limits the concrete pump truck Performance of play; for long-distance, large displacement of large pump more prominent contradictions; using industrial wireless remote control can play a maximum overall performance, truck drivers driving orientation in the workplace, you can use the portable remote control systems truck operation in turn the various actions, such as cloth around bar turning, multi-level bar amplitude flights. Launch system operator can carry away from the pump console, direct standing near the hose nozzle to control the action and the concrete placing boom operation of the pump;

3.4 Mining Machinery: For mine in low visibility situations, it can be used with a feedback device for industrial wireless remote control of hydraulic machinery. Even in low visibility, poor environment, you can easily control the operation of heavy drill rack drill. Operator can choose the location of recent drilling on the position, without having to stay away from the drilling point 10 m away from the drilling machine's operator platform. Radio control unit with IP65 protection standards adapt to the humid and saline environment. Greatly increased operation safety, comfort and accuracy, save investment and improve efficiency;

3.5 Special machinery, such as: steel plant residue clearance loader, used loader industrial wireless remote control for remote control of the transformation without changing the existing manual operation under the premise of 100% analog original track loader performance and operation of mechanical power function, to

clear the residue unmanned operation purposes. Operator with a light transmitter, free to choose the best visual location, remote-controlled loader to run operations in the cleaning residue freely. Successful application of remote loader to eliminate the past, poor environment, clear line of sight, caused by high-temperature slag off the hidden dangers of accidents, the operator free from a hostile environment out of cleaning residue increased operational efficiency, improve the working environment of workers in metallurgy, reduce labor intensity;

3.6 Construction tower crane: in Europe, North America, more than 60% of the construction of rotary crane control with wireless remote control, not only cost savings in equipment manufacture (no air console), security and reliability are fully protected, improved construction efficiency.

With the industrial wireless remote control technology, the loader, shunting locomotives, hydraulic machinery and moving vehicles, aircraft and other ships in port handling equipment, industrial wireless remote control have been widely used, the market prospect is wide.

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参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.

机械英文参考文献及翻译

Abstract: With a focus on the intake tower of the Yanshan Reservoir, this paper discusses the method of modeling in the 3D CAD software SolidWorks and the interface processing between SolidWorks and the ANSYS code, which decreases the difficulty in modeling complicated models in ANSYS. In view of the function of the birth-death element and secondary development with APDL (ANSYS parametric design language), a simulation analysis of the temperature field and thermal stress during the construction period of the intake tower was conveniently conducted. The results show that the temperature rise is about 29.934 □ over 3 or 4 days. The temperature differences between any two points are less than 24 □. The thermal stress increases with the temperature difference and reaches its maximum of 1.68 MPa at the interface between two concrete layers. Key words: SolidWorks; ANSYS; APDL; birth-death element; temperature field; thermal stress 1 Introduction Mass concrete is widely used in civil and hydraulic engineering nowadays, and its thermal stress increasingly attracts attention during design and construction. It is necessary to analyze the temperature field and thermal stress of important mass concrete structures with both routine methods and the finite element method (FEM). Some researchers have done a large amount of simulation analyses using FEM software (Tatro 1985; Barrett et al. 1992; Kawaguchi and Nakane 1996; Zhu and Xu 2001; Zhu 2006), but difficulties in these methods remain. There are two main difficulties: (1) Most mass concrete structures are complex and difficult to model with FEM software. (2) Complete simulation is difficult with FEM software because of the complex construction processes and boundary conditions of concrete. The structure of the intake tower of the Yanshan Reservoir is complex. It is 34.5 m high and there is a square pressure tunnel at the bottom, the side length of which is 6 m. The intake tower was modeled in the 3D CAD software SolidWorks and imported into ANSYS with an interface tool. Then, using the APDL program, analysis of the temperature field and thermal stress during construction was conducted. 2 Modeling in SolidWorks and interface processing between SolidWorks and ANSYS 2.1 Modeling in SolidWorks SolidWorks is a CAD/CAE/CAM/PDM desktop system, and the first 3D

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外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求及格式 一、外文参考文献的要求 1、外文原稿应与本研究项目接近或相关联； 2、外文原稿可选择相关文章或节选章节，正文字数不少于1500字。 3、格式：外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资料”字样，小四宋体。1.5倍行距。标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。段前段后空一行。作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman字体，首行空2字符。 4、A4纸统一打印。 二、中文翻译稿 1、中文翻译稿要与外文文献匹配，翻译要正确； 2、中文翻译稿另起一页； 3、格式：左上角标“中文译文”，小四宋体。标题：宋体三号加粗居中，行距1.5倍。段前、段后空一行。作者（居中）及正文：小四号宋体，数字等Times New Roman字体，1.5倍行距，首行空2字符。正文字数1500左右。 4、A4纸统一打印。 格式范例如后所示。

外文参考文献 Implementation of internal controls of small and medium-sized pow er Stephen Ryan The enterprise internal control carries out the strength to refer to the enterprise internal control system execution ability and dynamics, it is the one whole set behavior and the technical system, is unique competitive advantage which the enterprise has; Is a series of …… …… …… ………… 标题：三号，Times New Roman 字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。 段前段后空一行。 作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman 字体，首行空2字符。 外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资 料”字样，小四宋体。1.5倍行距。

