Unit 8 Focus on Global Warming课文翻译综合教程二

Unit 8 Focus on Global Warming

John Weier

Twenty-five years ago if you made a trip to the local library and perused the periodical section for articles on global warming, you’d probably have come up with only a few abstracts from hardcore science journals or maybe a blurb in some esoteric geopolitical magazine. As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in our public consciousness as Madonna2 or microwave cooking.1 Perhaps all this attention is deserved. With the possible exception of another world war, giant asteroid, or an incurable plague, global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet.2 For decades human factories and cars have spewed billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the climate has begun to show some signs of warming. Many see this as a harbinger of what is to come.3If we don’t curb our greenhouse gas emissions, then low-lying nations could be awash in seawater, rain and drought patterns across the world could change, hurricanes could become more frequent, and El Ninos could become more intense.

Our Warming Planet

What has worried many people now is that over the past 250 years humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Our factories, power plants, and cars burn coal and gasoline and spit out a seemingly endless stream of carbon dioxide. We produce millions of pounds of methane by allowing our trash to decompose in landfills and by breeding large herds of methane-belching cattle. Nitrogen-based fertilizers, which we use on nearly all our crops, release unnatural amounts of nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere.

Once these carbon-based greenhouse gases get into the atmosphere, they stay there for decades or longer. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide levels have increased 31 percent and methane levels have increased 151 percent. Paleoclimate readings taken from fossil records show that these gases, two of the most abundant greenhouse gases, are at their highest levels in the past 420,000 years. Many scientists fear that the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have prevented additional thermal radiation from leaving the Eart h. In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car.4 Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears.5Temperature data gathered from many different sources all across the globe show that the surface temperature of the Earth, which includes the lower atmosphere and the surface of the

ocean, has risen dramatically over several decades. Worldwide measurements of sea level show a rise of 0.1 to 0.2 meters over the last century. That’s an increase of roughly 1℃every 4,000 years. Readings gathered from glaciers reveal a steady recession of the world’s continental glaciers. Taken together, all of these data suggest that over the last century the planet has experienced the largest increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years.

Not surprisingly, many scientists speculate that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days.6 According to the IPCC, land surface areas will increase in temperature over the summer months much more than the ocean. The mid-latitude to high-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere —areas such as the Continental United States, Canada, and Siberia —will likely warm the most. These regions could exceed mean global warming by as much as 40 percent.

As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate.7 A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would likely spark an increase in vector-borne diseases such as malaria. More intense rains and hurricanes could cause more severe flooding and more deaths in coastal regions and along riverbeds. Even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the coastlines of low-lying islands such as the Maldives. All across the globe, hotter summers could lead to more cases of heatstroke and deaths among those who are vulnerable, such as older people with heart problems. The warmer temperatures may also lead to higher levels of near-surface ozone from cars and factories, which would likely cause more perilous air quality days and hospital admissions for those with respiratory problems.

Taking Actions

Fortunately, we can take actions to slow down global warming.8Global warming results primarily from human activities that release heat-trapping gases and particles into the air. The most important causes include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, and deforestation. To reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, we can curb our consumption of fossil fuels, use technologies that reduce the amount of emissions wherever possible, and protect the forests in the world.

We can also do things to mitigate the impacts of global warming and adapt to those most likely to occur,9 e.g., through careful planning and other strategies that reduce our vulnerability to global warming.

But we can’t stop there. We are also advocating policies that will combat global

warming over the long term, things like clean cars that run on alternative fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests.

Clearly, global warming is a huge problem. It will take everyone —governments, industry, communities and individuals working together to make a real difference. Fortunately you can be part of them.

