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重修材料 (1)

重修材料 (1)
重修材料 (1)

1.The climate in London doesn’t _____ with me, therefore, I’ve decided to move to New York.

A. suit

B. apply

C. fit

D. agree

2. As soon as you decide on the _____ of the new building, please let us know.

A. location

B. area

C. region

D. situation

3. Since the final examination is coming soon, he can hardly _____ to miss another day at school.

A. afford

B. offer

C. cost

D. charge

4. Let’s walk. It’s just _____ taking the bus.

A. as quick as

B. as quickly as

C. more quick as

D. so quicker than

5. The Nile is _____ the Thames.

A. more longer than

B. a lot longer as

C. much longer than

D. as longer as

6. In his doctor’s room, the man _____ of a pain in his back.

A. talked

B. complained

C. told

D. said

7. It is _____ practice to inform somebody if you want to leave early.

A. frequent

B. popular

C. normal

D. average

8. The accident was caused by an error in _____ on the part of the driver.

A. comment

B. character

C. attitude

D. judgment

9. Today is the _____ day of this term. Have you any plans for your winter holiday?

A. latest

B. last

C. later

D. lately

10. China has _____ population in the world.

A. more large

B. the largest

C. larger

D. most large

11.When I ____ Paris in France, I got stuck in heavy traffic several times.

A.had visited B.visited C.visit D.am visiting

12.You can't believe how terrible the fire is you see it with your own eyes.A.though B.because C.unless D.since

13.The driver ____ have drunk a lot before the accident, but I am not quite sure of that.A.might B.must C.should D.would

14.I invited my parents to spend Christmas with us, but of them came.A.none B.both C.either D.neither 15.Mr.Green, Jenny has come to see you.She for you in your office now.A.will wait B.waits C.is waiting D.has waited

16.The man answered the phone in a loud voice at the meeting, made Andy annoyed.A.that B.what C.who D.which

17.If you visit our home or ring the door bell, you by our dog.

A.will be greeted B.will greet C.were greeted D.greeted

18.Liu Xiang attended an important meeting ____ in the Great Hall of the People last month.A.held B.to have held C.to be held D.holding

19.If she ____ an hour earlier, she wouldn't have been caught in the rain.

A.has returned B.returned C.will return D.had returned

20. Try to be friends with your children, _ __ _ you'll find they will open their hearts to you.

A.so B.and C.or D.but

21. Of the two brothers, Bill is ______ younger one, and he is a quiet boy, ______ that most adults like very much.

A. the; one

B. a ; the one

C. a; one

D. the ; the one

22. ---Mom, I’m going to the graduation dance tonight but I don’t think I look attractive enough.

---Oh, darling, don’t worry. ______.

A. They don’t know what beauty is

B. Nobody will care about it

C. You look perfect the way you are

D. Impossible is nothing

23. On hearing the news, the girl rushed out without hesitation, ______ the luggage ______ on the floor, and ______ in the dark.

A. left, lied, disappeared

B. leaving, lying, disappeared

C. leaving, lie, disappeared

D. left, lay, disappear

24. ---I did really well in the examination, Li Ke.

---I did ______. I got full mark.

A. no less

B. not less

C. not worse

D. no worse

25. Considering his health, I advise him to ______ an hour or two each day to work out.

A. set about

B. set off

C. set up

D. set aside

26. I don’t understand how you got a ticket. I always ______ you ______ a careful driver.

A. think; are

B. am thinking; are

C. thought; were

D. think; were

27. I ______ the poor rabbit, but I didn’t have the right drugs with me at that moment.

A. saved

B. had saved

C. could save

D. could have saved

28. ______, a small advertisement held my attention, which read “Easy job. Good wages. No experience necessary.”

A. Looking through the newspaper

B. While I was looking through the newspaper

C. To look through the newspaper

D. I was looking through the newspaper

29. ______ has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem.

A. What

B. Though what

C. In spite of what

D. However what

30. ---Where did you first meet your boyfriend?

---It was in the department store ______ he worked.

A. which

B. that

C. where

D. what

Reading

Passage 1

Valentine’s Day, for many couples, means cards, flowers, and candlelight dinners. For most couples it also means withdrawing money at the ATM to express their love. Fortunately, there are ways to save money by saving energy — even during the date — so you can spend the money you save on the things that really matter to your sweetheart. Here are five easy tips for those couples out there who want to save energy and save money:

A fireplace is always a perfect background to set up holiday decorations because of the space it provides, in addition to the grand role it plays in the house as being an important part of each room. If you plan on spending your Valentine’s Day near the fireplace, be sure to prevent the heat loss and make sure of the chimney efficiency. If you never use your fireplace, plug and seal the chimney flue.

If you plan on having a nice, romantic dinner at home and want to set the mood with proper lighting, use energy efficient light bulbs that save you money, and look for bulbs that are lower in lumens. Lumens tell you the brightness of the bulb. The lower the lumens, the weaker the light.

For those who plan to cook that romantic dinner, there are some simple energy efficient ways you can prepare that meal. For example, did you know that if you’re baking in a china or glass dish, you can typically set your oven for 25 degrees less than the recipe calls for? Learn more about saving energy while cooking.

For those couples who would like to have a movie night, plug your TV and DVD into an electronic power strip to save money on your gas of the car. By plugging in electronic devices into a power strip and turning it off when not in use, you can save up to $100 per year.

If you plan on going on a romantic “escape” from your house by car, be sure to check out these tips to reduce fuel consumption and costs.

1. How do most people spend their Valentine’s Day according to the passage?

A. They make green trips by riding bikes or walking dogs.

B. They go to visit their parents or grandparents together.

C. They stay at home making delicious food for lovers.

D. They spend money creating romantic environment.

2. What does the author advise you to do when you use a fireplace that night?

A. Try to burn less wood by covering the chimney.

B. Try to use more wood to produce more heat.

C. Try to hold more heat by using it effectively.

D. Try to make the room wetter than usual.

3. What does the author advise you to do if you choose to have dinner at home?

A. Choose the bulbs without lumens.

B. Choose the bulbs with lower lumens.

C. Choose the small bulbs with higher lumens.

D. Choose the colorful bulbs as many as

possible.

4. How should you cook meals according to the author?

A. Adjust electricity amount according to different dishes.

B. Set the oven for 25 degrees higher than required.

C. Try to cook all kinds of food with a china dish.

D. Try to bake some cakes in a glass dish.

5. What is the greenest way for you to see a film on Valentine’s Day?

A. Just watch a DVD at home.

B. Just see the film in the running car.

C. Go to the nearest theatre by bike.

D. “Escape” from your house by car.

Passage 2

Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book-lover or merely there to buy a book as present. You may even have entered the shop just to be kept from a sudden shower of rain.

You are careless of your surroundings. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive dust-jacket(书的护封皮)is great, although you might end up with a rather dull book.

This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your heart’s content. If it is a good shop, no assistant will come to you with the “necessary” greeting: “Can I help you, Sir?”

