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英语阅读理解(科普环保)练习题含答案含解析

英语阅读理解(科普环保)练习题含答案含解析
英语阅读理解(科普环保)练习题含答案含解析

英语阅读理解(科普环保)练习题含答案含解析

一、高中英语阅读理解科普环保类

1.犇犇阅读理解

The Alexander technique

Until earlier this year, I didn't know anything about the Alexander technique—and saw no reason to think I should. One day, the backache I regularly suffered was more painful. I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope they'll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor. After examining me, he said, "You actually have bad posture (姿势). Go off and learn the Alexander technique." Three months later I could walk straighter and sit better.

The Alexander technique is a way of learning how you can get rid of harmful tension in your body. The teaching focuses on the neck, head and back. It trains you to use your body less severely and carry out the movements that we do all the time with less effort. There is little effort in the lessons themselves, which sets apart the Alexander technique from yoga or pilates, which are exercise-based. A typical lesson involves standing in front of a chair and learning to sit and stand with minimum effort. You spend some time lying on a bench with your knees bent to straighten the spine (脊椎) and relax your body while the teacher moves your arms and legs to train you to move them correctly.

The technique helps to break the bad habits accumulated over years. Try folding your arms the opposite way to normal. This is an example of a habit the body has formed which can be hard to break. Many of us carry our heads too far back. The head weighs four to six kilos, so any inappropriate posture can cause problems for the body. The technique teaches you to let go of the muscles holding the head back, allowing it to go back to its natural place on the top of our spines.

So who was Alexander and how did he come up with the technique? Frederick Alexander, an Australian actor born in 1869, found in his youth that he had vocal (声音的) problems during performances. He analyzed himself and realized his posture was bad. He worked on improving it, with excellent results. He brought his technique to London and opened a teacher-training school, which is still successful today.

So if you're walking along the road one day with shoulders bent forward, feeling weighed down by your troubles, give a thought to the Alexander technique. It will help you walk tall again.

(1)What does the author suggest in Paragraph 1?

A. She felt no better after the treatment.

B. She got bored with the Alexander technique.

C. She was sceptical about the doctor's method.

D. She was unwilling to seek treatment for her backache.

(2)What is the principle of the Alexander technique?

A. Physical tension shouldn't be completely relieved.

B. The technique shouldn't be combined with other exercises.

C. The practice of the technique shouldn't be attempted alone.

D. Familiar physical actions shouldn't be done with much effort.

(3)What can we learn about Frederick Alexander?

A. He managed to recover his vocal powers.

B. He was eager to make a name for himself.

C. He developed a form of exercise for actors.

D. He had to leave home to develop his technique.

(4)What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The occurrence of back pain is widespread.

B. Alexander improved the technique to treat body pain.

C. The Alexander technique helps overcome posture problems.

D. People with back pain are victims of inappropriate postures.

【答案】(1)D

(2)D

(3)A

(4)C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍亚历山大技巧的对于矫正身体的作用以及其发明者。

(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“I was brought up to think that the preferred way of dealing with aches is to do nothing and hope they'll go away, but I eventually went to the doctor.”可知,作者从小就被灌输这样的思维,处理疼痛的更好办法就是不做任何事情,希望疼痛自行消失,但是却最终不得不去看医生,故可知,作者看医生都是迫不得已,故选D。(2)考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“It trains you to use your body less severely and carry out the movements that we do all the time with less effor t.”可知,亚历山大技巧让你更合理使用身体,用最小的努力来做那些习惯性的动作,故可知,该技巧的原则就是用最小的力来做习惯性的动作,故选D。

(3)考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段中的“Frederick Alexander, an Australian actor born in 1869, found in his youth that he had vocal (声音的) problems during performances. He analyzed himself and realized his posture was bad. He worked on improving it, with excellent results.”可知,弗雷德里克·亚历山大,一个出身于186年的澳大利亚演员,在年轻的时候声音出了问题。他做了分析,意识到自己的姿势不正确,因此致力于改善姿势,结果很好,故可知,他通过矫正姿势,解决了自己的声音问题,故选A。

(4)考查主旨大意。本文介绍亚历山大技巧的对于矫正身体的作用以及其发明者,故可知在介绍亚历山大技巧的作用,故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断和主旨大意两个题型的考查,是一篇科普类阅读,要求考生根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。

2.犇犇阅读理解

A study found wireless signals are able to pass through bags and suitcases to judge the sizes of dangerous metal objects and identify them." These items could include weapons, chemicals, laptops and batteries for bombs, "the research team said on Tuesday.

