名词解释

英语国家概况
三．简答题
1.Standard English
Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media. It is used as much in printed materials, and is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also called Queen’s English or BBC English. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. Standard English also refers to the norm carried overseas for non-native speakers learning English.
2.Constitutional monarchy
The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powers are limited by law and Par. The monarchy actually has no real power. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
3.House of commons
In Britain the upper Chamber is the House of Lords, and the lower the house of Commons. The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. It has three functions: to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government , and to influence future government policy.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e914391348.html,monwealth of nations
The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.
5.Industrial Revolution in Britain
The Industrial Revolution in Britain took in Britain for lots of reasons. By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain. It changed Britain in many ways. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up. The Industrial Revolution also created changes in the class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old nobility as the mose important force in the country.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/e914391348.html,prehensive schools
British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like cooking and carpentry.
7. BBC
The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation) and its programs BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run（国营）and it is financed from the sales of television licences. BBC Network Radio serves an audience of 30 million a week in Britain,

broadcasting around 38,000 hours of programmers each year on its 5 networks.
8. Shakespeare/Charles dickens
William Shakespeare is recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. There are many reasons why Shakespeare is so famous. The basic one lies in his great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations.
The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s. the critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The greatest English realist was Charles dickens
9. Anglo-Irish agreement
An agreement made in 1985 between the governments of the UK and the Republic of Ireland, which gave the Irish the right to take part in discussions about the future of Northern Ireland
10. Quebec Act
The Quebec Act was passed in 1774 by the British Parliament. It granted the people of Quebec linguistic and religious freedom and guaranteed the use of French civil law and British criminal law. It was the fist important in coping with differences between the France and British people and uniting them into one country.
四．论述题
1. Higher education in Britain
Students spend three years studying full-time for the first degree, Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. Then if they want to obtain a Master’s Degree in Arts or Master’s Degree in science, they will need another one-year of full-time or two years of part-time study. To obtain a doctoral degree requires from three to five years of additional study and research.
2. The service industry in Britain
London is one of the three principal financial centers of the world. Tourism is on of the largest industries in Britain.
3. Multilingualism and multiculturalism in Canada
Canadians are composed of many different races and ethnic groups; they speak different languages at home apart from English and French. While participating as equal partners in the Canadian society, they keep their own cultural heritage, constituting a “cultural mosaic”. In 1971, Canada became the fist country to implement a multilingualism policy to admit pluralism as a fact of Canadian life. In 1988, the Canadian Multilingualism Act was passed. With globalization and increasing immigration, multilingualism and multiculturalism will remain a special feature of the Canadian society
4. Ireland economy development
The high-tech industries of the 1980s, such as software and biological engineering, gave further impetus to the development of the national economy. As a result, Ireland’s economy finished its transition from an agriculture-based economy to a knowledge-based one.