You needn’t buy anything you don’t want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing (浏览). Then, and only then, are his services necessary. Of course, you may want to find out where a particular section is, but when he has led you there, the assistant goes away carefully and looks as if he is not interested in selling a single book.

It is very easy to enter the shop looking for a book on ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the latest best-selling novel. Apart from running up a huge account, you can waste a great deal of time wandering from section to section.

6. According to the writer, a bookshop ifs popular mainly because

A. people can often be kept from the rain

B. most people are book-lovers

C. people might have opportunities to escape the realities of everyday life

D. people can choose a book as a gift

7. The assistant should remain “in the background” (paragraph 4) so as

A. not to interfere with (妨碍) people reading books

B. to have time to take a rest

C. to be able to take care of the books

D. to watch the book-lovers

8. According to the passage, a good assistant in a bookshop should

A. greet people friendly as soon as they enter the shop

B. stand by the door to greet people

C. offer help only when people need it

D. lead people while they are wandering about

9. In the last paragraph, the writer wants to show that

A. sometimes it is very dangerous to go to a bookshop

B. interesting novels are in fact not worth buying

C. people should spend less time reading novels

D. people sometimes waste time and money in a book-store

10. Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage?

A. People will always buy something in a bookshop.

B. A bookshop assistant should not appear eager to sell books.

C. In a bookshop people can walk to any place as they like.

D. One is likely to enter a bookshop and buy something unimportant.

Passage 3

Televisions were among the most talked about items at the 2013 International Consumer

Electronics Show last week in Las Vegas, Nevada. Some employed the most advanced technology ever.

Some of the TVs used a new technology called Organic Light Emitting Diodes, or OLED. They were thinner, lighter, offered better color and were brighter than traditional LEDs. Smart TVs this year were smarter. Many offered technology that let users have a more personalized experience. One such TV from the electronics company TCL uses sensors and voice recognition to determine who is watching. It then offers programming based on the specific user. Another TV from Panasonic offers a similar personalized user experience.

In addition to television technology, size also played a major part in CES 2013. Televisions varied in size from big to bigger, with at least two companies —Samsung and HiSense —exhibiting TVs measuring 110 inches.

The yearly Consumer Electronics Show is the biggest technology trade show in North America and one of the biggest in the world.

Gary Shapiro is president and CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, the group that organizes CES. He gave one of the keynote speeches on opening day.

“Now you know that CES is more than a trade show. It’s a gathering of the br ightest minds and the top leaders from many industries and those seeking a glimpse into the future.”

That glimpse into the future included a look at digital health and fitness devices, which were also big at CES 2013. There were devices that track your activity and others that measure blood pressure, heart rate and weight. There was even a fork that tells you when you are eating too fast.

Cars, smart-phones, tablet computers and PCs also made news. And a 27-inch table computer drew quite a bit of attention.

CEA President Gary Shapiro says there was much to see but not nearly enough time to see it all. “You cannot see the show in the four days that you have. We have over 3200 different industries showing over 20,000 new products. It’s absolutely incredible.”

11. At the 2013 CES, which item drew the most attention?

A. Cars.

B. Smart-phones.

C. Computers.

D. Televisions.

12. From the text, we can know that the TV from Panasonic _________.

A. is bigger than the others

B. uses the technology of OLED

C. offers a personalized experience

D. can track your activity

13. What can we know from Gary Shapiro?

A. CES is only a big trade show.

B. CES offers a glimpse into the future.

C. CES lasts only four days in all.

D. H e thinks little of the new products’ quality.

14. At the CES, the biggest TV in size might be from ______.

A. HiSense

B. Panasonic

C. TCL

D. CEA

15. From the passage we can infer that__________.

A. the CES is held every 4 years

B. at the 2013 CES, the TV section was crowded

C. if you watch TV every day, you needn’t see a doctor

D. tablet computers drew more attention at the 2013 CES

Passage 4

He’s not just a pretty face! Famous actor Josh Duhamel leads a group of youngsters in a two-mile charity beach run. He may be an attractive movie star, but there’s more to Josh Duhamel than a pretty face. The 40-year-old actor led a youth charity fun run for the third year running on

Sunday, in aid of the Red Cross giving a hand to countries and places suffering natural disasters.

Josh sported the charity’s T-shirt and black baseball cap with black jogging bottoms as he joined a group of youngsters in the two-mile effort on Santa Monica Beach. Josh was clearly enjoying himself today, sprinting across the finish line raising both arms in a victory salute.

In March last year and January of 2010, Josh led thousands of runners and raised over $200,000 for both Japanese and Haitian earthquake relief efforts. And donations collected at this year’s Youth Run will go towards the American Red Cross PrepareSoCal campaign which helps Southern Californians get ready for disasters.

“I do the youth run because I feel that younger people may not be able to donate a lot of money but that doesn’t mean that they can’t contribute and make a difference,” Josh told the Red Cross website. “Bringing students of L. A. together for these events not only raises a lot of money, but also raises the spirits of those affected by any disaster and helps everyone young and ol d.”

Duhamel had won the title of Male Model of the Year in an International Modeling and Talent Association competition in 1997. Duhamel began his acting career as an extra in the music videos for Donna Summer’s song, “I Will Go With You” in 1998. Later th at year, he won the role of Leo Pres on the ABC soap opera “All My Children”. He then began appearing in films, and his acting in the film “Transformers” as well as its sequels was so successful that he became a pop film star.

16. Josh Duhamel led the beach run to help the Red Cross ________.

A. raise money for places suffering from disasters

B. raise money for people suffering from diseases

C. find more young volunteers especially teenagers

D. build up a fame of having the spirit of entertainment

17. How did Josh Duhamel feel about his joining in the beach run?

A. He felt it the best way to kill time especially on weekends.

B. He disliked it when there were reporters coming here.

C. He thought it a best chance to make himself famous.

D. He found it enjoyable and exciting to be a member.

18. What will the received donations of this year be used for?

A. Helping Japanese and Haitian defeat earthquakes.

B. Helping Southern Californians get ready for disasters.

C. Helping Northern Californians get ready for disasters.

D. Helping relieve Southern Californians defeat earthquakes.

19. What is the aim of the youth run of L. A.?

A. To persuade more young people to keep the earth green.

B. To make the young realize the influence of famous people.

C. To inspire those affected by disasters and give them a hand.

D. To raise as much money as possible to help the old and young.

20. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A. The importance of the youth run started by the Red Cross.

B. The methods to join in the youth run led by Josh Duhamel.

C. The reason why Josh Duhamel leads the youth run.

D. The experiences and achievements of Josh Duhamel.

Passage 5

I n one way, it may be thought that failure is a part of life. In another, failure may be viewed

as a step towards success.

The “spider-story ” is often told as an example of this. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider making a web. Bruce is said have gained confidence from this sight and to have gone on to defeat the English. Edison, too, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one.

So what? First, always think about your failure. What caused it ? Were the conditions right? W ere you in top form yourself? What can change so that things will go right the next time?

Second, is the goal you’re trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question: “If I do succeed in this, where will it get me?”This may help to prevent failure in the things you shouldn’t be doing anyway.

