Passage 1
Most ironic was the image of government that was born of these experiences. As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you, the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer for a complex, modern society like ours is efficient, rational, uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with. Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with, it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic. People of all classes – the rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as well as the poor woman struggling with the welfare department – felt that the treatment they had received had been bungled, not efficient; unpredictable, not rational; discriminatory, not uniform, all too often, insensitive, rather than courteous. It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to, but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards.
Passage 2
After I talked for a few minutes with Chou Enlai, and explained who I was, he arranged for me to spend the night in Pai Chiaping, and asked
me to come next morning to his headquarters, in a nearby village. I sat down to dinner with a section of the Communications Department, which was stationed here, and I met a dozen young men who were billeted in Pai Chiaping. Some of them were teachers in the partisan
school, one was a radio operator, and some were officers of the Red Army. Our meal consisted of boiled chicken, unleavened whole-wheat bread, cabbages, millet, and potatoes, of which I ate heartedly. But, as usual, there was nothing to drink but hot water and I could not touch it.
I am famished with thirst. The food was served – delivered is the word –by two nonchalant young lads wearing uniforms several sizes too large for them, and peaked Red Caps with long bills that kept flapping down over their eyes. They looked at me sourly at first, but after a few minutes I managed to provoke a friendly grin from one of them. emboldened by this success, I called to him as he went past.
Passage 3
It is often said that Asian Americans are a “model minority”, with parents who work 18 hours a day in the family grocery and children who work with equal amazing perseverance in the classroom. At a glance, the evidence seems clear: while the first Asians to come to America lived poorly as farmers, miners and railway workers, we now enjoy one of the highest average incomes in the country. Here at Harvard, 18% of the class of 1996 are Asian Americans, compared to 3% of the total US population. By focusing on the “positive stereotype”, however, one neglects the other side of our lives. For many of us –the second generation –there is something uncomfortable about being Asian in America.
Although many of us appreciate the great sacrifices our parents have made, their economic success somehow represents for us an unsatisfying legacy. We suffer in particular from an endemic identity crisis. We have begun to question the accommodationist ways of our forebears, our quietly studious manner, our narrow priorities, and our previous notions of success
Passage 4
Running the country is all well and good, but Tony Blair still wonders if he could have made it as a rock star. “I’ve always wondered, could I have actually done it,”the onetime lead singer of a rock band called the Ugly Rumors, more recently prime minister, told his former bass player in an interview. “I was quite serious about it. It wasn’t just a mere dalliance –it was a bit more than that for me.”Blair told ex-bass player Mark Ellen. Experts from the intervieew were printed in The Times. “With politics, it all clicked into place for me somehow. Whereas with music you had to have a particular set of attributes that I didn’t quite have, and it never happened for me even though I was despertately keen to carry on.”Blair, 51, said that he still gets a thrill meeting rock icons of his youth like Paul McCartney or David Bowie. “They say: ‘it must be so interesting what you do,’and I say: ‘it’s not as interesting as what
you do.”
Passage 5
Despite the clear-cut technological advantages, the railroad didn’t become the primary means of transportation for nearly 20 years after the fist pioneering American railroads were introduced in the early 1830s. Besides the stiff competition of water transportation, an important hindrance to railroad development was public antipathy, which had its roots in ignorance, conservatism, and vested interest. People thought that speeds of 20 to 30 miles per hour would be physically harmful to passengers. Many honestly believed that the railroad would prove to be impractical and uneconomical and would not provide services as dependent as that of the waterways. Unsurprisingly, the most vigorous opposition to railroads came from groups whose economic interests suffered from the competition of the new industry. Millions of dollars had been spent on canals, rivers, highways, and plank roads, and thousands of people depended on the transportation enterprises for their livelihood.
