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建筑学专业英语翻译

建筑学专业英语翻译
建筑学专业英语翻译

S. Peter's, Rome (begun 1506. consecrated I626) (pp. 868C. 870, 871, 902C, 905), the largest and most important building of the Renaissance, owes the nucleus 0f its design to Bramante, although many other architects were to work on it. It was Julius II's whim to install a colossal tomb for himself in the choir (begun by Nicholas V, c. J 450) that precipitated the decision to rebuild the ancient basilica completely. Bramante made several variant designs for the new building, but all envisaged that directly above the tomb of S. Peter would rise an enormous dome of roughly the same size as the Pantheon's, supported upon four massive crossing piers. The so-called Parchment Plan’ (Uffizi. Florence) and the foundation medal of 1506 show a Greek-cross plan within a square, with four subsidiary domes, lowers at the corner,and half-domes terminating each of the four arms, Such a design is the realisation of the theoretical preference for centralised planning, but also derives from such esteemed funerary churches as S, Mark's, Venice as well as ancient mausolea. Despite its size however, the Greek-cross plan would not have covered the site of the old basilica, nor would it have suited congregational or processional needs: ultimately a Latin cross with an extended eastern arm was preferred (p, 871Gg)

Bramante's building would have had a relatively severe exterior, depending for its effect on the hierarchical massing of geometric forms (rather like his earlier project for Pavia Cathedral). The dome, known both from the modal and form a woodcut in Serlio's treatise, was to be a single-shelled hemisphere, presumably made of concrete and with a stepped profile derived from the Pantheon; it would have been raised up on a colonnaded drum and surmounted by a lantern (p. 870B). For the interior of the building Bramante intended to use paired Corinthian pilasters supported on tall pedestals (the flour level was later raised by Sangallo). His highly original and influential chamfered crossing piers, although later much enlarged, still survive in the completed building, enabling the nave and transepts to widen at the crossing and giving a smooth transition between pier and pendentive. In general, Bramante's sculptural approach to piers and wall mass. inspired by Roman architecture, represents a new spatial conception of great importance.

After the death of Julius (1513). Leo X appointed Fra Giocondo and the ageing Giuliano da Sangallo as co-architects, but on Bramante’s own demise (1514) it was Raphael who became architect-in-chief.

At this period numerous proposals were made for the continuation of the building. Raphael's own design was a Latin cross retaining many of Bramante's ideas including file dome, although the crossing piers were enlarged. Raphael proposed the addition of ambulatories around the ends of the three short arms of the cross, and intended the building to have a monumental porticoed facade, with a giant order interlocking with smaller orders, between elaborate towers. At Raphael's death (1520), Antonio da Sangallo the younger was elevated to architect-in-chief, assisted by Peruzzi. Peruzzi proposed many designs, including a return to the Greek cross idea, but Sangallo's final model, commissioned in 1539. is essentially a revision and expansion of Raphael’s design. The Sangallo scheme (p.87OD,G) has been much abused following Michelangelo's condemnation of its 'German' qualities and lack of light. The apparent lack of unity in the model would have been offset in execution by the very scale of the building, complemented by the massing of so many parts. The western region of the model (liturgical cast end) is a Greek cross with three ambulatories, but the plan becomes a Latin cross by the addition of a subsidiary domed link

connecting with the facade block. Between the towers the close-packed articulation of the two-storey facade projects at the main portal with an unprecedented plasticity.

When Michelangelo was appointed as Sangallo's successor in 1546 he embarked on a radically new project involving the demolition of the Raphael/ Sangallo southern anbulatory. By Michelangelo's death (1564), his project was all but realised, and his designs for the dome were essentially followed afterwards. Michelangelo's S Peter's, claimed to be a restoration of Bramante's, is in fact a reduced and simplified Greek cross (p. 870F) ingeniously formed from the nucleus inherited from Sangallo, The abolition of the ambulatories created a much better lit and more unified interior a greatly reduced cost. The external walls are articulated with rhythmically spaced giant Corinthian pilasters, laid over unmoulded vertical strips. By splaying the re-entrant angles the pilaster wall skirts the building like a giant curtain. Above an attic, concealing much of the vaulting, rises Michelangelo's majestic dome (built by Giacomo della Porta, 1588-91) which has a drum buttressed by paired attached columns, continuing up into external ribs on the dome surface, and further paired columns in the lantern. The pointed profile of the dome (although rather steeper than Michelangelo intended) recalls Florence Cathedral, as does its double-shelled method of brick construction. This allows the outer shell to rise much higher than the inner, forming with the four subsidiary domes a pyramidal composition the unity of which is enhanced by the verticality of all the external articulation. With its crown-like lantern the building rises to 137.5m (451 ft). Thus, despite the reduction in scale, Michelangelo's building is still enormous- the dome is 42 m (138 ft) in diameter, only 1.5 m less than the Pantheon.