The third thing to bear in mind about failure is that it’s a part of life. Learn to “live with yourself” even though you may have failed. Remember, “ You can’t win them all.”

21. Robert Bruce was mentioned in the passage to show that .

A. nature will help us if we are hard-working

B. people who fail are not lonely

C. one can learn something from failure

D. confidence is important for one to achieve success

22. Edison’s example shows us that .

A. he was a man of many important inventions

B. he invented many types of light bulbs

C. failure may be a way towards success

D. an inventor as he was, he liked to do other types of work

23. Which of the following statement is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Take failure for granted.

B. Avoid things that are beyond your power.

C. Find out what has gone wrong.

D. Check your aims to see if they are right for you.

24. It can be learned from the passage that .

A. one should try not to fail

B. one’s failure is another’s success

C. one should learn lessons from failures

D. one should take failures seriously

25. This passage is mainly about .

A. two great men

B. two sides of failure

C. the right attitude toward failure

D. ways to avoid failure

Passage 6

Directions: Select the correct sentence or phrase for each blank in the passage from the options given at the end. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809.

26 . He studied medicine and theology. In 1831, he had the chance to go on a scientific expedition. He sailed as a volunteer scientist aboard the HMS Beagle.

Everywhere the Beagle stopped, 27 . In the Galápagos Islands, Darwin noted that each island had its own form of tortoise, mockingbird, and finch. Each species on each island was slightly different. 28 .

For the next 20 years Darwin thought about what his observations might mean. He decided that the young of any species must compete for food in order to survive. Those with traits best suited to survival would grow up and reproduce offspring with those traits. Eventually, 29 . Darwin also thought that all species were descended from common ancestors. In 1859, he wrote a book called On the Origin of Species.

Many scientists did not believe his theory until modern genetics —the study of inherited traits —began in the early 1900s. 30 . They thought that evolution denied the divine creation of human beings and made people and animals equal.

Darwin spent the rest of his life writing about his theory. He died on April 19, 1882.

A. a new species would evolve

B. Darwin wondered if there were links between the similar species

C. He came from a wealthy family and never had to work

D. Most attacks on Darwin’s ideas came from religious opponents

E. Darwin made observations of plants and animals

Key

1-5 D A A D C 6-10 B C D B B 11-15 BCADC 16-20 DAADB 21-25 ACBDD 26-30 CDBCC

Reading

1-5 DCBAA 6-10 CACDA 11-15 DCBAB 16-20 ADBCD 21-25 DCACC 26-30 CE BA D

《材料力学》学习资料

00习题 要求: 1.将题目转化为Microsoft Word文档; 2.解题过程用Microsoft Word文档,公式用公式编辑器,只交电子文档作业; 3.期末考试前必须作对所有所给题目,否则不能参加期末考试,请于指定时间前交作业。第一题(2010年3月5日前交该题作业)星期五 1.21 Determine the smallest allowable cross-sectional areas of members BD, BE, and CE of the truss shown. The working stresses are 20 000 psi in tension and 12 000 psi in compression. (A reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.)

Solution The free-body diagram of homogeneous BC in Fig.(b). The equilibrium equation are 0243616,0=-?=∑Ay F P M , P=24(kips)=24000(lb) The free-body diagram of truss in Fig.(c). The equilibrium equation are 0368)16 648816 6448(316,0=?-+? ++?+?=∑BD Ay E P P M , P BD =-8.944(kips) (Compression) 088, 0=-=∑CE Ay B P P M P CE =24(kips) (Tension ) 016 64436707.0, 0=++ --=∑BD BE Ay y P P P F P BE =-11.32(kN) (Compression) The normal stress of a member CE, DE and DF is )./(1200089442in lb A lb A P BD BD BD BD ≤== σ (Compression) A BD =0.745(in.2) )./(12000113202in lb A lb A P BE BE BE BE ≤== σ (Compression)

材料力学重点总结

材料力学阶段总结 一、 材料力学得一些基本概念 1. 材料力学得任务: 解决安全可靠与经济适用得矛盾。 研究对象:杆件 强度:抵抗破坏得能力 刚度:抵抗变形得能力 稳定性:细长压杆不失稳。 2、 材料力学中得物性假设 连续性:物体内部得各物理量可用连续函数表示。 均匀性:构件内各处得力学性能相同。 各向同性:物体内各方向力学性能相同。 3、 材力与理力得关系, 内力、应力、位移、变形、应变得概念 材力与理力:平衡问题,两者相同; 理力:刚体,材力:变形体。 内力:附加内力。应指明作用位置、作用截面、作用方向、与符号规定。 应力:正应力、剪应力、一点处得应力。应了解作用截面、作用位置(点)、作用方向、与符号规定。 正应力 应变:反映杆件得变形程度 变形基本形式:拉伸或压缩、剪切、扭转、弯曲。 4、 物理关系、本构关系 虎克定律;剪切虎克定律: ???? ? ==?=Gr EA Pl l E τεσ夹角的变化。剪切虎克定律:两线段 ——拉伸或压缩。拉压虎克定律:线段的 适用条件:应力~应变就是线性关系:材料比例极限以内。 5、 材料得力学性能(拉压): 一张σ-ε图,两个塑性指标δ、ψ,三个应力特征点:,四个变化阶段:弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、颈缩阶段。 拉压弹性模量E ,剪切弹性模量G ,泊松比v , 塑性材料与脆性材料得比较: 安全系数:大于1得系数,使用材料时确定安全性与经济性矛盾得关键。过小,使构件安全性下降;过大,浪费材料。 许用应力:极限应力除以安全系数。 塑性材料 脆性材料 7、 材料力学得研究方法

1)所用材料得力学性能:通过实验获得。 2)对构件得力学要求:以实验为基础,运用力学及数学分析方法建立理论,预测理论 应用得未来状态。 3)截面法:将内力转化成“外力”。运用力学原理分析计算。 8、材料力学中得平面假设 寻找应力得分布规律,通过对变形实验得观察、分析、推论确定理论根据。 1) 拉(压)杆得平面假设 实验:横截面各点变形相同,则内力均匀分布,即应力处处相等。 2) 圆轴扭转得平面假设 实验:圆轴横截面始终保持平面,但刚性地绕轴线转过一个角度。横截面上正应力为零。 3) 纯弯曲梁得平面假设 实验:梁横截面在变形后仍然保持为平面且垂直于梁得纵向纤维;正应力成线性分布规律。 9 小变形与叠加原理 小变形: ①梁绕曲线得近似微分方程 ②杆件变形前得平衡 ③切线位移近似表示曲线 ④力得独立作用原理 叠加原理: ①叠加法求内力 ②叠加法求变形。 10 材料力学中引入与使用得得工程名称及其意义(概念) 1) 荷载:恒载、活载、分布荷载、体积力,面布力,线布力,集中力,集中力偶,极限荷 载。 2) 单元体,应力单元体,主应力单元体。 3) 名义剪应力,名义挤压力,单剪切,双剪切。 4) 自由扭转,约束扭转,抗扭截面模量,剪力流。 5) 纯弯曲,平面弯曲,中性层,剪切中心(弯曲中心),主应力迹线,刚架,跨度, 斜弯 曲,截面核心,折算弯矩,抗弯截面模量。 6) 相当应力,广义虎克定律,应力圆,极限应力圆。 7) 欧拉临界力,稳定性,压杆稳定性。 8)动荷载,交变应力,疲劳破坏。 二、杆件四种基本变形得公式及应用 1、四种基本变形:

生活中的材料力学

生活中的材料力学 罗晖淼 摘要:在我们身边的每一个角落都运用到了材料力学的原理。学完材料力学之后,用另一个角度去剖析生活中的材料力学现象,别有一番风味。 关键字:应力集中,动载荷,稳定性 一:应力集中 大家可能都有过类似的体验,那就是有些零食的外包装非常平整美观,可是却 不实用,它们经常因为撕不开而遭到我们的嫌弃。相反,有些小零食的包装袋上会有一排锯齿的形状,而当我们沿着锯齿的凹槽撕的时候,无论这个包装所用的材料多么特殊,都能轻松地撕开一个大口子。这是为什么呢?这其实运用到了圣维南原理。当我们沿着锯齿的凹槽撕的时候,手指所加的力是垂直于包装袋的,因此切应力都集中在了凹槽处,即产生应力集中现象。此时凹槽处的切应力会急剧增大,那么只要手指稍稍用力,就很容易从这个凹槽将包装袋撕开。

这种应用应力集中的现象生活中还有很多。比如掰黄瓜,有时候我们想把黄瓜

掰成两段时,往往会先用指甲在黄瓜中间掐一个小缝,然后双手用力一掰,黄瓜就很容易被掰成两段。同样的,因为在小缝处应力集中,黄瓜上作用的两个力矩使得缝隙处的切应力急剧增大,于是黄瓜中间截面发生脆断。再比如撕布条,如果一块完整的布条要将其撕成两半是很困难的,除非有很大的力把它拉断,而我们一般人是没有那么大的力气的,怎么办呢?通常我们会用剪刀在布条上剪出一个小缺口,然后沿着缺口撕开布条,其原理和食品包装袋是一样的。 既然应力集中给我们的生活带来了这么多的便利,那是不是应力集中越多越好呢?其实并不是,在工程上,基本都需要避免应力集中。像那些大桥,飞机,机床,建筑等大型工业结构,为了保证其坚固耐用寿命长,容易发生应力集中的地方如铆钉连接都需要特别地注意。所以工字钢并不是标准的工字型,在直角处都改造成了弧线形过度,就是为了防止工字钢因应力集中而断裂。 工程上的这些问题可比生活中的小问题严重得多,一个小问题都有可能导致重大的事故。曾经有一起飞行事故:飞机起落架里的一个小零件由于应力集中而发生断裂,卡在那里,导致起落架无法放下。不过还好,凭借飞行员高超的技术最终还是平安降落了。 二:动载荷 这里其实运用到了冲击载荷的知识。自由落体冲击是的动荷因数为:

材料力学重点总结-材料力学重点

材料力学阶段总结 一.材料力学的一些基本概念 1.材料力学的任务: 解决安全可靠与经济适用的矛盾。 研究对象:杆件 强度:抵抗破坏的能力 刚度:抵抗变形的能力 稳定性:细长压杆不失稳。 2.材料力学中的物性假设 连续性:物体内部的各物理量可用连续函数表示。 均匀性:构件内各处的力学性能相同。 各向同性:物体内各方向力学性能相同。 3.材力与理力的关系 , 内力、应力、位移、变形、应变的概念 材力与理力:平衡问题,两者相同; 理力:刚体,材力:变形体。 内力:附加内力。应指明作用位置、作用截面、作用方向、和符号规定。 应力:正应力、剪应力、一点处的应力。应了解作用截面、作用位置(点)、作用方向、 和符号规定。 压应力 正应力拉应力 线应变 应变:反映杆件的变形程度角应变 变形基本形式:拉伸或压缩、剪切、扭转、弯曲。 4.物理关系、本构关系虎 克定律;剪切虎克定律: 拉压虎克定律:线段的拉伸或压缩。 E —— Pl l EA 剪切虎克定律:两线段夹角的变化。Gr 适用条件:应力~应变是线性关系:材料比例极限以内。 5.材料的力学性能(拉压): 一张σ - ε图,两个塑性指标δ 、ψ ,三个应力特征点:p、s、b,四个变化阶段:弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、颈缩阶段。 拉压弹性模量,剪切弹性模量,泊松比 v , G E (V) E G 2 1 塑性材料与脆性材料的比较: 变形强度抗冲击应力集中

塑性材料流动、断裂变形明显 较好地承受冲击、振动不敏感 拉压s 的基本相同 脆性无流动、脆断仅适用承压非常敏感 6.安全系数、许用应力、工作应力、应力集中系数 安全系数:大于 1的系数,使用材料时确定安全性与经济性矛盾的关键。过小,使 构件安全性下降;过大,浪费材料。 许用应力:极限应力除以安全系数。 s0 塑性材料 s n s b 脆性材料0b n b 7.材料力学的研究方法 1)所用材料的力学性能:通过实验获得。 2)对构件的力学要求:以实验为基础,运用力学及数学分析方法建立理论,预测理 论应用的未来状态。 3)截面法:将内力转化成“外力” 。运用力学原理分析计算。 8.材料力学中的平面假设 寻找应力的分布规律,通过对变形实验的观察、分析、推论确定理论根据。 1)拉(压)杆的平面假设 实验:横截面各点变形相同,则内力均匀分布,即应力处处相等。 2)圆轴扭转的平面假设 实验:圆轴横截面始终保持平面,但刚性地绕轴线转过一个角度。横截面上正应力 为零。 3)纯弯曲梁的平面假设 实验:梁横截面在变形后仍然保持为平面且垂直于梁的纵向纤维;正应力成线性分 布规律。 9小变形和叠加原理 小变形: ①梁绕曲线的近似微分方程 ② 杆件变形前的平衡 ③ 切线位移近似表示曲线 ④ 力的独立作用原理 叠加原理: ① 叠加法求内力 ② 叠加法求变形。 10材料力学中引入和使用的的工程名称及其意义(概念) 1)荷载:恒载、活载、分布荷载、体积力,面布力,线布力,集中力,集中力偶, 极限荷载。 2)单元体,应力单元体,主应力单元体。