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员工培训参考文献及员工培训外文文献翻译 员工培训参考文献及员工培训外文文献翻译参考文献[1] 黄维德.刘燕人力资源管理实务[M].上海: 立信会计出版社,2004:167-198. [2] 王伟强. 员工培训木桶理论〆重在分清主次[DB/OL] [3] 刘东.家族企业以及经济的文献[DB/OL] [4] 许玉林. 绩效管理[C] 上海:复旦大学出版社,2001:154-256. [5] Gary. Desler Human resources management (6th edition) [M]. Beijing〆People's University of China Press 1999 : 213-397. 六维[6] 王丽娟译.员工招募、面试甄选和岗前引导[M] 北京:中国人民大学出版社1995:123-178,301. [7] 张易. 国有企业的家族化[A], 浙江:社会科学文献出版社.2002-01-01:45 —49. [8] 王伟. 员工培训误区面面观[DB] [9] 王先庆. 现代零售丛书-零售企业员工培训[J] 广东: 广东经济出版社.2004-8月:32-75. [10] 湛新民. 人力资源管理概论[J] 北京:清华大学出版社2005:86-103,233-262. [11] 谢晋宇. 企业员工流失[C] ,广东:经济与管理出版社,1999年3 月.132-162. [12] 任少葱. 以企业战略为中心建立科学的员工培训体系[D]. [13] Raymond A .Noe R. Hollenbeck, Barry Gerhart,Pateick M. Wright, Human Resource Management ,3rd Ddition, Beijing, Qinghua University Press, October 2003 . [14] Germany gan P. Enterprise management personnel quality and capacity factor Empirical Study P19-31. [15] https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ea11227423.html,tash.Control of Enterprises Training Human Kinetics Publishers,2003. 1 培训的过程1.1 导言〆培训和响应培训就是给新雇员或现有雇员传授其完成本职工作所必需基本技能的过程。因此，培训可以是给一个机械工演示如何操作他的新机器，也可以是向一个推销员示范怎样卖出公司产品、或者是向一个新的主管讲授如何和员工面谈、如何评价员工等等。然而不管是何种培训，它的目的就是为员工提供胜任其目前从事工作所必需的技能。而员工和管理人员开发则是一种长期的培训。其目的就是开发现有和未来的员工以胜任将来出现的工作，或者是解决有关组织的问题，例如部门间信息交流不畅问题。培训和开发所使用的方法通常是相同的，但二者之间还是有一定程度区别的。实际上，现在培训的目的比过去要广泛得多。在过去，大多数公司习惯于强调生产过程的培训，主要是传授给员工从事工作的必要的专门技能，比如，培训装配工焊接线路或培训教师制定课程计划。然而，在20世纪80年代和90年代，培训和开发的程序及其目的都发生了变化。现在的管理者不得不适应快速的技术变革，不得不提高产品质量和服务质量和提高生产效率以保持竞争力。然而提高质量常需补习式的教育培训，质量改善计划要求员工具有重要的思考关键问题的技能、绘制图表和分析资料的能力。同时员工也必须会运用或能获得团队建设、决策以及沟通方面的技能。同样，由于企业不断地进行技术改进，这就需要企业员工接受相关技术和计算机技能方面的培训（比如桌面排版系统、计算机辅助设计和制造技术）。另外由于竞争愈来愈激烈，因而需要企业提供更好的服务。因此，管理者已越来越依赖于顾客服务培训，这样员工与顾客打交道时，该培训能给企业员工提供更为有效的工具和技能，比如有效的倾听技能。总之，这样从纯粹生产过程转变过来的可以很好地解释下面的问题，即在最近一年为什么每个生产工人平均接受的培训为37小时，而在上一年培训时间却仅为31小时。 1.2培训和开发过程的五个步骤一般地，我们认为一个典型的培训或开发计划是由五个步骤组成的。第一步是需求分析阶段，它的目的是确定某项工作所需技能，分析将要受训者的技能和需求，并且制定具体的、可测量的知识和绩效目标（在这里，要确保绩效欠缺可以通过培训得到补足。但这种欠缺不是由于低工资带来的低士气所引起的）。第二步是指导设计阶段，要编写制订出培训计划的实际内容，包括工作手册、训练和多种活动。第三步是培训计划有效性的论证阶段、在此期间让一小部分有代表性的员工检查培训计划并找出其中的缺点和不足。第四步是计划实施阶段，本阶段按本文以及下一节所提到的（例如，在岗培训或程序化学习）方法进行培训。最后是培训的评估与跟踪检查阶段，在此要评价培训计划的成败得失。培训和开发过程的五个步骤〆l、需求分析(1)确定为提高工作绩效和生产力所需的具体工作技能。(2)对接受培训的员工进行分析，确保培训计划不仅与他