Michelangelo's design was continued by Vignola (appointed 1564), Ligofio (1565), Giacomo della Porta (1572) and Domenico Fontana (1585). Carlo Maderno lengthened the nave, converting the church into a Latin cross (building length 194m. 63bft) (p. 871G) and designing his own facade (1606-12), which, although continuing Michelangelo's giant order, looks back to the designs of Raphael and Sangallo. Maderno's extension unavoidably conceals much of Michelangelo's dome even from Bernini's piazza (q.v.).

The sumptuous internal decoration was largely carried out in the seventeenth century under Bemini, who succeeded Maderno as architect-in-chief in 1629. Also by Bernini is the famous bronze baldacchino (1624-33) over S. Peter's tomb, and the spectacular Cathedra Petri (1656-65), filling the western apse and housing the supposed throne of the apostle.

统计学英语词汇

统计学英语词汇 发布: 2008-10-08 23:42 | 作者: zhou_209 | 来源: 6sigma品质网 统计学的一些英语词汇,希望对大家有用. A abscissa 横坐标 absence rate 缺勤率 absolute number 绝对数 absolute value 绝对值 accident error 偶然误差 accumulated frequency 累积频数 alternative hypothesis 备择假设 analysis of data 分析资料 analysis of variance(ANOVA) 方差分析 arith-log paper 算术对数纸 arithmetic mean 算术均数 assumed mean 假定均数 arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数 asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数 average 平均数 average deviation 平均差 B bar chart 直条图、条图 bias 偏性 binomial distribution 二项分布 biometrics 生物统计学 bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体 C cartogram 统计图

case fatality rate(or case mortality) 病死率 census 普查 chi-sguare(X2) test 卡方检验 central tendency 集中趋势 class interval 组距 classification 分组、分类 cluster sampling 整群抽样 coefficient of correlation 相关系数 coefficient of regression 回归系数 coefficient of variability(or coefficieut of variation) 变异系数collection of data 收集资料 column 列(栏) combinative table 组合表 combined standard deviation 合并标准差 combined variance(or poolled variance) 合并方差complete survey 全面调查 completely correlation 完全相关 completely random design 完全随机设计 confidence interval 可信区间,置信区间 confidence level 可信水平,置信水平 confidence limit 可信限,置信限 constituent ratio 构成比,结构相对数 continuity 连续性 control 对照 control group 对照组 coordinate 坐标 correction for continuity 连续性校正 correction for grouping 归组校正 correction number 校正数 correction value 校正值 correlation 相关,联系 correlation analysis 相关分析 correlation coefficient 相关系数 critical value 临界值 cumulative frequency 累积频率

电子信息工程专业课程翻译中英文对照表

电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 (2009级培养计划)

实践环节翻译 高等数学Advanced Mathematics

大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 思想、理论和“三个代表” 重要思想概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 (就业指导) Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 现代通信技术Modern Communications Technology

专业英语翻译中的常见问题(详细翻译技巧)

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西安翻译学院各专业主要课程一览表

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经济和贸易学、计量经济学、世界经济概论、国际贸易、国际贸易实务、国际金融、国际结算、货币银行学、会计学、统计学等。 人力 资源管理110205 管理学、人力资源 管理学、微观经济 学、宏观经济学、 统计学、基础会计 学、社会保障制 度、经济法、财务 管理、劳动关系管 理、市场营销学 等。 市 场营销110202 微观经济学、宏观 经济学、管理学、 货币银行学、经济 法、基础会计学、 统计学、财务管 理、市场营销学、 消费者行为学、广 告管理、市场调查 和预测、服务营销 学、物流管理等。 计划内 #p#分页标题#e# 本科信息工程学院 电 子 信 息 科 学 和 技 术 071201 电路原理、模拟电 子线路、高频电子 线路、数字电路及 逻辑设计、通信原 理、信号和系统、 微机原理和接口 技术、数字信号处 理、自动控制原 理、计算机网络和 通信、天线和电波 传播等 计 算 机 科 学 和 技 080605 电路原理、线性代 数、模拟电子线 路、概率论和数理 统计、数据结构、 计算机组成原理、 数字电路和逻辑 设计、汇编语言程

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