本材料力学复习资料全

填空 1. 杆件的基本变形形式一般有 、剪切、 、弯曲四种,而应变只有线应变、 两种。 2.梁段上,只有弯矩没有剪力的弯曲形式称为 弯曲。 3.将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的强度提高 倍 4.矩形截面梁截面宽b 高h ,弯曲时横截面上最大正应力 max σ出现在最大弯矩截面的 各点,=m ax σ 。 5.低碳钢试件受拉时,沿 方向出现滑移线;铸铁试件受拉时,沿 方向断裂。 6. 第三强度理论即 理论,其相当应力表达式为 。 7. 杆件的基本变形形式一般有拉压、 、扭转、 四种,而应变只有 、切应变两种。 8. 梁段上,既有弯矩又有剪力的弯曲形式称为 。 9. 将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的刚度提高 倍。 10. 单元体中 的截面称为主平面,其上的正应力称为 。 11. 如下图所示的悬臂梁,长度m kN q m l /2,5==满跨均分布荷载,则A 端右邻截面上 弯矩是 ,要减小梁自由端的挠度,一般采取减小 的方法; 12. 工程上将延伸率≥δ 的材料称为塑性材料。 13. 所谓 ,是指材料件抵抗破坏的能材;所谓 ,是指构件抵抗变形的能力。 14. 圆截面梁,若直径d 增大一倍(其它条件不变),则梁的最大正应力降至原来的 。 15. 圆形截面的抗扭截面系数W p = 。 16. 矩形截面梁弯曲时横截面上最大切应力max τ出现在最大剪力截面的 各点,如果截面 面积为F S 截面面积为A ,则=τmax 。 17. 如图所示,1—1截面上的轴力为 ,2-2截面上的轴力为 。 18. 若要求校核工字形截面钢梁腹板与冀缘交接处一点的强度,则应该用 强度理论,其强度条件(用该点横截面上的正应力σ和剪应力τ来表示)表达式是 。 19.如下图示的圆截面杆受扭时,在其表面上一点处沿与杆轴成-45°角的斜面上将出现最大 的 应力,而在其横、纵截面上将出现最大的 应力。 20. 矩形截面梁在横力弯曲的情况下,横截面上的剪应力是沿截面高度按 规律变化的,在中性轴处的剪应力值等于 。 21. 低碳钢圆截面试件受扭时,沿 截面破坏;铸铁圆截面试件受扭时,沿 面破坏。 22. 轴向受力杆如图所示,1-1截面上的轴力为 。 23. 对图示梁进行剪应力强度计算时,最大剪力为 。

材料力学重修课大作业

一、概念性题型 1.据均匀性假设,可认为构件的下列各量中的某个量在各点处都相同: (A ) 应力; (B )应变; (C ) 材料的弹性常数; (D )位移; 正确答案是 。 2.根据各向同性假设,可认为构件的下列各量中的某一种量在各方向都相同: (A) 应力; (B ) 应变; (C )材料的弹性常数; (D ) 位移; 正确答案是 。 3.关于确定截面内力的截面法的适用范围,有下列四种说法: (A) 仅适用于等截面直杆; (B) 仅适用于直杆承受基本变形; (C) 适用于不论基本变形还是组合变形,但限于直杆的横截面; (D) 适用于不论等截面或变截面、直杆或曲杆、基本变形或组合变形、横截面或任意截面的普遍情况; 正确答案是 。 4.判断下列结论的正确性: (A ) 杆件某截面上的内力是该截面上应力的代数和; (B ) 杆件某截面上的应力是该截面上内力的平均值; (C ) 应力是内力的集度; (D ) 内力必大于应力; 正确答案是 。 5.甲、乙两杆,几何尺寸相同,轴向拉力P 相同,材料不同,它们的应力和变形有四种可能: (A ) 应力σ和变形l ?相同; (B ) 应力σ不同和变形l ?相同; (C ) 应力σ相同和变形l ?不同; (D ) 应力σ不同和变形l ?不同; 正确答案是 。 6.关于下列结论: 1) 应变分为线应变和角应变 ; 2) 应变为无量纲量; 3) 若物体的各部分均无变形,则物体内各点的应变均为零; 4) 若物体内各点的应变均为零,则物体无位移; 现有四种答案:(A )1、2对;(B )3、4对; (C )1、2、3对; (D )全对; 正确答案是 。 7.等截面直杆受轴向拉力P 作用而产生弹性伸长,已知杆长为l ,截面积为A ,材料弹性模量为E ,泊松比为ν,拉 伸理论告诉我们,影响该杆横截面上应力的因素是: (A )E 、ν、P ; (B )l 、A 、P ; (C )l 、A 、E 、ν、P ; (D ) A 、P ; 正确答案是 。 8.低碳钢试件拉伸时,其横截面上的应力公式 A N =σ; (A ) 只适用于σp σ≤;(B) 只适用于θσσ≤;(C ) 只适用于s σσ≤; (D ) 在试件拉断前都适用; 正确答案是 。 9.当低碳钢试件的试验应力s σσ=时,试件将: (A ) 完全失去承载能力;(B ) 破断; (C ) 发生局部颈缩现象;(D ) 产生很大的塑性变形;正确答案是 。 10.伸长率(延伸率)公式 ()?-=l l 1δ100% 中 1l 指的是什么? (A ) 断裂时试件的长度; (B ) 断裂后试件的长度; (C ) 断裂时试验段的长度; (D ) 断裂后试验段的长度; 正确答案是 。 11.低碳钢拉伸经过冷作硬化后,以下四种指标中哪种得到提高: (A ) 强度极限; (B ) 比例极限; (C ) 断面收缩率; (D ) 伸长率; 正确答案是 。 12.脆性材料具有以下哪种力学性质: (A ) 试件拉伸过程中出现屈服现象; (B ) 压缩强度极限比拉伸强度极限大得多; (C ) 抗冲击性能比塑性材料好; (D ) 若构件因开孔造成应力集中现象,对强度无明显影响; 正确答案是 。

本材料力学复习资料全

填空 1.杆件的基本变形形式一般有 _、剪切、_______ 、弯曲四种,而应变只有线应变、_______ 两种。 2.梁段上,只有弯矩没有剪力的弯曲形式称为_______ 弯曲。 3?将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的强度提高_________ 倍 4.矩形截面梁截面宽b高h,弯曲时横截面上最大正应力max出现在最大弯矩截面的各 点,m ax ______________ 。 5?低碳钢试件受拉时,沿________ 方向出现滑移线;铸铁试件受拉时,沿 _______ 方向断裂。 6.第三强度理论即_________ 理论,其相当应力表达式为 ________ 。 7.杆件的基本变形形式一般有拉压、______ 、扭转、____ 四种,而应变只有____ 、切应变两种。 8.梁段上,既有弯矩又有剪力的弯曲形式称为_______ 。 9.将圆轴的直径增大一倍,则圆轴的刚度提高_______ 倍。 10.单元体中_____ 的截面称为主平面,其上的正应力称为_________ 。 11.如下图所示的悬臂梁,长度| 5m,满跨均分布荷载q 2kN/m ,则A端右邻截面上 弯矩是______ ,要减小梁自由端的挠度,一般采取减小______ 的方法; 12.工程上将延伸率____________ 的材料称为塑性材料。 13.所谓______ ,是指材料件抵抗破坏的能材;所谓__________ ,是指构件抵抗变形的能力。 14.圆截面梁,若直径d增大一倍(其它条件不变),则梁的最大正应力降至原来的_。 15.圆形截面的抗扭截面系数VP= _________ 。 16.矩形截面梁弯曲时横截面上最大切应力max出现在最大剪力截面的______ 各点,如果截面 面积为F s截面面积为A,则max ________________ 。 17.______________________________________ 如图所示,1 —1截面上的轴力为,2-2截面上的轴力为 18.若要求校核工字形截面钢梁腹板与冀缘交接处一点的强度,则应该用____________ 强度理 论,其强度条件(用该点横截面上的正应力b和剪应力T来表示)表达式是__________ 。19.如下图示的圆截面杆受扭时,在其表面上一点处沿与杆轴成-45 °角的斜面上将出现最大 的_______ 应力,而在其横、纵截面上将出现最大的_________ 应力。 20.矩形截面梁在横力弯曲的情况下,横截面上的剪应力是沿截面高度按_______ 规律变化的,在中性轴处的剪应力值等于 _。 21.低碳钢圆截面试件受扭时,沿 _截面破坏;铸铁圆截面试件受扭时,沿_面破坏。 22.轴向受力杆如图所示,1 —1截面上的轴力为_______ 。

材料力学主要知识点归纳

材料力学主要知识点 一、基本概念 1、构件正常工作的要求:强度、刚度、稳定性。 2、可变形固体的两个基本假设:连续性假设、均匀性假设。另外对于常用工程材料(如钢材),还有各向同性假设。 3、什么是应力、正应力、切应力、线应变、切应变。 杆件截面上的分布内力集度,称为应力。应力的法向分量σ称为正应力,切向分量τ称为切应力。 杆件单位长度的伸长(或缩短),称为线应变;单元体直角的改变量称为切应变。 4、低碳钢工作段的伸长量与荷载间的关系可分为以下四个阶段:弹性阶段、屈服阶段、强化阶段、局部变形阶段。 5、应力集中:由于杆件截面骤然变化(或几何外形局部不规则)而引起的局部应力骤增现象,称为应力集中。 6、强度理论及其相当应力(详见材料力学ⅠP229)。 7、截面几何性质 A 、截面的静矩及形心 ①对x 轴静矩?=A x ydA S ,对y 轴静矩?=A y xdA S ②截面对于某一轴的静矩为0,则该轴必通过截面的形心;反之亦然。 B 、极惯性矩、惯性矩、惯性积、惯性半径 ① 极惯性矩:?=A P dA I 2ρ ② 对x 轴惯性矩:?= A x dA y I 2,对y 轴惯性矩:?=A y dA x I 2 ③ 惯性积:?=A xy xydA I ④ 惯性半径:A I i x x =,A I i y y =。 C 、平行移轴公式: ① 基本公式:A a aS I I xc xc x 22++=;A b bS I I yc yc y 22++= ;a 为x c 轴距x 轴距离,b 为y c 距y 轴距离。 ② 原坐标系通过截面形心时A a I I xc x 2+=;A b I I yc y 2+=;a 为截面形心距x 轴距离, b 为截面形心距y 轴距离。 二、杆件变形的基本形式 1、轴向拉伸或轴向压缩: A 、应力公式 A F = σ B 、杆件伸长量EA F N l l =?,E 为弹性模量。

石家庄铁道大学四方学院 18材料力学(B)试卷A卷

石家庄铁道大学四方学院2019-2020学年第2学期 2018级考试试卷( A ) 课程名称:材料力学(B )任课教师:杨娜 专业 交通工程 考试时间:90分钟 考试性质(学生填写):正常考试( )缓考( )补考( )重修( )提前修读( ) 一、作图题(共15分) 作图示梁的剪力图和弯矩图。 二、计算题(共85分) 1.(20分)如图所示桁架有杆1与杆2组成,在节点B 承受载荷F 作用。已知杆1与杆2的横截面面积A=200mm 2,许用应力为[σ]=150Mpa 。试计算载荷F 的最大允许值即所谓的许可载荷[F]。 —————————————————— 密 ———— 封 ———— 线 ———— 内———— 答 ———— 题 ———— 无 ———— 效 ———————————— 学 号 : 考试号 : 姓 名: 班 级:

2. (20分)变截面直杆如图所示,2221m m 300BD ,m m 500==A A AB 段横截面面积段横截面积,材料的弹性模量[]MPa 300 G Pa,200==σE ,AB=1m,BC=2m,CD=1m 。试求: (1)画出轴力图(7分); (2)杆的总伸长(7分); (3)校核杆的强度(6分)。 3.(15分)圆轴受扭如图所示,已知圆轴的直径d=50mm ,剪切模量G=80GPa 试求: (1)圆轴上的最大切应力(8分); (2)C 截面相对于A 截面的扭转角φAC (7分)。 30KN 20KN C 8040D 30KN

4. (15分)T 型截面铸铁梁的荷载及截面尺寸如图所示,许用拉应力[]MPa t 40=σ,许用压应力[]MPa c 150=σ,已知46101.60mm I z ?=,mm y 5.721=,mm y 5.1572=。不考虑弯曲切应力,试校核梁的强度。 5.(共15分)应力状态如图所示,许用正应力 ,试求: (1)求主应力;(2)最大切应力(3)用第三强度理论进行校核。 z y y 1 y 2 1m 1m 2m F=2KN q=1KN/m A B C D []MPa 300=σ

材料力学复习资料(同名5782)

材料力学复习资料 一、填空题 1、为了保证机器或结构物正常地工作,要求每个构件都有足够的抵抗破坏的能力,即要求它们有足够的强度;同时要求他们有足够的抵抗变形的能力,即要求它们有足够的刚度;另外,对于受压的细长直杆,还要求它们工作时能保持原有的平衡状态,即要求其有足够的 稳定性。 2、材料力学是研究构件强度、刚度、稳定性的学科。 3、强度是指构件抵抗破坏的能力;刚度是指构件抵抗变形的能力;稳定性是指构件维持其原有的平衡状态的能力。 4、在材料力学中,对变形固体的基本假设是连续性假设、均匀性假设、各向同性假设。 5、随外力解除而消失的变形叫弹性变形;外力解除后不能消失的变形叫塑性变形。 6、截面法是计算内力的基本方法。 7、应力是分析构件强度问题的重要依据。 8、线应变和切应变是分析构件变形程度的基本量。 9、轴向尺寸远大于横向尺寸,称此构件为杆。 10、构件每单位长度的伸长或缩短,称为线应变。 11、单元体上相互垂直的两根棱边夹角的改变量,称为切应变。 12、轴向拉伸与压缩时直杆横截面上的内力,称为轴力。 13、应力与应变保持线性关系时的最大应力,称为比例极限。 14、材料只产生弹性变形的最大应力,称为弹性极根;材料能承受的最大应力,称为强度极限。 15、弹性模量E是衡量材料抵抗弹性变形能力的指标。 16、延伸率δ是衡量材料的塑性指标。δ≥5%的材料称为塑性材料;δ<5%的材料称为脆性材料。 17、应力变化不大,而应变显著增加的现象,称为屈服或流动。 18、材料在卸载过程中,应力与应变成线性关系。 19、在常温下把材料冷拉到强化阶段,然后卸载,当再次加载时,材料的比例极限提高,而塑性降低,这种现象称为冷作硬化。 20、使材料丧失正常工作能力的应力,称为极限应力。 21、在工程计算中允许材料承受的最大应力,称为许用应力。 22、当应力不超过比例极限时,横向应变与纵向应变之比的绝对值,称为泊松比。 23、胡克定律的应力适用范围是应力不超过材料的比例极限。 24、杆件的弹性模量E表征了杆件材料抵抗弹性变形的能力,这说明在相同力作用下,杆件材料的弹性模量E值越大,其变形就越小。 25、在国际单位制中,弹性模量E的单位为GPa。 26、低碳钢试样拉伸时,在初始阶段应力和应变成线性关系,变形是弹性的,而这种弹性变形在卸载后能完全消失的特征一直要维持到应力为弹性极限的时候。 27、在低碳钢的应力—应变图上,开始的一段直线与横坐标夹角为,由此可知其正切tg在数值上相当于低碳钢拉压弹性模量E的值。 28、金属拉伸试样在进入屈服阶段后,其光滑表面将出现与轴线成45o角的系统条纹,此条纹称为滑移线。 29、使材料试样受拉达到强化阶段,然后卸载,再重新加载时,其在弹性范围内所能达到的最大荷载将提高,而且断裂后的延伸率会降低,此即材料的冷作硬化现象。30、铸铁试样压缩时,其破坏断面的法线与轴线大致成45o的倾角。 31、铸铁材料具有抗压强度高的力学性能,而且耐磨,价廉,故常用于制造机器底座,床身和缸体等。 32、铸铁压缩时的延伸率值比拉伸时大。 33、混凝土这种脆性材料常通过加钢筋来提高混凝土构件的抗拉能力。 34、混凝土,石料等脆性材料的抗压强度远高于它的抗拉强度。 35、为了保证构件安全,可靠地工作,在工程设计时通常把许用应力作为构件实际工作应力的最高限度。 36、安全系数取值大于1的目的是为了使工程构件具有足够的强度储备。 37、设计构件时,若片面地强调安全而采用过大的安全系数,则不仅浪费材料而且会使所设计的结构物笨重。38、约束反力和轴力都能通过静力平衡方程求出,称这类问题为静定问题;反之则称为超静定问题;未知力多于平衡方程的数目称为几次超静定。 39、构件因强行装配而引起的内力称为装配内力,与之相应的应力称为装配应力。 40、材料力学中研究的杆件基本变形的形式有拉伸或压缩、剪切、扭转和弯曲。 41、吊车起吊重物时,钢丝绳的变形是拉伸变形;汽车行驶时,传动轴的变形是扭转变形;教室中大梁的变形是弯曲变形;建筑物的立柱受压缩变形;铰制孔螺栓连接中的螺杆受剪切变形。 42、通常把应力分解成垂直于截面和切于截面的两个分量,其中垂直于截面的分量称为正应力,用符号σ表示,切于截面的分量称为剪应力,用符号τ表示。 43、杆件轴向拉伸或压缩时,其受力特点是:作用于杆件外力的合力的作用线与杆件轴线相重合。 44、杆件轴向拉伸或压缩时,其横截面上的正应力是均匀分布的。 45、轴向拉伸或压缩杆件的轴力垂直于杆件横截面,并通过截面形心。 46、在轴向拉伸或压缩杆件的横截面上的正应力相等是由平面假设认为杆件各纵向纤维的变形大小都相等而推断的。 47、正方形截而的低碳钢直拉杆,其轴向向拉力3600N,若许用应力为100Mp a,由此拉杆横截面边长至少应为 6mm。 48、求解截面上内力的截面法可以归纳为“截代平”,其中“截”是指沿某一平面假想将杆 截断分成两部分;“代”是指用内力代替去除部分对保留部分的作用;“平”是指对保留部分建立平衡方程。 49、剪切的实用计算中,假设了剪应力在剪切面上是均匀分布的。 50、钢板厚为t,冲床冲头直径为d,今在钢板上冲出一个直径d为的圆孔,其剪切面面积为πdt。 51、用剪子剪断钢丝时,钢丝发生剪切变形的同时还会发

材料力学复习资料

材料力学复习题 绪 论 1.各向同性假设认为,材料内部各点的(A )是相同的。 (A ) 力学性质; (B )外力; (C )变形; (D )位移。 2.根据小变形条件,可以认为 (D )。 (A )构件不变形; (B )构件不变形; (C )构件仅发生弹性变形; (D )构件的变形远小于其原始尺寸。 3.在一截面的任意点处,正应力σ与切应力τ的夹角(A )。 (A) α=900 ;(B )α=450;(C )α=00;(D )α为任意角。 4. 5. 6.构件的强度、刚度和稳定性(A )。 (A )只与材料的力学性质有关;(B )只与构件的形状尺寸关 (C )与二者都有关; (D )与二者都无关。 7.用截面法求一水平杆某截面的内力时,是对(C )建立平衡方程求解的。 (A) 该截面左段; (B) 该截面右段; (C) 该截面左段或右段; (D) 整个杆。 8.如图所示,设虚线表示单元体变形后的形状,则该单元体 的剪应变为( C)。 (A) α; (B) π/2-α; (C) 2α; (D) π/2-2α。 答案 1(A )2(D )3(A )4 均匀性假设,连续性假设及各向同性假设。5 强度、刚度和稳定性。6(A )7(C )8(C ) 拉 压 1. 轴向拉伸杆,正应力最大的截面和切应力最大的截面(A )。 (A )分别是横截面、45°斜截面; (B )都是横截面, (C )分别是45°斜截面、横截面; (D )都是45°斜截面。 2. 轴向拉压杆,在与其轴线平行的纵向截面上(D )。 (A ) 正应力为零,切应力不为零; (B ) 正应力不为零,切应力为零; (C ) 正应力和切应力均不为零; (D ) 正应力和切应力均为零。 3. 应力-应变曲线的纵、横坐标分别为σ=F N /A ,ε=△L / L ,其中(A )。 (A )A 和L 均为初始值; (B )A 和L 均为瞬时值; (C )A 为初始值,L 为瞬时值; (D )A 为瞬时值,L 均为初始值。 4. 进入屈服阶段以后,材料发生(C )变形。 (A ) 弹性; (B )线弹性; (C )塑性; (D )弹塑性。 5. 钢材经过冷作硬化处理后,其( A )基本不变。 (A) 弹性模量;(B )比例极限;(C )延伸率;(D )截面收缩率。 6. 设一阶梯形杆的轴力沿杆轴是变化的,则发生破坏的截面上 ( D )。 (A )外力一定最大,且面积一定最小; (B )轴力一定最大,且面积一定最小; (C )轴力不一定最大,但面积一定最小; (D )轴力与面积之比一定最大。 7. 一个结构中有三根拉压杆,设由这三根杆的强度条件确定的结构许用载荷分别为F 1、F 2、F 3,且F 1 > F 2 > F 3,则该结构的实际许可载荷[ F ]为(C )。 (A ) F 1 ; (B )F 2; (C )F 3; (D ) (F 1+F 3)/2。 8. 图示桁架,受铅垂载荷F =50kN 作用,杆1、2的横截面均为圆形,其直径分别为d 1=15mm 、d 2=20mm ,材料的许用应力均为[σ]=150MPa 。试校核桁架的强度。