关注全球气候变暖

二十五年前，如果你想去当地的图书馆通过各种期刊搜索关于全球气候变暖的文章的话，很可能你只能找到一些刊登在核心自然科学期刊或非常专业的地理科学杂志上的同类文章的摘要。然而，当今因特网搜索结果表明全球气候变暖，就像麦当娜或微波炉一样，成为所有人都十分关心的话题。

应该说公众对全球气候变暖的关注是很有必要的。除了一些可能的巨大灾害，例如新的世界大战、巨型小行星撞击地球、或是无法治愈的流行疾病等等，全球气候变暖可能是对地球的唯一最大威胁。近几十年来，人类的工厂和汽车向大气中排放了数十亿吨的温室气体，全球气候已经表现出了变暖的趋势。许多人认为这是灾难即将来临的不祥征兆。如果我们不再抑制温室气体的肆意排放，那么那些海拔很低的国家可能被海水淹没，同时多雨和干旱地区的分布也会发生变化，飓风将愈加频繁，而“厄尔尼诺”现象也会愈演愈烈。

地球正在变暖

现在令大多数人担忧的是在过去250年中人类已经人为地增加了大气中温室气体的浓度。我们的工厂、发电厂、汽车燃烧煤和汽油，排放出无穷尽的二氧化碳。我们任由垃圾在废渣填埋池里分解产生甲烷，还大量饲养胃里会产生甲烷气体的家畜，就这样我们人为制造了数百万吨的甲烷气体。我们几乎在所有的农田中都使用以氮为主要元素的化肥，导致超过正常数量的氧化氮进入大气之中。

一旦这些以碳为主要元素的温室气体进入大气层，它们就会存在几十年甚至更久。根据政府间气候变化问题专门研究小组的研究结果，自工业革命以来，空气中二氧化碳的含量增长了31%，甲烷气体的含量甚至增长了151%。从古代化石记录中得到的地质气候资料显示,这两种含量最多的温室气体(二氧化碳和甲烷)居过去42万年之首。许多科学家担心温室气体浓度日益增长会阻碍地球多余热量的散发。实际上，这些气体已经在阻碍地球大气中多余热量的散发，它们阻碍热量散发的原理就和汽车挡风玻璃阻碍太阳热量进入车厢是一样的。

大量可获得的气候数据证明人们的担忧是很有道理的。从全球各地搜集的气温数据显示地球表面温度，包括较低大气层和海洋表面温度，在过去几十年间剧烈上升。全球海平面测量数据也表明在上个世纪中，海平面上升了0.1—0.2米，也就是说海水温度每4000年上升大约1℃。冰川研究数据也显示全球大陆冰川正在逐步消融。总而言之，以上这些数据都

表明在过去一个世纪中，地球表面温度上升是近1000年里最快的。

很自然地，许多科学家推测这种种气候变化很可能会导致天气越来越热，凉爽的日子越来越少。根据政府间气候变化问题专门研究小组的研究，地表夏季温度上升幅度将远大于海面温度的上升幅度。北半球中高纬度地——例如美国大陆地区，加拿大和西伯利亚地区——温度上升将最为剧烈。这些地区温度上升幅度将超过全球平均温度上升幅度的40%。

就人类健康而言，那些受到最严重影响的将会是处于贫穷国家的居民，因为他们没有资金来抵御气候变化。在赤道地区,热量和降雨量少许增加就很可能会导致昆虫传播疾病的增加,例如疟疾。海岸地区与河道集中地区的降雨和飓风程度一旦变强，那将会造成更加严重的洪涝灾害和大批人员死亡。甚至海平面只是上升了一点，也会威胁到海拔很低的岛屿国家，例如马尔代夫。在全世界，更加炎热的夏天将导致更多人中暑，并且使那些体弱多病者，例如有心脏疾病的老人，失去生命。气温升高也会使近地面的臭氧含量增高，这些臭氧产生自工厂和汽车，并会使空气质量处于危险等级的日子越来越多，而且因为呼吸道疾病住院的人也会越来越多。