When Kim Bogue accidentally threw her wallet away with her lunch, she had little hope that she’d recover the $900 and bundle of credit cards inside. With a team of co-workers, she twice searched the Santa Ana civic buildings where she works as a janitor, but found nothing. “I was sick all weekend,”said Bogue, who was saving the money for a trip to Thailand, her home country. The same weekend, a homeless man who roams the building also was searching for something. He made his routine visit to the trash bins nearby to look for aluminus cans. Instead, he found Bogue’s wallet. That Monday, the man, who declined to be identified, gave the money to Sherry Wesley who works in one of the buildings. “He came to me with the wad of money and said: ‘This probably belongs to someone that you work with. Can you return it?’”Grateful, Bogue gave the man a $100 reward, which he split with Wesley. She gave the money to her church. While the money would serve as a tempting find, especially for a homeless man, Wesley said the man’s action did not surprise her. “I know he has got the biggest heart,” she said. “Somebody like that who is so down on their luck and willing to help someone out is a rare thing.”
Three big uncertainties loom over the Rice Department. The first concerns the new secretary herself. For four years, Ms. Rice has been a sounding board, tutor, and weather vane. She will now have to articulate a clearer view of the post-al-Qaeda world. For example, she has a lot of expertise in Russia. But should America’s attitude to Vladimir Putin’s centralization of power be determined by the need to keep good relations with a partner in the war on terror? Or should it be influenced more by Mr. Bush’s view that the best way to starve global terrorism is to encourage democracy? The second uncertainty concerns her department. Does she spend time shaping it, replacing the diplomats in charge of the DPRK and the Middle East, while risking the sort of hostility and disruption? The third uncertainty is how much appetite there is on both sides of the Atlantic for real diplomatic engagement. Even before the election, Mr. Bush and Ms. Rice privately indicated that, three years after September 11th, it was time to patch things up in Europe and the Middle East.
Passage 7
Life for almost everybody is a long competitive struggle where very few can win the race, and those who do not win are unhappy. When I try to
understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. The one that goes least deep is the necessity for subservience in some large organization. If you are an energetic man with a strong view as to the right way of doing the job which you are concerned, you find yourself invariably under the orders of some big man at the top who is elderly, weary and cynical. Whenever you have a bright idea the boss puts a stopper on it. The more energetic you are and more vision you have, the more you will suffer from the impossibility of doing things that you feel ought to be done. When you go home and moan to your wife, she tells you that you are a silly fellow and that if you become the proper sort of yes-man, your income will soon be doubled. If you try divorce and remarriage it is very unlikely that there will be any change in this respect. And so you are condemned to great ulcers and premature old age.
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
Rise from China Today to Create Your World of Tomorrow An Intermediate Course of Translation and Interpretation in Natural English Series 一. 英语是全世界使用民族最多、使用范围最广的语言,汉语是全世界使用人口最多、使用范围越来越广的语言,在各种情况下把英语或汉语作为母语、第二语言和外国语使用的人数约占全世界人口的一半, 而且正在呈几何级数性增长。语言与文化方面的观察家们认为,随着时代的进一步发展,尤其是随着中国社会的进一步国际化,英汉两种语言之间的翻译将成为全世界信息网络翻译的主要领域。因此,如果你掌握了英、汉这两种人类使用最多的语言及其文化背景,又能在两者之间进行必要的翻译,那么在当代社会你决不会成为落伍者;在国际政治、经济、科学、艺术、交流日益频繁,全球主义文化成为时代主旋律的21世纪,你不费吹灰之力就能找到自己的用武之地。 二. 从事翻译需要在所翻译的两种语言方面都有扎实的功底,但这决不意味着只要两种语言功底好就无需学习翻译。假如你掌握了两种方言,你就会知道,把一种方言翻译成另一种方言也并非容易:有时候一种方言中的词语很难在另一种方言中找到完全对应的词语。方言之间尚且如此,在中西两种语系不同的语种之间进行翻译其难度就可想而知了。不同的语言具有不同的结构体系,其间的概念与各种形式关系并非整齐划一地个个对应,常常难以对号入座。同时,由于语言在具体的语境中使用时千变万化,无论什么双语辞典也都无法解决翻译中所有的具体问题。所以, 一个人即使熟练地掌握了两种语言,可以分别在其中任何一种语言体系中纵横自如,但在翻译时却仍然可能会不知所措,甚至会突然陷入“失语”的尴尬境地。总之,把两种语言分开来讲都讲得很好的人,一旦把二者联系起来讲就可能会遇到麻烦, 甚至哪一种也讲不好!这是因为双语交叉使用时必然会出现二者相互影响、干扰的情况。要证明这一点非常简单:请一个英、汉两种语言都很好但不从事翻译工作的人随意讲一段连续的话,请他/一句汉语一句英语地讲,看看他/能否像连续讲一种语言时那样既自然又流利,既不重复又连贯密切。总之,无数双语工作实践经验已经证明,翻译需要专门的训练,扎实的的双语功底只是通过训练学好翻译的条件。 三. 语言水平的高低永远是相对的, 语言学习也永远没有止境。因此, 我们也不能认为只有语言功底十分扎实,语言水平达到尽善尽美的程度以
