英语语言学练习题
Chp 1
I. Blank filling
1. Langue refers to the _____ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; parole refers to the _____ of langue in actual use.
2.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s_____ of the rules of his language,
and
performance, the actual _____ of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
3.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This quotation from Shakespeare illustrates
that language has the design feature of _____.
4.The property of _____ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk
about a wide
range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ec13803699.html,nguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of_____, and
the other
of_____. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within
their knowledge.
II. T-F choice
1.Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language.
2. Language is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary.
3. We can use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”,
we can think about
“thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function.
III. Answer questions.
1.What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that
it is
essentially different from any animal communication system
Chp 2
1. The difference between a consonant and a vowel lies in whether there is air
_______in the production of them.
2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called ______,
which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants.
3. Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are available, broad transcription and narrow transcription. The major difference between them is with or without_______.
4. The basic unit of phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract collection of ______ features.
5. When phonemic contrast is mentioned we realize that the two sounds belong to
_____phoneme(s), when complementary distribution is discussed, the allophones
come from ______phoneme(s).
II.
1. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds of all human languages form patterns
and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
2. In English, pill and bill form a minimal pair, and so do life and knife, pin and ping.
3. The phoneme /t/ and /d/ can occur in the same position and they distinguish meaning,
therefore they are said to be in complementary distribution.
4. The distinctive features in English can apply to the other languages, too. For
instance, voicing distinguishes meaning in both English and Chinese.
5. In a standardized English syllable all of the three parts of onset, nucleus and
coda are compulsory.
III. Why can a phoneme distinguish meaning
Chp 3
1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.
2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.
3. The word “modernizations” is made up of three morphemes.
4. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are
attached.
5. The morphological rules can be generalized in spite of some exceptions.
6. It is hard to believe that there is an interface between phonology and morphology.
II.
1. Morphology can be subdivided into two branches:______ morphology
and______morphology.
2. The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed ______.
3. [-t]、[-d]、[-id] are _______of the morpheme {-ed}.
4. “Careless” is the _______of the word “carelessness”; “Gentle” is the ______
of the word
“gentlemanliness”.
5. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings:_______ meaning and _______ meaning.
6. Compared with a free phrase, a compound has different phonetic, _______, ________, and syntactic features.
III.
1. Analyze and tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain.
unselfishness / justifiable / descendent / overdeveloped /
naturalistically / friendships / uninvitedly
2. How do you understand that there is an interface between morphology and phonology
Chp 4
1. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or an infinite verb phrase
is grammatically called a clause.
2. The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit
to the number of sentences which can be produced.
3. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured according to the
structuralist language view.
4. Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are
formed and
sentences generated.
5. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human-specific gift which exists in the mind of a
normal human being.
II．
1. For any natural language, a set of s______ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences.
2. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains
a f_______ ver
b or a verb phrase.
3. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a
sentence is l_______.
4. The subordinate sentence in a complex is called an e______ clause and the clause
into which it is inserted is called a m______ clause.
5. In conducting a tree diagram analysis, the principle we have to stick to is called
b______ division.
III.
1. Draw a tree diagram for each of the following two sentences to reveal the difference.
a. The cat ran up the tree.
b. The cat ate up the fish.
2.Why does a sentence have both a linear and a hierarchical structure
Chp 5
1.In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent.
2. Homographs are words which are pronounced alike.
3. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.
4. In a pair of complementary antonyms, there exist some intermediate forms between the two extremes.
5. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are not necessarily semantically well-formed.
6. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it
will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
II．
1. S_____ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with others.
2. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair of g_____ antonyms.
3. The various meanings of a p______ word are related to some extent.
4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r______ in different situations.
5. Hyponymy is the relation of entailment, a superordinate entails all h______.
6. “Buy” and “sell” are a pair of r_______ opposites.
7. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called p_______.
III.
1. The classic semantic triangle reflects the ________.
A. naming theory
B. conceptual view
C. contextualism
D. behaviorist theory
2. The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are _______.
A. homophones
B. Homographs
C. polysemic word
D. complete homonyms
3. The sentence “John gave Mary a present” contains _______arguments.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
meaning relationship between the two words “couch” and “table” is______.
A. synonymy
B. polysemy
C. hyponymy
D. co-hyponym
5. A (n)_______is a logical participant in a predication.
A. argument
B. predicate
C. subject
D. patient
IV.
1. Offer respective antonym for each of the following and tell to which category they belong.
( )
2. Name the category to which each of the following pairs of synonyms belong.
1. lift/elevator
2. kid/child/offspring
3. rotten/addled/sour
4. politician/statesman
5. escape/flee
6. amaze/astoud
3. Identify sense relation between the following pairs of sentences.
1) a. Carl was a bachelor all his life.
b. Carl never married all his life.
2） a. Ted bought two magazines.
b. Ted bought two things.
3) a. He has no sister.
b. His younger sister is beautiful.
