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语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises

1. What is syntax

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

2. What is phrase structure rule

The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements . specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.

The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows:

NP→(Det) N (PP) ...

VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...

AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...

PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...

We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.

The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)

3. What is category How to determine a word’s category

Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.

4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have

The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.

It has four important properties:

1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can

appear prior to the conjunction.

2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.

3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.

4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the

category type of the elements being conjoined.

5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play

A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.

The role each element can play:

Head:

Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.

Specifier:

Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.

Complement:

Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.

Modifier:

Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.

6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure

There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).

7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.

Det A N V P Det N Adv

b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.

Det N Adv V P Det N

c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.

Det A N Aux V Det N P Det N

d) This cloth feels quite soft.

Det N V Deg A

8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.

a) rich in minerals

A PP

rich in minerals

b) often read detective stories

Qual V NP

often read detective stories

c) the argument against the proposals

Det N PP

the argument against the proposals

d) already above the window

Deg P NP

already above the window

9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.

a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det N PP

P NP

AP N

A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N Pst V PP

A P NP

Det AP N

A huge moon hung in the black sky c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.

Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V NP AdvP

Det N AdvP Adv Adv The man examined his car carefully yesterday

d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.

Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N PP Pst V PP

A P NP P NP

Det N Det N

A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm

10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

NP Infl VP

N V NP

Det AP N Con N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants

b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

NP Infl VP

N Pst V PP Con V PP

P NP P

Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

NP Infl VP

N Pre V AP Con AP

A PP A PP

P NP P NP

N N

Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics

11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) You know that I hate war.

NP Infl VP

N Pre V NP

C S

NP Infl VP NP N Pre V NP N You know that I hate war b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

NP Infl VP

N Pre V NP

Det N CP-

C S

NP Infl VP

NP N Pst V NP

Det AP N

Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam

c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

A CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a

Roll-Royce

d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V PP

P CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Plu V NP

The children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.

Deep Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pst V AP

C S Aux A

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

The essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pst V AP

C S Aux A

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

b) Herbert bought a house that she loved.

Deep Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP Infl VP N Pst V NP N

Herbert bought a house she loved that

Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP N

c) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.

Deep Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pre V PP

C S P NP

NP Infl VP N

N Pre V NP

The girl he adores whom majors in

linguistics

Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

Det N CP Pre V PP

NP C S P NP

NP Infl VP N

N N Pre V NP

13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.

a) Would you come tomorrow

Deep Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Aux V AdvP

Adv

You would come tomorrow

Surface Structure: CP

C S

Infl NP Infl VP

Aux N Aux V AdvP

Adv

b) What did Helen bring to the party

Deep Structure:

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

N PP

P Det NP

Helen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl NP Infl VP

N Pst N Pst V NP

N PP

P Det NP

c) Who broke the window

Deep Structure: CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N Pst V NP

Det N

Who broke the window

Surface Structure: CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

Det N Who e broke the window

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树形图详细讲解网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两点： 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N

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树形图详细讲解 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP

e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man

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Chapter 2：Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.

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自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017 2017 年自学备考正在开展中，考生们要扎扎实实地复习，一步一步地前进，以下是搜索整理的一份《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们! I .Multiple Choice Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2% x 10=20%) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A. gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A. Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural 4. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night ” as “light ”.This shows: .( ) A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it? ” is __.( ) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ea3057755.html,rmative B.phatic C.directive D.performative

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syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP

A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP

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树形图详细讲解 1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces. a) The old lady sudde nly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He n ever appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. b) a story about a sen time ntal girl NP Det A N a story about a sen time ntal girl c) ofte n read detective stories Qual V NP ofte n read detective stories d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals NP NP a) full of people AP full of people NP PP VP Det N

八 Det N the argume nt aga inst the proposals

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树形图详细讲解 1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP

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