采取行动吧

幸运的是，我们可以多种采取措施来减缓全球变暖的进程。全球变暖很大一部分原因是人类活动排放出大量阻碍热量散失的气体和微粒子。其中最重要的原因是大量燃烧化石矿物燃料，例如煤炭、天然气和石油，还有就是滥砍滥伐。为了降低会阻碍热量散失的气体的排放，我们应该限制化石矿物燃料的使用，采取新技术降低所有有害气体的排放，并且保护我们的森林资源。

我们也可以设法减少全球气候变暖带来的负面效应，并且使自己适应可能发生的气候变化，例如，通过详细地规划和其他战略措施减少全球气候变暖带给我们的伤害。

然而这还远远不够。我们还应该通过政策提倡与全球气候变暖打一场持久战，例如，使用替代能源让汽车不再排放温室气体而变的清洁，使用对环境有利的可更新能源技术，并且停止砍伐宝贵的森林。

显而易见，全球气候变暖是个大问题。要解决这个问题，需要每个成员——政府、企业、公众和个人共同努力。幸运的是，你也可以是其中的一员。

必修一课文及翻译

必修一 Unit 1 Friendship ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the windo w had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains han ging before very dusty windows. it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Your, Anne 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢安妮弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记当作自己最好的朋友。 在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了将近25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。 1944年6月15日，星期四 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我太久不能出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神

学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈

学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈 在学士学位英语考试复习中，翻译既是重点也是难点，在此提醒考生一定要给予足够重视。外语教育网的小编为考生整理了学士学位英语考试翻译题型解题秘笈，希望考生认真阅读和学习。 翻译部分是03年增加的题型。放在试卷的最后，共有10个小题，考试时间30分钟。翻译试题由两部分组成。第一部分为英译汉，要求考生把阅读理解文章中划线的五个句子译成中文。第二部分为汉译英，要求考生把五个难度适中的中文句子译成英文。英译汉和汉译英的句子难度均低于课文的英语文章。评分标准要求译文达意，无重大语言错误。翻译部分的目的是测试学生词汇、语法、句型方面综合运用语言的能力。 英译汉应试技巧 英译汉是运用汉语把英语所表达的思想准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。在英译汉的过程中，有两点值得我们特别地注意： 1、汉语所要表达的是英语原文的内容，即句子或文章的意义，而不是句子结构； 2、在翻译过程中，英语原文的内容要准确而完整地重新表达出来，而不是将两种语言结构进行简单的转换。 英译汉的过程包括理解，分析句架表达和校核三个阶段,因此，在英译汉的过程中，往往需要考生从英语到汉语，再从汉语到英语反复的推敲。 (一)理解 理解阶段的目的在于读懂英语原文，弄清原文的意思。为了透彻理解原文，建议考生在复习和应试时采取下列步骤： 1、通读全文。通读全文的目的在于从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线的部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。在段落中要搞清划线的句子和其他句子之间的关系，因为孤立地阅读划线部分的英语，往往无法理解该部分的真正含义。一篇好的文章，其前后的意思都互相关联，具有很强的逻辑性，一个单词或句子只有在具体的上下文中才能体现出确切的含义来，因此，上下文能帮助我们正确的理解划线的部分，通读全文是很重要的。但是,在通读全文的过程中应该注意，对非划线的部分不要花费时间过多，对于其中一些不太容易理解的内容也不必太在意，只是搞清大体意义即可。因为通读全文的目的在于帮助自己理解划线的部分,只要能把该部分理解透彻也就足够了。 2、分析划线部分的句子结构。从一般的翻译试题来看，划线的部分一般来说结构句子都比较复杂。复杂的句子如果不搞清楚它的语法结构，很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求。因此正确地把握句子的结构是进行正确地翻译的关键。 3、理解分析划线部分的含义。考生不仅要弄清句子中所有实词和虚词的词汇意义，还要理解全句的整体意义。理解句子的依据除了句子本身之外，还有该句子所处的具体的语言环境。在此阶段应清楚下列问题： (1)句子中是否含有代词和其他具有指代意义的词，如果有，应根据上下文确定它们指代的内容是什么； (2)句子中的短语和一些常用的词往往具有多种含义和用法，那么，在该句中它们的具体含义是什么； (3)按照你的理解，该部分的意义是否与全篇文章的内容一致，有无相互矛盾。 总之,在动手翻译之前，首先要读懂原文，不要一上来就急于动手翻译，这样做往往会出现一种情况:该题快要翻译完了，猛然又发现自己理解有误，马上就急忙修改，搞的卷面上一塌糊涂，而且很容易忙中出错，把本应拿到的分数丢掉了，这是非常令人可惜的。 (二)表达 表达就是译者把自己从英语原文理解的内容用汉语表达出来,理解是表达的基础，表达是理解的结果，但是理解正确并不意味着一定会有正确的表达，平时做翻译练习时有同学反映，有时对原文理解之后还不知如何用汉语表达，就充分说明了这一点。这里介绍两种基本的翻译方法：直译和意译。 