材料力学知识点总结.doc

一、基本变形 轴向拉压材料力学总结 扭转弯曲 外外力合力作用线沿杆轴 力线 内轴力: N 规定: 力拉为“ +” 压为“-” 几 变形现象: 何 平面假设: 应 方应变规律: 面 d l 常数 dx 力 应 力 N 公 A 式 力偶作用在垂直于轴 的平面内 扭转: T 规定: 矩矢离开截面为“ +” 反之为“ - ” 变形现象: 平面假设: 应变规律: d dx T T I P max W t 外力作用线垂直杆轴,或外力偶作用 在杆轴平面 剪力: Q 规定:左上右下为“ +” 弯矩: M 规定:左顺右逆为“ +” 微分关系: dQ ; dM q Q dx dx 弯曲正应力 变形现象: 平面假设:弯曲剪应力 应变规律: y My QS*z I Z I z b M QS max max max W Z I z b

应 力 分 布 应 等直杆 用 外力合力作用条 线沿杆轴线 件 应力-应 E 变 (单向应力状态)关系 强N max 度 A max u 条 n 件塑材:u s 脆材:u b 圆轴平面弯曲 应力在比例极限内应力在比例极限内 G (纯剪应力状态) 弯曲正应力 T 1.t c max 弯曲剪应力W t max max 2. t c Q max S max max I z b t max t cmac c 轴向拉压扭转弯曲刚 度T 180 0 y max y max GI P 条注意:单位统一max 件 d l N ; L NL d T 1 M ( x) EA 变dx EA dx GI Z ( x) EI TL y '' M (x) GI P EI EA—抗拉压刚度GI p—抗扭刚度EI —抗弯刚度

复合材料力学讲义

复合材料力学讲义 第一部分简单层板宏观力学性能 1.1各向异性材料的应力—应变关系 应力—应变的广义虎克定律可以用简写符号写成为: (1—1) 其中σi为应力分量,C ij为刚度矩阵εj为应变分量.对于应力和应变张量对称的情形(即不存在体积力的情况),上述简写符号和常用的三维应力—应变张量符号的对照列于表1—1。 按表1—l,用简写符号表示的应变定义为: 表1—1 应力——应变的张量符号与简写符号的对照 注:γij(i≠j)代表工程剪应变,而εij(i≠j)代表张量剪应变 (1—2)

其中u,v,w是在x,y,z方向的位移。 在方程(1—2)中,刚度矩阵C ij有30个常数.但是当考虑应变能时可以证明弹性材料的实际独立常数是少于36个的.存在有弹性位能或应变能密度函数的弹性材料当应力σi作用于应变dεj时,单位体积的功的增量为: (1—3) 由应力—应变关系式(1—1),功的增量为: (1—4) 沿整个应变积分,单位体积的功为: (1—5) 虎克定律关系式(1—1)可由方程(1—5)导出: (1—6) 于是 (1—7) 同样 (1—8) 因W的微分与次序无,所以: (1—9) 这样刚度矩阵是对称的且只有21个常数是独立的。 用同样的方法我们可以证明: (1—10)

其中S ij是柔度矩阵,可由反演应力—变关系式来确定应变应力关系式为 (1—11) 同理 (1—12)即柔度矩阵是对称的,也只有21个独立常数.刚度和柔度分量可认为是弹性常数。 在线性弹性范围内,应力—应变关系的一般表达式为: (1—13)实际上,关系式(1—13)是表征各向异性材料的,因为材料性能没有对称平面.这种各向异性材料的别名是全不对称材料.比各向异性材料有更多的性能对称性的材料将在下面几段中叙述.各种材料性能对称的应力—应变关系式的证明由蔡(Tais)等给出。 如果材料有一个性能对称平面应力—应变关系式可简化为 (1—14)

材料力学复习总结

1、 应力 全应力正应力切应力线应变 外力偶矩 当功率P 单位为千瓦(kW ),转速为n (r/min )时,外力偶矩为 m).(N 9549e n P M = 当功率P 单位为马力(PS ),转速为n (r/min )时,外力偶矩为 m).(N 7024e n P M = 拉(压)杆横截面上的正应力 拉压杆件横截面上只有正应力σ,且为平均分布,其计算公式为 N F A σ= (3-1) 式中N F 为该横截面的轴力,A 为横截面面积。 正负号规定 拉应力为正,压应力为负。 公式(3-1)的适用条件: (1)杆端外力的合力作用线与杆轴线重合,即只适于轴向拉(压)杆件; (2)适用于离杆件受力区域稍远处的横截面; (3)杆件上有孔洞或凹槽时,该处将产生局部应力集中现象,横截面上应力分布很不均匀; (4)截面连续变化的直杆,杆件两侧棱边的夹角0 20α≤时 拉压杆件任意斜截面(a 图)上的应力为平均分布,其计算公式为 全应力 cos p ασα= (3-2) 正应力 2cos ασσα=(3-3) 切应力1 sin 22 ατα= (3-4) 式中σ为横截面上的应力。 正负号规定: α 由横截面外法线转至斜截面的外法线,逆时针转向为正,反之为负。 ασ 拉应力为正,压应力为负。 ατ 对脱离体内一点产生顺时针力矩的ατ为正,反之为负。

两点结论: (1)当0 0α=时,即横截面上,ασ达到最大值,即()max ασσ=。当α=0 90时,即纵截面上,ασ=0 90=0。 (2)当0 45α=时,即与杆轴成045的斜截面上,ατ达到最大值,即max ()2αα τ= 1.2 拉(压)杆的应变和胡克定律 (1)变形及应变 杆件受到轴向拉力时,轴向伸长,横向缩短;受到轴向压力时,轴向缩短,横向伸长。如图3-2。 图3-2 轴向变形 1l l l ?=- 轴向线应变 l l ε?= 横向变形 1b b b ?=- 横向线应变 b b ε?'= 正负号规定 伸长为正,缩短为负。 (2)胡克定律 当应力不超过材料的比例极限时,应力与应变成正比。即 E σε= (3-5) 或用轴力及杆件的变形量表示为 N F l l EA ?= (3-6) 式中EA 称为杆件的抗拉(压)刚度,是表征杆件抵抗拉压弹性变形能力的量。 公式(3-6)的适用条件: (a)材料在线弹性范围内工作,即p σσ?; (b)在计算l ?时,l 长度内其N 、E 、A 均应为常量。如杆件上各段不同,则应分段计算,求其代数和得总变形。即 1 n i i i i i N l l E A =?=∑ (3-7) (3)泊松比 当应力不超过材料的比例极限时,横向应变与轴向应变之比的绝对值。即 ενε ' = (3-8) 表1-1 低碳钢拉伸过程的四个阶段

材料力学复习资料

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