人教版选修【1-2】2.1.2《演绎推理》习题及答案

数学·选修1－2(人教A版)

2．1合情推理与演绎推理

2.1.2 演绎推理

?达标训练

1．下面说法正确的有( )

①演绎推理是由一般到特殊的推理；②演绎推理得到的结论一定是正确的；③演绎推理的一般模式是“三段论”形式；④演绎推理得到的结论的正误与大前提、小前提和推理形式有关．

A．1个 B．2个

C．3个 D．4个

解析：①③④正确，②错误的原因是：演绎推理的结论要为真，必须前提和推理形式都为真．

答案：C

2．下列三段可以组成一个“三段论”，则“小前提”是( )

①因为指数函数y＝a x(a＞1)是增函数②所以y＝2x是增函数③而y＝2x是指数函数

A．① B．②

C．①② D．③

解析：根据三段论的原理，可知选D.

答案：D

3．三段论“①只有船准时起航，才能准时到达目的港，②这艘船是准时到达目的港的，③所以这艘船是准时起航的．”中“小前提”是( )

A．① B．② C．①② D．③

答案：B

4．在不等边三角形中，a 边最大，要想得到∠A 为钝角的结论，三边a ，b ，c 应满足的条件是( )

A ．a 2

B ．a 2＝b 2＋c 2

C ．a 2>b 2＋c 2

D ．a 2≤b 2＋c 2

解析：由cos A ＝b 2＋c 2－a 2

2bc

<0知b 2＋c 2－a 2<0，所以应选C.

答案：C

5．“由于所有能被6整除的数都能被3整除，18是能被6整除的数，所以18能被3整除．”这个推理是( )

A ．大前提错误

B ．结论错误

C ．正确的

D ．小前提错误

解析：易知该推理是一个正确的三段论，所以选C. 答案：C

6．在△ABC 中，E 、F 分别为AB 、AC 的中点，则有EF ∥BC ，这个问题的大前提为( )

A ．三角形的中位线平行于第三边

B ．三角形的中位线等于第三边的一半

C ．EF 为中位线

D ．EF ∥CB

答案：A

?素能提高

1．下列推理是演绎推理的是( )

A ．M ，N 是平面内两定点，动点P 满足|PM |＋|PN |＝2a ＞|MN |，得点P 的轨迹是椭圆

B ．由a 1＝1，a n ＝2n －1，求出S 1，S 2，S 3，猜想出数列的前n 项和S n 的表达式

C ．由圆x 2＋y 2＝r 2的面积为πr 2，猜想出椭圆x 2a 2＋y

2b

2＝1的面积

为πab

D ．科学家利用鱼的沉浮原理制造潜艇

解析：B是归类推理，C、D是类似推理，只有A是利用椭圆的定义作为大前提的演绎推理．

答案：A

2．推理“①矩形是平行四边形，②正方形是矩形，③所以正方形是平行四边形”中的小前提是( )

A．① B．②

C．③ D．①和②

解析：①为大前提，②为小前提，③为结论．

答案：B

3．(2013·深圳二模)非空数集A＝{a1，a2，a3，…，a n}(n∈N*)

中，所有元素的算术平均数记为E(A)，即E(A)＝a1＋a2＋a3＋…＋a n

n

.

若非空数集B满足下列两个条件：①B?A；②E(B)＝E(A)，则称B 为A的一个“保均值子集”．据此，集合{1,2,3,4,5}的“保均值子集”有( )

A．5个 B．6个 C．7个 D．8个

答案：C

4．以下是小王同学用“三段论”证明命题“直角三角形两锐角之和为90°”的全过程，请你帮助他在括号内填上适当的内容，使之成为一个完整的“三段论”：

因为任意三角形三内角之和是180°，(____①____)

而(____②____)，小前提

所以直角三角形三内角之和是180°.结论

设Rt△ABC的两个锐角分别是A，B，

则∠A＋∠B＋90°＝180°，大前提

而(∠A＋∠B＋90°)－90°＝180°－90°，(__③___)小前提所以∠A＋∠B＝90°.结论

答案：①大前提②直角三角形是三角形③因为等量减等量差相等

5．“一切奇数都不能被2整除，35不能被2整除，所以35是奇数．”把此演绎推理写成“三段论”的形式．

大前提：__________________________________________，

小前提：_____________________________________________，结论：______________________________________________.

答案：不能被2整除的整数是奇数35不能被2整除35是奇数

6．将下列演绎推理写成“三段论”的形式．

(1)太阳系的大行星都以椭圆形轨道绕太阳运行，海王星是太阳系中的大行星，所以海王星以椭圆形轨道绕太阳运行．

解析：太阳系的大行星都以椭圆形轨道绕太阳运行，大前提

海王星是太阳系中的大行星，小前提

海王星以椭圆形轨道绕太阳运行．结论

(2)菱形对角线互相平分．

解析：平行四边形对角线互相平分，大前提

菱形是平行四边形，小前提

菱形对角线互相平分．结论

(3)函数f(x)＝x2－cos x是偶函数．

解析：若对函数f(x)定义域中的x，都有f(－x)＝f(x)，则f(x)是偶函数，大前提

对于函数f(x)＝x2－cos x，当x∈R时，有f(－x)＝f(x)，小前提

所以函数f(x)＝x2－cos x是偶函数．结论

7．如下图，△ABC为正三角形，EC⊥平面ABC，BD∥CE，且CE ＝CA＝2BD，M是EA的中点，求证：

(1)DE＝DA；

证明：如右图，取EC的中点F，连接DF，

∵EC⊥平面ABC，

∴EC⊥BC.

易知DF∥BC，

∴DF⊥EC.

在Rt△EFD和Rt△DBA中，

∵EF＝1

2

EC＝BD，

FD＝BC＝AB，

∴Rt△EFD≌Rt△DBA.

∴DE＝DA.

(2)平面BDM⊥平面ECA；

证明：取CA的中点N，连接MN、BN，

则MN綊1

2 EC.

∴MN∥BD.

∴N点在平面BDM内．

∵EC⊥平面ABC，BN?平面ABC，∴EC⊥BN.

又∵CA⊥BN，EC∩CA＝C，

∴BN⊥平面ECA.

∵BN在平面MNBD内，

∴平面BDM⊥平面ECA.

(3)平面DEA⊥平面ECA.

证明：∵易知DM∥BN，BN⊥平面ECA，

∴DM⊥平面ECA.

又∵DM?平面DEA，

∴平面DEA⊥平面ECA.

8．证明函数f(x)＝－x2＋6x在(－∞，3]上是增函数(指出大前提、小前提、结论)．

分析：本题所依据的大前提是增函数的定义，即函数y＝f(x)满足：在给定区间内任取自变量的两个值x1，x2，若x1＜x2，则有f(x1)＜f(x2)．

小前提是f(x)＝－x2＋6x在(－∞，3]上满足增函数的定义，这是证明的关键．

证明：任取x1，x2∈(－∞，3]，且x1＜x2，

f(x1)－f(x2)＝(－x21＋6x1)－(－x22＋6x2)

＝(x2－x1)(x2＋x1－6)．

因为x1＜x2，所以x2－x1＞0；

又x1，x2≤3，x1≠x2，所以x2＋x1－6<0，

因此，f(x1)－f(x2)＜0，即f(x1)＜f(x2)．

于是，根据三段论，可知函数f(x)＝－x2＋6x在(－∞，3]上是增函数．

?品味高考

1．(2013.湖南卷)对于E＝{a1，a2，...，a100}的子集X＝{ai1，ai2，...，ai k}，定义X的“特征数列”为x1，x2，...，x100，其中xi1＝xi2＝...＝xi k＝1，其余项均为0.例如：子集{a2，a3}的“特征数列”为0,1,1,0,0， 0

(1)子集{a1，a3，a5}的“特征数列”的前3项和等于________；

解析：根据题意可知子集{a1，a3，a5}的“特征数列”为1,0,1,0,1,0,0，…，0，此数列前3项和为2.