机械手设计英文参考文献原文翻译

翻译人：王墨墨山东科技大学 文献题目：Automated Calibration of Robot Coordinates for Reconfigurable Assembly Systems 翻译正文如下： 针对可重构装配系统的机器人协调性的自动校准 T.艾利，Y.米达，H.菊地，M.雪松 日本东京大学，机械研究院，精密工程部 摘要 为了实现流水工作线更高的可重构性，以必要设备如机器人的快速插入插出为研究目的。当一种新的设备被装配到流水工作线时，应使其具备校准系统。该研究使用两台电荷耦合摄像机，基于直接线性变换法，致力于研究一种相对位置/相对方位的自动化校准系统。摄像机被随机放置，然后对每一个机械手执行一组动作。通过摄像机检测机械手动作，就能捕捉到两台机器人的相对位置。最佳的结果精度为均方根值0.16毫米。 关键词： 装配，校准，机器人 1 介绍 21世纪新的制造系统需要具备新的生产能力，如可重用性，可拓展性，敏捷性以及可重构性[1]。系统配置的低成本转变，能够使系统应对可预见的以及不可预见的市场波动。关于组装系统，许多研究者提出了分散的方法来实现可重构性[2][3]。他们中的大多数都是基于主体的系统，主体逐一协同以建立一种新的配置。然而，协同只是目的的一部分。在现实生产系统中，例如工作空间这类物理问题应当被有效解决。 为了实现更高的可重构性，一些研究人员不顾昂贵的造价，开发出了特殊的均匀单元[4][5][6]。作者为装配单元提出了一种自律分散型机器人系统，包含多样化的传统设备[7][8]。该系统可以从一个系统添加/删除装配设备，亦或是添加/删除装配设备到另一个系统；它通过协同作用，合理地解决了工作空间的冲突问题。我们可以把该功能称为“插入与生产”。 表1：合作所需的调节和量度 标准例子 任务标准人物，工具，语言方面的知识 报告标准草案，结果 几何标准地图，坐标系统，机械功能/尺寸 物理标准单元和方向（力，速度，电势等），时间 在重构过程中，校准的装配机器人是非常重要的。这是因为，需要用它们来测量相关主体的特征，以便在物理主体之间建立良好的协作关系。这一调整必须要达到表1中所列到的多种

外文参考文献翻译-中文

基于4G LTE技术的高速铁路移动通信系统 KS Solanki教授，Kratika Chouhan Ujjain工程学院，印度Madhya Pradesh的Ujjain 摘要： 随着时间发展，高速铁路（HSR）要求可靠的，安全的列车运行和乘客通信。为了实现这个目标，HSR的系统需要更高的带宽和更短的响应时间，而且HSR的旧技术需要进行发展，开发新技术，改进现有的架构和控制成本。为了满足这一要求，HSR采用了GSM的演进GSM-R技术，但它并不能满足客户的需求。因此采用了新技术LTE-R，它提供了更高的带宽，并且在高速下提供了更高的客户满意度。本文介绍了LTE-R，给出GSM-R与LTE-R之间的比较结果，并描述了在高速下哪种铁路移动通信系统更好。 关键词：高速铁路，LTE，GSM，通信和信令系统 一介绍 高速铁路需要提高对移动通信系统的要求。随着这种改进，其网络架构和硬件设备必须适应高达500公里/小时的列车速度。HSR还需要快速切换功能。因此，为了解决这些问题，HSR 需要一种名为LTE-R的新技术，基于LTE-R的HSR提供高数据传输速率，更高带宽和低延迟。LTE-R能够处理日益增长的业务量，确保乘客安全并提供实时多媒体信息。 随着列车速度的不断提高，可靠的宽带通信系统对于高铁移动通信至关重要。 HSR的应用服务质量（QOS）测量，包括如数据速率，误码率（BER）和传输延迟。为了实现HSR的运营需求，需要一个能够与 LTE保持一致的能力的新系统，提供新的业务，但仍能够与GSM-R长时间共存。 HSR系统选择合适的无线通信系统时，需要考虑性能，服务，属性，频段和工业支持等问题。4G LTE系统与第三代（3G）系统相比，它具有简单的扁平架构，高数据速率和低延迟。在LTE的性能和成熟度水平上，LTE- railway（LTE-R）将可能成为下一代HSR通信系统。 二 LTE-R系统描述 考虑LTE-R的频率和频谱使用，对为高速铁路（HSR）通信提供更高效的数据传输非常重要。高铁是重要的战略基础设施，因此需要专门为其分配大量的频谱块。包括欧洲铁路局（ERA），中国铁路在内的一些行业机构正试图对高铁使用的频谱进行划分。目前，尽管在一些国家也使用700-900MHz频段，但大多数LTE系统工作在1GHz以上的频段，例如1.8,2.1,2.3和2.6GHz。较高的频带

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外文资料原文 涂敏之会计学 8051208076 Title: Future of SME finance（c） Background – the environment for SME finance has changed Future economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation. SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance. Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe. Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are: ?Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector; ?worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further; ?Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed; ?up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs; ?Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance. All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance