高中英语 模块一 Unit 1 School life基础语法精讲 牛津译林版1

Unit 1 School life

关系代词引导的定语从句

一、预备知识

高中阶段，同学们将会学习三大从句：定语从句、名词从句和状语从句。要学好这三大从句，首先就要熟悉句子的种类。

句子的种类

按用途分有以下四种:

陈述句肯定句We love our motherland. 否定句They don’t go to work on Sundays.

疑问句一般疑问句①Are you a worker?②Haven’t you seen the film?

特殊疑问句①Who is the m an? ②When do you watch TV?

选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee?

反意疑问句①They are going to the airport,aren’t they?

②You haven’t finished your homework, have you?

祈使句肯定句Make sure to get there at eight.

否定句Don’t worry.I’ll help you out.

感叹句what+名词What great changes we have had these years!

how+形容词或副词How hard they are working!

how+句子How time flies! 时间过得真快!

How + adj. +a(an)+n.=What a(an)+ adj. +n

How nice a boy (he is)!=What a nice boy (he is)!

按结构分有以下三种:

简单句主+谓They disappeared.

主+谓+宾He likes swimming.

主+谓+间宾+直接宾语They sent us a telegram.

主+谓+宾+宾补They named the boy Jack.

主+系+表①She is a university student.②He has become a pilot.

并列句表并列关系and, not only…but also, neither…nor, both…and, not…but

表转折关系but, while(而，尽管)nevertheless(然而，不过)等

表选择关系or, otherwise, or else, either…or等

表因果关系for, so, thus, therefore等

注意：并列连词与从属连词的区别(从属连词引导的是状语从句)

He was very tired, but he still worked on(并列句)

=Although he was very tired, he still worked on.(复合句)

复合句含有定语从句、名词从句或状语从句的句子

二、基本概念

1.定语从句的要素

先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，亦或是一个句子；

关系代词或副词：引导定语从句的词；

关系代词在从句中充当：主语、宾语、表语或定语等成分，而关系副词只可以充当状语。

2.定语从句的分类

限制性定语从句：从句对其所修饰的先行词起限制作用，若没有了这个从句从句，句子意思要么不完整要么就改变意思，故主从句之间不用逗号隔开；

非限制性定语从句：从句对其所修饰的先行词补充说明，若没有这个从句，句意相对完整，故主从句之间往往用逗号隔开。

比较：He has two sons who work in Shanghai.他有两个在上海工作的儿子。(言下之意：不止俩儿子)

He has two sons, who work in Shanghai.他有两个儿子，他们都在上海工作。(言下之意：就俩儿子)

The man who helped you just now is called White.刚才帮助你的那个人叫怀特。

That is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.那就是你想见的人。

This is just the boss in whose company I used to work.他就是我过去工作过的公司的老板。

I’m not the fool that you thought me to be.我不是你认为的那个傻子。

The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.我们能够做的唯一的事情是给你提一些建议。

He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.他是那么懒惰的一个人，没有人愿意和他一起工作。

It is such a big stone as nobody can lift.如此大的一块石头，没人能够举起来。

As is known to all, he is the best student.正如大家所知道的那样，他是最优秀的学生。

A dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words.字典是一本告诉我们词义的很有用的书。

Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, which is a stupid thing to do in such weather.

泰德穿着短裤和T恤衫来度周末，在这样的天气里这真是一件愚蠢的事情。

四、重点突破

1.只能用关系代词that的情况

①先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much等不定代词时

Now all _______ is urgently needed is money and hands.

【答案与解析】填all that。先行词为all。句意：目前急需要的是钱和人手。

②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时；

We heard clearly every word _______ he said.

【答案与解析】填that或省略that不填。先行词被every修饰。句意：他说的每句话我们都听得都很清楚。

③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时

The third place _______ we are going to visit is Hangzhou.

【答案与解析】填that。先行词被序数词修饰。我们要去拜访的第三个地方是杭州。

④先行词既指人又指物时

She described in her compositions the people and places _______ impressed her most.

【答案与解析】填that。先行词the people and places中既有人又有地方，故用that。句意：她在作文里描写了令她印象深刻的人和地方。

⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时

He’s the only boy in our city _______ enters the Beijing University.

【答案与解析】填that。先行词被the only修饰。句意：他是我市唯一考取北京大学的男孩子。

⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时

Who is the girl _______ drove the car?

【答案与解析】填that。句中已经有了who。句意：刚才开车的那个女孩是谁？

2.只能用which, who, whom的情况

①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人

After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, which turned out to be a wise decision.

大学毕业后，我们休假一段时间去旅游，结果证明这是一个明智的决定。

Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, who, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.

艾伦是一个鸟类和自然画家，由于某种原因，从人类社会隐身而退。

②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.

枪支管理是美国人长期争论的一个话题。

Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from whom you received gifts?

你从亲戚那儿收到了礼物后，有没有给他们发感谢信？

③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时常常用who。Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.

幸福和成功常常会光顾那些善于认识到自身力量的人(即自信的人)。

3.the way做先行词时，定语从句可以用that和in which引导或是省略的

What surprised me was not what he said but the way(that/in which) he said it.

使我吃惊的不是他说的什么而是他说话的方式。

4.as与which, that的用法区别

①such…as(引导定语从句)，such…that(引导结果状语从句)

“so/such…that….”引导的是结果状语从句，从句的成分是完整的，也就是说that只起连接作用。

“such… as…”引导的是定语从句，从句的成分是不完整的，也就是说as代替先行词在从句中充当成分。比如下列三句表达的是一个意思：This is such a heavy stone as no one can lift. (定语从句)

This is so heavy a stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句)

This is such a heavy stone that no one can lift it. (结果状语从句)

②the same…as和the same ...that 的区别

the same…as表示“与……一样(但不是同一个)”，而the same…that表示“同一个，就是那一个”的意思。

The coat you wear now is the same as I bought yesterday.你现在穿的外套跟我昨天买

的一个样。

③as和which指代主句的内容时所引导的定语从句的区别

如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，甚至可以插在主句中间，那么用as；而which引导的从句要放在主句后，并无“正如”的意思。

They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.

他们赢得了比赛，这是我们没有料到的。

As is well known, he is a famous film star.

正如大家知道的那样，他是一位电影明星。

A lot of language learning, as has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.

正如已经发现的那样，大量的语言学习是在人的生命开始的第一年进行的。所以这段时期父母亲应该多和他们的孩子说说话。

随堂练习

1.I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school ________ I met in the English speech contest last year.

A. who

B. where

C. when

D. which

【答案】A

【解析】句意：我已经和去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校几个学生成为了好朋友。先行词是several of the students (指人)，且定语从句中缺少的是宾语，故选A。

2.John is the boy ________ legs were badly hurt in the accident.

A. that

B. who

C. which

D. whose

【答案】D

【解析】句意：约翰就是那个在事故中腿受重伤的男孩。先行词为the boy在定语从句中作定语，故选whose。

3.The girl handed everything ________ she had picked up in the street to the police.

A. which

B. whose

C. that

D. what 【答案】C

【解析】句意：这个女孩把她在街上捡到的一切都交给了警察。先行词为everything，在定语从句中作宾语。当先行词是everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none等不定代词时，引导定语从句只能用that。

4.In the end, she decided to sell the house ________ windows were almost all broken.

A. which

B. of whom

C. that

D. whose

【答案】D

【解析】句意：最终她决定卖掉那所窗子几乎都破掉的房子。先行词为the house在定语从句中充当定语，故用whose。 whose在定语从句中既可指人也可指物。

5.This is the best book ________ I have found all this year.

A. who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

【答案】D

【解析】句意：这是这一年来我找到的最好的一本书。先行词book被形容词的最高级修饰，且在定语从句中充当宾语，故用关系代词that。

6.Do you still remember the chicken farm ________ we visited three months ago?

A. when

B. where

C. what

D. that

【答案】D

【解析】句意：你还记得我们三个月前参观的那个养鸡场吗？先行词farm在定语从句中作

visited的宾语，可排除A、B两项，what不能作关系代词，故选D。

7.She is pleased with what you have given him and ________ you have told him.

A. that

B. which

C. all what

D. all that

【答案】D

【解析】 and连接两个宾语，本空中all为先行词，定语从句的关系代词只能用that。 all that相当于what。

8.When people talk about the cities of China, the first ________ comes into their mind is Beijing.

A. which

B. one

C. that

D. of them 【答案】C

【解析】句意：当人们谈论中国的城市时，脑子里想到的第一个城市就是北京。当先行词是序数词或被

序数词修饰时，定语从句用关系代词that而不用which引导。

9.A housing bubble is an economic situation _____ occurs when house prices rise much too fast.

A. which

B. where

C. what

D. why

【答案】A

【解析】先行词situation在从句中作谓语动词occur的主语，座椅用关系代词which。句意为：房地产泡

沫是房屋价格增长过快的时候出现的一种经济形势。不注意分析从句的结构，就会受定式思维

的干扰而误选B。对比：He has got himeself into dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control

over the plane。他使自己陷入了一种危险的情形，在这种情形下，他可能失去对飞机的控制。

10. Such experience ________ I have is useless in this situation.

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. what

【答案】C

【解析】句意：我的这些经验在这种情况下派不上用场。such后接as引导的定语从句。 that 引导结

果状语从句。

高中英语语法最重要知识汇总

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toy-toys, key-keys, ways 3)以o结尾加s(外来词)。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 4)以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves 5)单复数相同(不变的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 6)一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks 7)单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：

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高一英语语法基础知识

基础知识 专题一：英语句子的考点集汇，讲解和训练 一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法 1. 陈述句： 陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。 Tom has a new car. The flower isn’t beautiful. 二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。 1. 肯定的祈使句： （1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以 有主语或称呼语。 Be quiet. You be quiet! （2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。 Do come back at once! Do be careful. 2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构 通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如： Don’t do that again! Never leave today’s work for tomorrow! Don’t be late next time! 三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法 1. 一般疑问句： （1）一般疑问句的肯定形式

一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以 yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时 通常用升调。 Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim? 2. 特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。 特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。 例如： Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing? What time do you get up every morning? What must I do now? 3. 选择疑问句： 选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。 Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black. Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do. Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better. 4. 反意疑问句： 反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。

高中英语语法 全英详解

必修一 语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans. Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday. ②Are you coming to the cinema? ③He is leaving for London in two hours. ④We are spending next winter in Australia. Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc. 扩展： What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s look at some more examples: “I’m going to play football on Saturday” You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you. “I’m playing football on Saturday” You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you. 语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语) Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa. You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways: by repeating the words spoken (direct speech) by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech). Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words. Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used. 1、declarative sentence陈述句 ①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change. In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”. He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much. ②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.