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文出处: 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题: JDBC接口技术 译文: JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI(ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口)。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口,使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC,很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢?如果有,那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢? ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统(DBMS)中存取数据的,用C语言实现的,标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI,应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统(DBMS)中的数据,而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1.ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分:应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口:屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别,为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器:为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器:实现ODBC的函数调用,提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要,数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求,使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源:由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器,以便ODBC函数调用,但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用,并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时,数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时,数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求,对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译,并将结果返回给应用系统。 2.JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来,Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序,其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API,编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥,比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱,越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加,对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处,比如它并不容易使用,没有面向对象的特性等等,SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1.x 版本中,JDBC只是一个可选部件,到了JDK1.1公布时,SQL类包(也就是JDBCAPI)
河南科技学院新科学院 2013届本科毕业生论文(设计) 英文文献及翻译 Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition 学生姓名:王艳杰 所在院系:经济系 所学专业:国际经济与贸易 导师姓名:侯黎杰 完成时间:2013年4月15日
Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition Abstract:This paper examines the resource allocational and welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in a general-equilibrium model with oligopolistic competition and unemployment. Although the welfare impact for the short run is ambiguous and dependent upon the strength of excess profits and scale economies relative to unemployment in manufacturing, in the long run additional inflows of foreign capital always improve national welfare with capital mobility. Hence, attracting foreign capital remains a sound policy for economies characterized by imperfect competition, scale economies,and regional unemployment. Keywords: International capital mobility; Imperfect competition; Welfare 1.Introduction The welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in the presence of trade restrictions have been extensively studied. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) show that when imports are subject to tariffs, an introduction of fo reign capital inflows accentuates the tariff distortion and hence reduces national welfare if the import-competing sector is relatively capital-intensive. In contrast, Dei (1985) shows that when imports are restricted by quotas,foreign capital inflows in the presence of foreign-owned capital always improve welfare by depressing the rental and so lowering the payments to existing foreign-owned capital. Recently, Neary (1981), using a common framework for both tariffs and quotas, obtains more general results of foreign capital inflows; the welfare effect of such inflows depends crucially on whether foreign-owned capital exists initially in the home country. In addition, Khan (1982) and Grinols (1991) have examined the effects of foreign capital inflows for a generalized Harris-Todaro economy under tariff protection. Khan finds that the result by Brecher and Diaz Alejandro is still valid even in the presence of unemployment, whereas Grinols argues that increased foreign capital need not be detrimental to welfare if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low. Noteworthy is that the models used by these authors are all based upon the premise of perfect competition along with constant returns-to-scale technology. Although perfect competition serves as a useful assumption in crystallizing theoretical insights, it nevertheless fails to depict many of the real-world phenomena. The real-world economy is characterized, to a large extent, by imperfect competition and economies of scale. The policy implications of imperfect competition and economies
False friend 绿豆green bean mung bean 方便面convenience noodles instant noodles 隐形眼镜invisible glasses contact lens 早恋early love puppy love 机械对应 干货dry goods dried goods 油性皮肤oil skin oily skin 没有考虑具体搭配 假花false flower artificial flower 假唱false singing lip-synch 番茄酱tomato sauce ketchup 食言eat one's word break a promise 农民peasant 个人主义individualism 五行 金、木、水、火、土 The Five Elements (metal,wood,water,fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena) 气功qigong 功夫Kong fu 太极Tai chi 风水Feng shui 阴阳Yin-yang 饺子jiaozi 荔枝litchi乌龙茶oolong 皮蛋Preserved egg 元宵Sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子A pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. 盲流Jobless migrants 拔火罐Cupping 拜堂perform the marriage ceremony 易经Book of change号脉Feel the pulse京剧Beijing Opera龙舟Dragon boat 春节Spring Festival 春卷Spring roll 八宝莲子粥Eight-treasure Lotus Seed Porridge 文化大革命Cultural Revolution 毛泽东思想Mao Tse-tung thought 围棋Weiqi—a game played with black and white pieces on a board of 361 crosses 兔死狐悲 Literal trans: Foxes will grieve at the death of the hare Liberal trans: All things are sorry for their own kind 调虎离山 To lure the tiger out of the hills To lure the enemy from his base “我中了他的调虎离山计啦” I’ve fallen for his luring the tiger out of the hills scheme. 引狼入室 Literal: To bring the wolves into the house Liberal: to invite disasters 走马观花 To ride out on horseback to enjoy flowers To gain a superficial understanding through cursory obvservation 调查有两种方法,一种是走马观花,一种是下马看花。
个人资料 name 姓名 alias 别名 pen name 笔名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于 birth place 出生地点 age 年龄 native place 籍贯 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治区prefecture 专区 county 县 nationality 民族,国籍citizenship 国籍 duel citizenship 双重国籍address 地址 current address 目前地址present address 目前地址permanent address 永久地址postal code 邮政编码 home phone 住宅电话 office phone 办公电话business phone 办公电话Tel.电话 sex 性别 male 男
female 女 height 身高 weight 体重 marital status 婚姻状况family status 家庭状况married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚divorced 离异 separated 分居 number of children 子女人数none 无 street 街 lane 胡同,巷 road 路 district 区 house number 门牌 health 健康状况 health condition 健康状况blood type 血型 short-sighted 近视 far-sighted 远视 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份证号码 date of availability 可到职时间available 可到职membership 会员,资格president 会长 vice-president 副会长director 理事 standing director 常务理事
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合,创造和符号,图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷,视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程,其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志,广告,产品包装和网页设计。例如,可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品,举办文字和纯粹的设计元素,如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点,尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域,在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪,人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术,平面设计和美术。毕竟,他们有着许多相同的内容,理论,原则,做法和语言,有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计,“其实质是使以信息,形成以思想,言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝(618-906 )之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲,尤其是在英国,平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家,但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年,在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界,该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动,并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利,并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是,然而,重要的,因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作,以及与其他私营新闻运动,直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt,但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代,苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的,从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则,他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张,但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ,包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉,和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备,主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后,美国经济的建立更需要平面设计,主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
张远 黄河The Yellow River 黄河是中国第二长河,仅次于长江。全长约5464公里。黄河发源于青海,流经9个省区,最后注入渤海。它被称为“中华文明的摇篮”。黄河流域自古是中国最富饶的地区,也是古代中华文明的诞生地。对黄河的进一步开发和利用将会为实现中国的“四个现代化”做出新的贡献。 The Yellow River Following the Yangtze River, the Yellow River is the second-longest river in China at the estimated length of 5,464 km. Originating in Qinghai, it flows through nine provinces, and empties into the Bohai Sea. The Yellow River is called “the cradle of Chinese civilization”. Its basin was the most prosperous region in early Chinese history, and was the birth place of ancient Chinese civilization. The further exploitation and utilization of the Yellow River will make new contribution to the realization of Four Modernizations of China.