1、直译。所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式。在汉语和英语两种语言中存在着许多共同之处，在对于许多英语句子的翻译过程中,完全可以采取直译的方法，这样可以获得一举两得之功效，既保持了原文的结构，又正确表达了原文的内容。但是直译不是死译和硬译，象It is asserted that…;It is believed that…这一类的结构，如果直译过来那就不伦不类了。 2、意译。汉语和英语分别属于不同的语系，两者在词汇、句法结构和表达方法上具有很多的差异。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不易采用直译的方法处理时，就应采用意译法，意译就是不拘泥于原文的形式，重点在于正确表达原文的内容。例如Do you see any green in my eye象这样的句子，只能采取意译的方法，把它翻译为“你以为我是好欺骗的吗”当然,意译并不等于乱译,胡乱地翻译是不符合“忠实”的翻译标准的。 在具体的翻译过程中，我们应该采取灵活的方法，不论是直译还是意译，只要是符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译原则，都是可取的。在翻译的过程中，我们务必注意以下几点： A、理解透彻之后再动手表达，否则表达的结果会令人莫名其妙； B、切忌在翻译时把汉语和英语对号入座，逐字逐句的对号入座的结果往往是不伦不类； C、切忌擅自增减词意，增减意义与翻译技巧中经常提到的增词法与减词法根本就不是一回事。 (三)校核 校核阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段，因此，校核是翻译过程中一个很重要的阶段，并不是可有可无的，通过表达之后的校核，我们可以发现译文的一些问题，确保自己理解的内容很有把握地得到分数。在校核阶段，一般应注意与下列各项有关的问题(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和数字等；(2)汉语译文的词与句有无错漏；(3)修改译文中译错或表达不够准确的句子、词组或词汇；(4)有无错别字；(5)标点符号是否有误。 做汉译英时一般应经过以下步骤

高中英语必修一课文及其翻译

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Toward a brighter future for all 奔向更加光明的未来 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在 我办公室的桌子上。 让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇。她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移，王薇薇2把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 在大学里，一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里，住在你隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌，令你头痛欲裂！你可能喜欢早起，而你的室友却是个夜猫子！尽管如此，你和你的室友仍然可

高中英语必修一课文原文和翻译

必修1第一单元Reading 阅读 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now r ead how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15, June, 1944 Dear kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here.…For example, when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time some months ago, I happened to be upstairs one evening when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne Using Language 语言运用 Reading and listening 读与听 1 Read the letter that Lisa wrote to Miss Wang of Radio for Teenagers and predict what Miss Wang will say. After listening, check and discuss her advice. Dear Miss Wang, I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment. I’m getting along well with a boy in my class. We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. We have become really good friends. But other students have started gossiping. They say that this boy and I have fallen in love. This has made me angry. I don’t want to end the friendship, but I hate other s gossiping. What should I do? Yours, Lisa Reading and writing 读与写 Miss Wang has received a letter from Xiaodong. He is also asking for some advice. Read the letter on the right carefully and help Miss Wang answer it.