答案：2

(2)若E的子集P的“特征数列”p1，p2，…，p100满足p1＝1，p i ＋p i＋1＝1,1≤i≤99；E的子集Q的“特征数列”q1，q2，…，q100满足q1＝1，q j＋q j＋1＋q j＋2＝1,1≤j≤98，则P∩Q的元素个数为__________________________________________________________ ______________．

解析：根据题意可写出子集P的“特征数列”为1,0,1,0,1,0，…，1,0，则P＝{a1，a3，…，a2n－1，…，a99}(1≤n≤50)，子集Q的“特征数列”为1,0,0,1,0,0，…，1,0,0,1，则Q＝{a1，a4，…，a3k－2，…，a100}(1≤k≤34)，则P∩Q＝{a1，a7，a13，…，a97}，共有17项．

答案：17

2．对于n∈N*，将n表示为n＝a k×2k＋a k－1×2k－1＋…＋a1×21＋a0×20，当i＝k时，a i＝1，当0≤i≤k－1时，a i为0或1.定义b n如下：在n的上述表示中，当a0，a1，a2，…，a k中等于1的个数为奇数时，b n＝1；否则b n＝0.

(1)b2＋b4＋b6＋b8＝________；

解析：2＝1×21＋0×20，∴b2＝1；

4＝1×22＋0×21＋0×20，∴b4＝1；

6＝1×22＋1×21＋0×20，∴b6＝0；

8＝1×23＋0×22＋0×21＋0×20，∴b8＝1.

∴b2＋b4＋b6＋b8＝3。

答案：3

(2)记c n为数列{b n}中第m个为0的项与第m＋1个为0的项之间的项数，则c m的最大值是

__________________________________________________________ ______________.

解析：设{b n}中第m个为零的项为b t(t∈N*)，即b t＝0，将t写成二进制数，则有两种情形：

①t的二进制数表达式为：，

则t＋1的二进制数表达式中“1”的个数的变化数可能为奇数，也可能为偶数．若变化数为奇数，则b t＋1＝1

且t＋1用二进制数表示为：，于是t＋2用二进制数表示为：

，即b t＋2＝0；

若变化数为偶数，则b t＋1＝0.这时c m的最大值为1.

②t的二进制数表达式为，则t＋1用二进制数表示为

，即b t＋1＝1，则t＋2的二进制数形式中“1”的变化数为奇数或偶数，若变化数为奇数，则t＋2用二进制数表示为：

，即b t＋2＝0；若变化数为偶数，则t＋2用二进制数表示为，即b t＋2＝1，于是t＋3用二进制数表示为：，即b t＋3＝0.这时c m的最大值为2.

综合①②，c m的最大值为2.

答案：2

人教版高中英语选修6课本练习答案

Unit1 课内练习答案（P3Ex.1） P3Ex.3 1F2T3T4T5T6T P4Ex.1 1superb2aim3ridiculous4faith5evident 6conventional7gallery8abstract9technique10sculpture P4Ex.2 possess a great deal By coincidence adopt attempted On the other hand predict 详解： 翻译：《这些作品是凡高的真迹吗？》最受欢迎的艺术风格在西方国家就是印象派，许多人想拥有一幅印象派作品并且不惜花巨资去买一幅，巧合的事是，一些采用印象派画法的画家也可以画出不为人知的“杰作”，有一位画家，奥托?沃森，用凡高的风格作画并且迅速赚了很多钱，许多评论家都觉得它是凡高的真迹，一方面，一些评论家发现了，另一方面，一些评论家好奇是否有许多“杰作”被挂在画廊上，一位膜拜凡高作品的人说：“如果这种杰作的数量超过200，我也不会惊奇.”于是有人预言下一幅“杰作”在什么地方什么地点会被发现？ P5Ex.2 1W2F3W4F 5.If he had right to choose his holiday,he would go to Mexico. 6.If I were not allergic to shellfish,I would enjoy eating them. 7.If the marble statue were not big for her garden,the housewife would

8.If we knew more about the disease,we would be able to treat the patients very effectively. P5Ex.3 1were would make2were would be3were would be 4could would paint5were would help6could take 7knew would send8could9were would be 10would come could P7Ex.2

(完整版)新课标人教版高中英语选修6单词-中文

选修六 Unit 1 1.adj. 现实主义的；逼真的；现实的 2.adj. 抽象的；深奥的n. 摘要 3.n. 雕塑 4.n. 雕刻家；雕塑家 5.n. 美术陈列室；画廊 6.n. 信任；信心；信念 7.adv. 忠实地 8.adv. 所以；因而 9.n. 目标；目的vi. & vt. 瞄准；（向某方向）努力 10.adj. 常规的；传统的；因循守旧的 11.adj. 典型的；有代表性的 12.adj. 明显的；明白的 13.n. 新生；复兴；复活 14.vt. 采用；采纳；收养 15.adj. 人道主义的 16.vt. 拥有；具有；支配 17.n. （尤作复数）所有；财产 18.adj. 卓越的；杰出的；极好的 19.n. 透视画法；透视图；观点 20.n. 技术；方法；技能 21.n. 巧合（的事）；（事情、口味、故事等）相合 22.巧合地 23.n. 杰作；名著 24.n. 印象主义；印象派 25.adj. 印象派的 n.印象派艺术家 26.adj. 后印象派的n. 后印象派艺术家 27.大量28.n. 阴影；影子 29.adj. 荒谬的；可笑的 30.adj. 争论的；争议的 31.n. 努力；尝试；企图vt. 尝试；企图 32.（可是）另一方面 33.vt. 预言；预告；预测 34.n. 风景；景色 35.adj. 确切的；特定的 36.n. 画像；身材；数字 37.n. 黏土 38.n. 评论家；批评者 39.n. 青铜；青铜色；青铜制艺术品 40.n. 大理石 41.vt. 雕刻；刻记 42.adj. 脆弱的；容易生病的；精致的 43.n. 帆布；画布 44.n. 咖啡馆；小餐馆 45.adj. 过敏性的；对……过敏的 46.adv. 有效地 47.n. 展览；陈列；展览会 48.adj.敢做敢为的;侵略的；好斗的 49.n. 学者 50.n. 肉；肌肉；肉体 51.活着的；本人 52.n. 几何学 53.n. 束；串 54.n. 林荫道；道路；大街 55.n. 喜爱；偏爱

人教版高中生物选修三知识点总结详细

选修3《现代生物科技专题》知识点总结 专题1 ? 基因工程 基因工程的概念 基因工程是指按照人们的愿望，进行严格的设计，通过体外DNA重组和转基因技术，赋予生物以新的遗传特性，创造出更符合人们需要的新的生物类型和生物产品。基因工程是在DNA 分子水平上进行设计和施工的，又叫做DNA重组技术。 操作水平：DNA分子水平 原理：基因重组 优点：1.突破物种界限 2.定向改造生物的遗传特性 （一）基因工程的基本工具 1.“分子手术刀”——限制性核酸内切酶（限制酶） （1）来源：主要是从原核生物中分离纯化出来的。 （2）功能：能够识别特定的核苷酸序列，并在特定的切点切割，因此具有专一性。 （3）作用的化学键：切割磷酸二酯键 (4)结果：经限制酶切割产生的DNA片段末端通常有两种形式：黏性末端和平末端。 2.“分子缝合针”——DNA连接酶 (1)作用：将两个具有相同粘性末端的DNA片段连接起来，形成重组DNA （2）连接的化学键：磷酸二酯键 （3）与DNA聚合酶作用的异同: DNA聚合酶只能将单个核苷酸加到已有的核苷酸片段的末端，形成磷酸二酯键。 DNA连接酶是连接两个DNA片段的末端，形成磷酸二酯键。 DNA连接酶DNA聚合酶 不同点连接的DNA 双链 模板不要模板 连接的对象2个DNA片段单 相同点作用实质形化学本质 3.“分子运输车”——运载体 （1）载体具备的条件：①能在受体细胞中复制并稳 ②具有一至多个限制酶切点 ③具有标记基因，供重组D ④对受体细胞无害。 （2）最常用的载体是质粒,它是一种环状DNA分子（3）其它载体：噬菌体、动植物病毒 (二)基因工程的基本操作程序 第一步：目的基因的获取 1.从基因文库中获取（不知道目的基因的核苷酸序 2.人工合成。 常用方法有：（1）反转录法（已经获得mRNA的情 （2）化学合成法（知道目的基因的核3.PCR技术扩增目的基因（知道目的基因两端的核苷（1）PCR的含义：是一项在生物体外复制特定DNA （2）目的：获取大量的目的基因 （3）原理：DNA双链复制 （4）过程：第一步：变性，加热至90～95℃DNA解

(完整word版)人教版高中生物选修一知识点总结

高中生物选修一生物技术实践 知识点总结 专题一 传统发酵技术的应用 课题一 果酒和果醋的制作 1、发酵：通过微生物技术的培养来生产大量代谢产物的过程。 2、有氧发酵：醋酸发酵 谷氨酸发酵 无氧发酵：酒精发酵 乳酸发酵 3、酵母菌是兼性厌氧菌型微生物真菌 酵母菌的生殖方式：出芽生殖(主要) 分裂生殖 孢子生殖 4、在有氧条件下，酵母菌进行有氧呼吸，大量繁殖。 C 6H 12O 6＋6O 2→6CO 2＋6H 2O 5、在无氧条件下，酵母菌能进行酒精发酵。 C 6H 12O 6→2C 2H 5OH ＋2CO 2 6、20℃左右最适宜酵母菌繁殖 酒精发酵时一般将温度控制在18℃-25℃ 7、在葡萄酒自然发酵的过程中,起主要作用的是附着在葡萄皮表面的野生型酵母菌。在发酵过程中, 随着酒精浓度的提高,红葡萄皮的色素也进入发酵液,使葡萄酒呈现深红色。在缺氧呈酸性的发酵液中，酵母菌可以生长繁殖，而绝大多数其他微生物都因无法适应这一环境而受到制约。 8、醋酸菌是单细胞细菌(原核生物),代谢类型是异养需氧型,生殖方式为二分裂 9、当氧气、糖源都充足时，醋酸菌将葡萄汁中的糖分解成醋酸；当缺少糖源时，醋酸菌将乙醇变 为乙醛，再将乙醛变为醋酸。 2C 2H 5OH ＋4O 2→CH 3COOH ＋6H 2O 10、控制发酵条件的作用①醋酸菌对氧气的含量特别敏感，当进行深层发酵时，即使只是短时间中 断通入氧气，也会引起醋酸菌死亡。②醋酸菌最适生长温度为30～35℃，控制好发酵温度，使发酵时间缩短，又减少杂菌污染的机会。③有两条途径生成醋酸：直接氧化和以酒精为底物的氧化。 11、实验流程：挑选葡萄→冲洗→榨汁→酒精发酵→果酒（→醋酸发酵→果醋） 12、酒精检验：果汁发酵后是否有酒精产生，可以用重铬酸钾来检验。在酸性条件下，重铬酸钾与 酒精反应呈现灰绿色。先在试管中加入发酵液2ｍL ，再滴入物质的量浓度为3mol/L 的H 2SO 43滴，振荡混匀，最后滴加常温下饱和的重铬酸钾溶液3滴，振荡试管，观察颜色 13、充气口是在醋酸发酵时连接充气泵进行充气用的；排气口是在酒精发酵时 用来排出二氧化碳的；出料口是用来取样的。排气口要通过一个长而弯曲的胶 管与瓶身相连接，其目的是防止空气中微生物的污染。开口向下的目的是有利 于二氧化碳的排出。使用该装置制酒时，应该关闭充气口；制醋时，应该充气 口连接气泵，输入氧气。 疑难解答 （1）你认为应该先冲洗葡萄还是先除去枝梗？为什么？ 应该先冲洗，然后再除去枝梗，以避免除去枝梗时引起葡萄破损，增加被杂菌污染的机会。 （2）你认为应该从哪些方面防止发酵液被污染？ 如：要先冲洗葡萄，再除去枝梗；榨汁机、发酵装置要清洗干净，并进行酒精消毒；每次排气时只需拧松瓶盖，不要完全揭开瓶盖等。 （3）制葡萄酒时，为什么要将温度控制在18～25℃？制葡萄醋时，为什么要将温度控制酶 酶 酶

人教版英语选修六课文原文资料讲解

人教版英语选修六课 文原文

Unit 1A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance(15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal,from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worke in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous. Modern Art(29th century to today) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepeted as the beginning of what we call "modern art". This is

人教版高中英语选修6各单元课文原文

选修6 Unit 1 Art-Reading A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replaced those held in the Middle Ages.People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess t heir own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the roles of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.

人教版高中生物选修一知识点汇总

生物选修1知识点总结 专题1传统发酵技术的应用 课题1果酒和果醋的制作 【补充知识】发酵 1.概念：利用微生物或其他生物的细胞在有氧或无氧条件下繁殖或积累其代谢产物的过程。 2.类型： (1)根据是否需要氧气分为：需氧发酵和厌氧发酵。 (2)根据产生的产物可分为：酒精发酵、乳酸发酵、醋酸发酵等。 一.基础知识 (一)果酒制作的原理 1.菌种是酵母菌，属于真核生物，新陈代谢类型异养兼性厌氧型，有氧时，进行有氧呼吸， 大量繁殖，反应式为：C 6H 12O 6+6H 2O+6O 2 →6CO 2+12H 2O+能量；无氧时， 能进行酒精发酵，反应式为：C 6H 12O 6→2C 2H 5OH+2CO 2+能量。 酶 酶

2.酵母菌繁殖的最适温度20℃左右，酒精发酵一般控制在18～25℃。 3.自然发酵过程中，起作用的主要是附着于葡萄皮上的野生型酵母菌。也可以在 果汁中加入人工培养的酵母菌。(二)果醋制作的原理 1.菌种是醋酸菌，属于原核生物，新陈代谢类型为异养需氧型。只有在氧气充足时，才能进行旺盛的生命活动。变酸的酒表面观察到的菌膜就是醋酸菌在液面大量繁殖形成的。 2.当氧气、糖源都充足时，醋酸菌将葡萄汁中的糖分解成醋酸，当缺少糖源时， 醋酸菌将乙醇变为乙醛，再将乙醛变为醋酸，反应简式为C 2H 5OH+O 2→CH 3COOH+H 2O 。 3.醋酸菌的最适合生长温度为30～35℃。 4.菌种来源：到生产食醋的工厂或菌种保藏中心购买，或从食醋中分离醋酸菌。二.实验设计 1.流程图 挑选葡萄→冲洗→榨汁→酒精发酵→醋酸发酵 ↓↓ 果酒 果醋 2.制作实例 (1)实验材料葡萄、榨汁机、纱布、醋酸菌(或醋曲)、发酵瓶(如右图)、气泵、体积分数为70%的酒精等。 (2)实验步骤 酶

2021人教版高中生物选修一知识清单

1专题一传统发酵技术的应用 课题1 果酒和果醋的制作 1、发酵：通过微生物技术的培养来生产大量代谢产物的过程。 2、有氧发酵：醋酸发酵谷氨酸发酵· 无氧发酵：酒精发酵乳酸发酵 3、酵母菌是兼性厌氧菌型微生物真菌·酵母菌的生殖方式：出芽生殖(主要)分裂生殖孢子生殖 4、在有氧条件下，酵母菌进行有氧呼吸，大量繁殖。 C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O 5、在无氧条件下，酵母菌能进行酒精发酵。 C6H12O6→2C2H5OH+2CO2 6、20℃左右最适宜酵母菌繁殖酒精发酵时一般将温度控制在18℃-25℃ 7、在葡萄酒自然发酵的过程中,起主要作用的是附着在葡萄皮表面的野生型酵母菌.在发酵过程中,随着酒精浓度的提高,红葡萄皮的色素也进入发酵液,使葡萄酒呈现深红色.在缺氧呈酸性的发酵液中，酵母菌可以生长繁殖，而绝大多数其他微生物都因无法适应这一环境而受到制约。 8、醋酸菌是单细胞细菌(原核生物),代谢类型是异养需氧型,生殖方式为二分裂 9、当氧气、糖源都充足时，醋酸菌将葡萄汁中的糖分解成醋酸;当缺少糖源时，醋酸菌将乙醇变为乙醛，再将乙醛变为醋酸。 1