*** 学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系(院):计算机工程学院 专业:计算机科学与技术(软件技术)姓名:*** 学号:*** 外文出处:The Programmer (用外文写) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。
注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文 JSP技术概述 JSP的优点 JSP页面最终会转换成servler。因而,从根本上,JSP页面能够执行的任何任务都可以用servler来完成。然而,这种底层的等同性并不意味着servler和JSP页面对于所有的情况都等同适用。问题不在于技术的能力,而是二者在便利性、生产率和可维护性上的不同。毕竟,在特定平台上能够用Java编程语言完成的事情,同样可以用汇编语言来完成,但是选择哪种语言依旧十分重要。 和单独使用servler相比,JSP提供下述好处: (1)JSP中HTML的编写与维护更为简单。JSP中可以使用常规的HTML:没有额外的反斜杠,没有额外的双引号,也没有暗含的Java语法。 (2)能够使用标准的网站开发工具。即使对那些对JSP一无所知的HTML 工具,我们也可以使用,因为它们会忽略JSP标签(JSP tags)。 (3)可以对开发团队进行划分。Java程序员可以致力于动态代码。Web 开发人员可以将经理集中在表示层(presentation layer)上。对于大型的项目,这种划分极为重要。依据开发团队的大小,及项目的复杂程度,可以对静态HTML和动态内容进行弱分离(weaker separation)和强分离(stronger separation)。 在此,这个讨论并不是让您停止使用servlets,只使用JSP。几乎所有的项目都会同时用到这两种技术。针对项目中的某些请求,您可能会在MVC构架下组合使用这两项技术。我们总是希望用适当的工具完成相对应的工作,仅仅是servlet并不能填满您的工具箱。 JSP相对于竞争技术的优势
翻译专业本科教育为四年,一、二年级的学生必须修读英语系的核心技能课程和基础国情课程, 以继续雕琢英语的听说读写基本功并增进对英语国家社会文化的了解,同时,他们还必须修读专 门设计的小班讲授的中文课程以拓展并提升自己的母语修养。随着基础阶段教学的推进,本专业 的学生将于二年级后半期开始接受口笔译的基础训练;进入三四年级后,他们除了每周8小时的专 题笔译以及各种形式口译的高强度训练外,还需要修读以英文讲授的英语语言和文学、社会和文 化研究、国际政治与经济、国际新闻与传播等领域的选修课程以拓宽知识面,以及各种翻译专业 课程以提升学科意识和从业潜力。本科就业去向包括各大部委、各级政府或企事业单位的翻译或 外事部门、中国驻外机构、涉外出版社、传媒单位、网络媒体的海外部、涉外企业以及跨国公司,具体从事口笔译或更广义的与语言文字相关的设计、策划、咨询、跨文化交流等工作。 (三十九) 翻译理论导论 课程编号:YYY2071 课程名称:翻译理论导论 教学目的与内容: 本课程是一门理论与实践紧密结合的课程,主要内容是用理论来指导实践,通过实践来掌握理论,通过一年的翻译教学使学生掌握最基本的翻译理论,教学内容包括介绍我国翻译的历史、发展、现状和前瞻,翻译的标准和原则,翻译家所应具备的素质,英汉语言对比的分析,英语国家文化特点的汉译,直译与意译,以及翻译的基本过程与过程。如:阅读理解原文——通过上下文来理清词义——最后以汉语语言习惯表达原义等,以语言学理论为指导,在词、词组、句子、篇章四个层次上进行翻译实践,除教材外,可适时补充一些适时性强的新材料(如国际时势评论、科技发展动态等),增强学生对翻译理论的理解。 使用教材 刘宓庆:《当代翻译理论》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999年 刘宓庆:《文体与翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1986年 参考书目 Eugene A. Nida, Language, Culture, And Translation, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. John I. Saeed, Semantics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 黄忠廉:《翻译变体研究》,中国对外翻译出版公司,2001年 思果:《翻译研究》,中国对外翻译出版公司,2001年 考核方式: 平时成绩占30%,期末考试成绩占70%。 (四十)英汉语言文化对比研究 课程编号:YYY2081 课程名称:英汉语言文化对比研究 教学目的与内容: 鉴于翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础上,本课程旨在通过对英汉两种语言在语法、修辞、文化以及思维方式等方面的对比研究,帮助学生提高英汉双向翻译的水平,要求学生对汉英两种语言各自的特点和之间的相同或相似之处进行较为详细的分析,找出其规律,以期达到更有效地从事口笔译的工作。本课程的主要以讲座和讨论的方式授课,本课程内容大致分为四个部分:词汇对比:包括词汇总特征;构词法;词汇语义学对比,语法对比:包括句型对比;时间概念表达对比;句子成分对比,修辞对比:包括夸张手法、委婉手法和逻辑关系表述对比,语篇对比:包括连贯性、思维的逻辑性、文体的多样性对比。