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长难句分析经典解析

长难句分析经典解析
长难句分析经典解析

一、为什么会存在长难句

考纲上关于翻译部分的规定是:"能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语,理解基本正确,译文达意。"也就是说,翻译是一项对考生综合能力要求比较高的题型,它不仅要求考生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化知识等有较好的掌握,还要求考生有很强的语言组织能力。

考研翻译评分标准就是分段给分,微观扣分。也就是说考生在做考研翻译之前就要做一个句子切分的工作,拆分的依据就是长难句分析的依据。最后,考研作文和长难句也是息息相关的,如果你能准确把握长难句翻译难的原因,那作文何愁写不来长句子呢?近些年考研英语试卷中,考生普遍认为难度较大的是长难句的理解与翻译。这些句子一般为多个从句,因此翻译长难句,首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及从句之间的关系。然而"看花容易,绣花难",究竟该如何攻克考研英语中的难点长难句呢?首先我们来分析下长难句是如何产生的。

一、为什么英语会存在长难句

从近年的考研翻译真题可以看出,文章的题材大多是有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容,文体以议论文为主,说明文为辅,结构严谨,逻辑性强。除此之外,长难句较多,这给考生在规定时间内准确地完成翻译增加了难度,有如下三大特点:

1.英语多从句,句子长且结构复杂

语通过一整套系统语法结构组合成句子,还可通过增加限制成分、修饰语以及补充成分使句子变长、变复杂。考研英语翻译题几乎都是长而复杂的句子。

首先,英语中只要存在名词,就会存在修饰名词或解释名词的东西。所以,I 后面可能跟有这些成分。比如liuxiaoyan,这个东西也是名词,名词后面还可能有修饰或限定成分,比如who comes from chongqing university. 这个句子中最后一个成分还是名词,又可能存在着修饰限定成分,于是又可能来对chongqing university 做解释,which is the most important universities in china; 这时同学们已经可以自己推出来了,china后面还可能有修饰限定成分。同样的道理,you 后面也可以跟修饰限定成分。这样,一个所谓的长难句就诞生了。

I, liuxiaoyan, who comes from chongqing university, which is the most important universities in china, who is my motherland, love you ,who can make everybody stop to look at you in the street in which there are so many people who ... ;

在这个句子当中,你还能找出I love you 吗?所以有了句子结构的复杂就导致了翻译难的

问题。

2.英语多被动结构

英语中被动句比汉语多,尤其是科技英语。从最近十几年的考研英译汉真题中笔者发现被动结构的出现频率相当高,2002 年的5个句子中全都出现了被动结构。动词只能做谓语,谓语只能是动词,并且一个句子中谓语不能多,只能有一个,所以我们需要把不做谓语的动词变成不是动词,如何把一个动词变成不是动词呢?三种变法:A、变成to do(不定式);B、变成v-ing(现在分词);C、变成done(过去分词)。

比如说"他来看我",不能翻译成"he comes see me";因为这个句子中只有comes 是谓语,所以see,变成了to see,这就是动词不定式了。再如这句话,beat you is my fault. 显然is 是句子的谓语,所以beat 这个动词就不能作为动词出现了,要把它变成beating 或者是to beat。也就是说,由于以上原因,英语中就存在了分词或动词不定式了。也就是说分词和不定式可以做英语句子的任何成分,除了不能作谓语。这也就是英语长难句存在的依据之二。

3.英语重形合,句子结构严谨

英语句子以形连表意连,重句法结构,主语十分重要,理解时要抓住主谓关系,否则很难理解。尤其复合句,一定要看清主句和各分句的主谓结构。

(1)用连词连接两个并列的句子

I love you , but you love that dog. 这样就有了英语的并列句,在考研英语中,并列句是个难点也是重点。因为一般来说,有并列的句子,就会考到代词指代或省略。

例如:Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 主句是有一个连词and 连接的两个并列的句子,后面的句子就省略了will continue to be rejected。

(2)用主从句来连接两个并列的句子

两个句子中的一个变成从句也是解决办法。即是:although I love you, you love that dog. (状语从句) 或I love you ,who loves that dog. (定语从句)

(3)用分词做状语来连接两个并列的句子

把谓语动词变成不是动词就可以了。于是,把前面句子中的love 变成loving 就搞定了。即是:my loving you , you love that dog。

二、分析长难句的六种方法

知道了为什么会有长难句,那么我们就要知道如何分析这些句子的成分。首先,纠正一下同学们分析长难句的误区。那就是拿到一个句子时不要上来就开始读,读完就开始一个一个词地来翻译,这不叫句子分析,而是字字对译。根据上面第一部分的分析和总结,翻译长难句首先需要从以下两方面入手:

1.首先单词的掌握是最基本的

关键词汇的意思若是没有译出来是一定不回得到高分的。考研的词汇考的是词汇的深度,而不是词汇的广度,也就是考查同学们能不能真正的掌握和运用这个词汇,真正在上下文中理解这个词汇。所以建议同学们不是单纯的、简单的、机械的记住词的意思,而要真正的理解词汇在上下文中的具体用法。所以词汇的复习对于考研翻译,同时对阅读有着决定性的意义,大家准备的时候第一关首先要突破词汇关。

2.从语法分析的角度入手

分清句子的主干和修饰成分以及它们成分之间的逻辑关系,更好的理解句子。这样对长难句的翻译是很有帮助的。

(1)寻找谓语动词

找到了谓语动词,就说明有句子存在。首先,如何寻找谓语动词呢?很简单,有时态的动词就一定是谓语。然后,顺着谓语动词往前找,如果有引导词存在,说明这个谓语动词所在的句子就是个从句,再根据引导词前的单词判定这是个什么从句:

A。如果引导词前是个名词,那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句;

B。如果引导词前是实意动词,那就说明这个从句是宾语从句;

C。如果引导词前面是系动词,那就说明这个从句是表语从句;

D。如果其前面是状语从句的引导词,那就说明这是个状语从句;

如果顺着谓语动词往前找,却没有引导词存在,那说明这是主句的谓语动词,那它的前面就是主语,后面就应该是宾语或表语。

例如:This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

Demonstrates 前面没有引导词,它就是主句的谓语动词;is 前有引导词that,且that 前是实意动词,所以这是宾语从句;show前有引导词that,其前是名词fact,且that在从

句中显然做主语,所以这里有一个that引导的定语从句;最后一个动词是took,其前也存在着that,且that前是实意动词,所以took 所在的句子是宾语从句。综上,本题主句是一个主谓宾结构,并且宾语中又有一个定语从句和宾语从句。

(2)寻找并列连词

常见的并列连词有and, but, yet, or, so, for ,not only...but also... 看到这批单词,一般就有并列结构存在,并且很可能存在着省略问题。

例如:They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements。

并列连词如上已经标出,显然第一个and 前后的两个句子是完全并列的;后面的and 前后两句话也应该是并列的,并且其前的谓语动词前有引导词in which,in which 前又是个名词,所以这是由and 引导的两个定语从句。因为存在并列,所以第二个定从和第一个相比,少了in which a person is 。

综上,本句话是由第一个and 连接的两个并列的句子,并且两个句子都是主谓表结构。且and 后面的句子中还有一个and 引导的两个并列定语从句,共同修饰practices。

(3)寻找引导词

什么是从句?从句就是句子前面有一个引导词。所以找到引导词就找到了从句,再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句(前面已做过讲解此处不再讲述)

例如:Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society。

如上,引导词已经标注出来,which 前面是名词determinism 名词,并且which在从句中做主语,显然这是个定语从句,修饰其前的名词。第二个引导词that 前面是实意动词state,所以这是个宾语从句。最后的引导词that 前有并列连词and,显然后两个that 从句是完全并列的宾语从句。所以该句是个简单的主谓宾结构,宾语的最后一个单词是名词,存在一个定语从句,定语从句中又有两个并列的宾语从句。

(4)寻找名词

一般的长句子中,名词后只要不是谓语动词,一般都有修饰限定成分,即定语或同位语。也就是说,我们只要能寻找到名词,其后的东西就确定是修饰或解释前面的名词的。

例如:Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place。

如上,分析各个名词,第一个名词pearson 后显然是谓语动词;第二个名词work 后面of短语显是然修饰work 的;第三个名词后也有修饰成分;calendar 后从句也是修饰该名词的;

最后,两个并列的名词后仍然是修饰名词的。那如果把所有修饰名词的动词划去,句子的主干就显示出来了:Pearson has pieced together the work to produce a calendar。

(5)寻找动词不定式和分词

如上所述,动词只能做谓语,不做谓语的动词要变成不是动词,即分词和不定式;那就意味着分词和不定式虽然表达的意义不同,但是其在句子中所做的成分是完全一样的。也就是说,分词和不定式除了不能做谓语以外,任何成分都可以充当。

(6)寻找介词

有介词一般都会有介词短语,在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。

最后要提醒大家的是:翻译要遵从原文的意思,忠于原话。不能偏离了原文的大意,那就一份都得不到了。一般翻译的评分标准是踩点得分,也就是所谓的文中需要重点翻译出来的地方如果你翻译出来了自然分就到手了,反之则一分也得不到。由于句子是存在于文章中的,有特定的语言环境。所以大家一定要先在通读原文的基础上了解文章的主题以及需要翻译的句子,译文应该符合原文所陈述的内容。在分析句子的时候首先要弄清的是句子的主干和修饰成分,以及它们的逻辑关系,明确代词所指代的具体的词或短语的,同时还要注意是否存在省略等等语法现象,明确句子的整体意思及其在上下文中所处的地位。接下来是用自己的话将句子的大意表述出来,需要注意的是语句一定要通顺,遵从一半说话的逻辑及平时写中文作文的要求,尽量做到通俗能懂就好。如果时间允许的话就再次地检查一遍,做一些修改,使句子的意思更加饱满。

总之,翻译做得好对于阅读理解和作文,甚至取得高分是具有很大的帮助,所以,大家一定不可因为分值较小对其忽视。当同学们看到长难句时,一定按照我们的讲解寻找相应的提示线索,不要不分主次地翻译。当然,长难句的解决不但要有好的方法,更要注意自己单词量的积累和基本英语语法问题的解决,这是个基础加方法的长期练习和背诵的过程,希望大家在学习长难句时擅长总结和复习,才会有很快的提高。

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1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. (NMET2003.C篇)这个定理,先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出,曾使一批杰出的数学 大师为难,包括一位法国女科学家,她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展, 她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析:夹杂过去分词短语,现在分词短语,动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. (NMET2003.E篇) 由于因特网的使用,计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的,然而几乎任何在办 公室工作的人能告诉你,当引进电子邮件后,打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析:夹杂较复杂的句型结构,关键词just about几乎;overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. (NMET2003.E篇)或许,表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科 技产业本身,印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析:夹杂较复杂的句型结构,关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. (NMET2003.E篇)这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸,制成这种纸的原料不是木料,而是农业废料。 简析:关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. (NMET2003.D

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