2C2H5OH+4O2→CH3COOH+6H2O 10、控制发酵条件的作用①醋酸菌对氧气的含量特别敏感，当进行深层发酵时，即使只是短时间中断通入氧气，也会引起醋酸菌死亡。②醋酸菌最适生长温度为30～35℃，控制好发酵温度，使发酵时间缩短，又减少杂菌污染的机会。③有两条途径生成醋酸：直接氧化和以酒精为底物的氧化。 11、实验流程：挑选葡萄→冲洗→榨汁→酒精发酵→果酒(→醋酸发酵→果醋) 12、酒精检验：果汁发酵后是否有酒精产生，可以用重铬酸钾来检验。在酸性条件下，重铬酸钾与酒精反应呈现灰绿色。先在试管中加入发酵液2mL，再滴入物质的量浓度为3mol/L的H2SO43滴，振荡混匀，最后滴加常温下饱和的重铬酸钾溶液3滴，振荡试管，观察颜色. 13、充气口是在醋酸发酵时连接充气泵进行充气用的;排气口是在酒精发酵时用来排出二氧化碳的;出料口是用来取样的。排气口要通过一个长而弯曲的胶管与瓶身相连接，其目的是防止空气中微生物的污染。开口向下的目的是有利于二氧化碳的排出。使用该装置制酒时，应该关闭充气口;制醋时，应该充气口连接气泵，输入氧气。 课题2 腐乳的制作 1、多种微生物参与了豆腐的发酵，如青霉、酵母、曲霉、毛霉等，其中起主要作用的是毛霉。毛霉是一种丝状真菌。代谢类型是异养需氧型。生殖方式是孢子生殖。营腐生生活。 2、原理：毛霉等微生物产生的蛋白酶能将豆腐中的蛋白质分解成小分子的肽和氨基酸;脂肪酶可将脂肪水解为甘油和脂肪酸。 3、实验流程：让豆腐上长出毛霉→加盐腌制→加卤汤装瓶→密封腌制 4、酿造腐乳的主要生产工序是将豆腐进行前期发酵和后期发酵。 前期发酵的主要作用： （1）创造条件让毛霉生长。 2

人教版英语选修六课文原文.doc

Unit 1A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance(15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal,from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worke in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. They said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous. Modern Art(29th century to today) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepeted as the beginning of what we call "modern art". This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scores of modern art styles,but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exsist. On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates n certain qualities of the object,

高中英语选修6课文word人教版

高中英语选修6 Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. A conventional artistof this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way. The Renaissance(15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life.At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they coule decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new

人教版《英语选修6》(普通高中课程标准实验教科书)

人教版《英语选修6》(普通高中课程标准实验教科书) 单元词汇、音标、词义。Unit 1 realistic/ri?'listik/ a.现实主义的；逼真的；现实的 abstract/'?bstr?kt/ a.抽象的；深奥的n.摘要 sculpture/'sk?lpt??/n.雕塑 sculptor/'sk?lpt?/n.雕刻家；雕塑家 gallery/'g?l?ri/n.美术陈列室；画廊 faith/feiθ/n.信任；信心；信念 faithfully/'feiθfuli/ad.忠实地 consequently/'k?nsikw?ntli/ad.所以；因而 aim/eim/n.目标；目的vi.vi.瞄准；(向某方向)努力 conventional/k?n'ven??nl/ a.常规的；传统的；因循守旧的 typical/'tipik?l/ a.典型的；有代表性的 evident/'evid?nt/ a.明显的；明白的 Giotto di Bondone乔托 renaissance/r?'neis?ns/n.新生；复兴；复活 the Renaissance文艺复兴(时期) adopt/?'d?pt/vt.采用；采纳；收养 humanistic/hju:m?'nistik/ a.人道主义的 possess/'p?'zes/vt.拥有；具有；支配 possession/p?'ze??n/n.所有；财产 superb/sju:'p?:b/ a.卓越的；杰出的；极好的 perspective/p?:'spektiv/n.透视画法；透视图；观点 technique/tek'ni:k/n.技术；方法；技能 Masaccio/mɑ:'zɑ:tt?ou/马萨乔 coincidence/'k?uin'sid?ns/n.巧合(的事)；相合 by coincidence巧合地 masterpiece/'mɑ:st?pi:s/n.杰作；名著 impressionism/im'pr???n'iz?m/n.印象主义；印象派 impressionist/im'pre??nist/ a.印象派的n.印象派艺术家 post-impressionist a.后印象派的n.后印象派艺术家 a great deal n.大量 shadow/'??d?u/n.阴影；影子 ridiculous/ri'dikjul?s/ a.荒谬的；可笑的 controversial/'k?ntr?'v?:??l/ a.争论的；争议的 attempt/?'tempt/n.努力；尝试；企图vt.尝试；企图 on the other hand adv.(可是)另一方面