Chp 6
1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
2. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
3. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized, therefore stable.
4. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences.
5. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
II.
1.What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study
of meaning the
context of use is considered.
2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
3. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontextualized.
4. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
5. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were
not verifiable.
6.A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal
meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
7.An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed
in saying something.
8. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
9. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of
quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
III.
1. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.
A. contextual
B. behaviouristic
C. intrinsic
D. logical
2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
3. Which of the following is true
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
4.A(n)_________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the
consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. locutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act
D. performative act
5. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. misunderstanding
D. conversational implicatures
IV. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics Chp 1
I. 1. abstract, realization 2. knowledge, realization 3. arbitrariness 4. displacement
5. sounds, words (descriptive - prescriptive; synchronic - diachronic) II. 1-3: F T T
Chp 2
I. 1. obstruction 2. voicing 3. diacritics 4. distinctive 5. two, one II. 1-5： F T F F F
# voicing 声带振动/清-浊音: [p] ≠ [b]: “peer” ≠“beer”
# (un-)aspirated 送气: /p/ : sp h eak = speak
Chp 3
I. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 6. F
II. 1. inflectional, derivational 2. morphs 3. allomorphs 4. stem, root
5. lexical, grammatical
6. phonetic, orthographic, semantic, syntactic III. 1. number of morphemes
unselfishness (3) / justifiable (3) / descendent (3)/ overdeveloped (3)/
naturalistically (5) / friendships (3) / uninvitedly (4)
Chp 4
I. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T
II． 1. syntactic 2. finite 3. linear 4. embedded, matrix
Chp 5
I.
II. 1. selection 2. gradable 3. polysemic 4. reference 5. hyponyms 6. relational 7. predication
III.
IV
1. 1. boy-girl / dead-alive (complementary antonym)
2. wide-narrow / thin-fat / lengthy-short (gradable antonym)
3. sell-buy / teacher-pupil / interviewer-interviewee (relational antonym)
2. 1. dialectal synonym
2. stylistic synonym
3. collocational synonym
4. emotive synonym
5-6. synonyms that differ in semantic shades
3. 1) synonymy 2) entailment 3) contradiction
Chp 6
I. 1-5： all F
II. semantics, context, abstract, Constatives, Performatives
locutionary, illocutionary, commissive, quantity
III. 1-5: C B B C D
Key to questions:
Chp 1
Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system communication. A framework was proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett. He specified twelve design features, five
of which will be discussed here.
a)Arbitrariness. This means that there is no logic connection between meanings and
sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. b) Productivity. Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
c) Duality. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. d) Displacement. Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. e) Cultural transmission. It refers to, on the one hand, human language has a genetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity to acquire human language; on the other hand, the details of any human language are passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by gene.
Chp 2
The reason why a phoneme can distinguish meaning is that a phoneme is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. The sound in any human language has a few features, some of which are distinctive, some of which are not. These features include voicing, nasality, labiality, coronality (teeth range), dorsality(soft palate), aspiration and the others. Among them voicing, for instance, is distinctive, whereas aspiration is not. Because voicing as in the minimal pair “peer” and “beer” can distinguish meaning; while aspiration can only lead to different pronunciations rather than a new word, say, [thip] and [t=ip]. As a result of distinctive features, a phoneme is also distinctive. In a word, the features from which a phoneme is abstracted determine the distinctive quality of the phoneme.
Chp 3
2.
It is true that there is an interface / interdependent and interactional relationship between morphology and phonology. The study on the interface is called morphophonology or morphophonemics, which is a branch of linguistics referring to the analysis and classification of the phonological factors that affect the appearance of morphemes, and the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. On the one hand, some allomorphs appear in a particular way which is determined by phonological factors, for instance, the allomorphs [-s] [-iz] of the morpheme {plural}. They are described as the derived forms from [-z] by the application of the assimilation rule and the epenthesis rule. On the other hand, occurrence of the following allomorphs --- [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese, sheep is decided mainly by morphological factors.
Chp 4
III. 1.
1a. The cat ran up the tree.
S
NP VP
Det. N V PP
Prep. NP
Det. N
The cat ran up the tree.
1b. The cat ate up the fish.
S
NP VP
Det. N V NP
V . N
The cat ate up the fish.
2. linear and hierarchical structures of sentence:
Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are formed by following a set of syntactic rules. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence. Therefore the structure of a sentence is firstly linear, for example, Susan is practising dancing in the hall. However, the superficial arrangement of words in a linear sequence doesn’t entail that sentences are only linearly structured. In fact, sentences are also organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as NP or VP which can be replaced by another element of the same category. The various syntactic categories in a sequence determine that sentences are also hierarchically structured.
In a word, the two structures which a sentence has are, in nature, decided by the syntagmatic
and paradigmatic relations of language system.
Chp 6
V.
Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. The basic
difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning
in context and traditionally semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use.
英语语言学试题及答案
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2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
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英语语言学试题库
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英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.