Research suggested that Wi-Fi can now be used to estimate the volume of liquids such as water,

acid, alcohol and other chemicals for explosive material. The study led by researchers at the Wireless Information Network Laboratory (WINLAB) in the School. of Engineering showed a wireless device with two to three antennas(天线)that could be fitted in existing Wi-Fi networks. The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounce off objects or materials. The approach, which the paper states, works by separating the wireless interference(干扰)caused by two factors of objects-the material and shape." Most dangerous objects such as weapons are usually metal or liquid, which have significant interference," researchers said.

When it was tested on a backpack, the accuracy rate topped 95 percent. "But the accuracy dropped to about 90 percent when objects inside bags are wrapped. And the tech could save lives if used in museums, stadiums, theme parks or schools," the team said, noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy.

It uses channel state information (CSI) that is readily available in low-cost Wi-Fi devices." This could have a great impact on protecting the public from dangerous objects," said Yingying Chen, a co-author of the study," There's a growing need for that now. In large public areas, it's hard to set up expensive screening equipment like what's in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.”

The peer-reviewed study, which recently won a best paper award at the 2018 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security, is now published online." Future work will continue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes," researchers said.

(1)What does paragraph 3 talk about?

A. The function of the technique.

B. The way the device works.

C. The principle the study is based on.

D. The benefit of the study findings.

(2)What's the advantage of the device?

A. It saves people in danger of natural disasters.

B. It passes through bags without damaging them.

C. It uses antennas to pick up networks' signals.

D. It protects personal information from being disturbed.

(3)Why did the researchers study the device according to Yingying Chen?

A. To save money and labour.

B. To make full use of Wi-Fi.

C. To protect passengers' privacy.

D. To research dangerous objects.

(4)Which of the following can replace the underlined word “ameliorating" in the last paragraph?

A. Confirming.

B. Improving.

C. Discovering.

D. Examining.

【答案】(1)B

(2)D

(3)A

(4)B

【解析】【分析】本是一篇说明文,介绍了研究人员发现,WiFi可用于可用于安检。(1)考查段落大意。根据第三段中的“The detection system analyzes what happens when

wireless signals go throug h and bounce off objects or materials.”这个检测系统分析信号在物体和材料上穿透和反射时会发生什么。可知选B。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy.”可知,不用打开和检查人们的个人物品,避免了侵犯隐私,可知选D。

(3)考查推理判断,根据第五段中的“In large public areas, it's hard to set up expensive screening equipment like what's in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.”在大型公共场所,很难像机场那样设置昂贵的安检设施。检查行李总是需要人力,我们希望开发一种互补的方法来减少人力,可推知选A。

(4)考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的“Futu re work will continue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes”今后的工作将继续侧重于提高识别物体和成像形状及体积的准确性,故选B。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,词义猜测,推理判断和段落大意四个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。

3.犇犇阅读理解

Hacking isn't just for computers and smartphones, According to a study published last week in the journal Science, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world.

Photosynthesis(光合作用)is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists who conducted the new study say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of the energy available to therm. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent.

"Specifically, scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system is activated when a plant gets too much sunlight, "said scientist Krishna Niyogi, co-author of the study. When the plant senses the light, it gets rid of extra energy and creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off, but the process is slow.

Stephen Long is the lead author of the study. He compared a plant's protective system to light-adjusting glasses. When a person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses(镜片)darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is. Plants do the same thing, he said. But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. This makes it hard for plants to get the right amount of sunlight needed to create food.

The new study sped up the process. By changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth in two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they

think the genetic changes will produce the same results in corn and rice.

(1)What will happen to the plants when scientists change plants' genes?

A. They will become weaker and weaker.

B. They will grow fast to produce more food.

C. They will have more beautiful flowers.

D. They will depend less on sunlight.

(2)Why does the author mention light-adjusting glasses?

A. To warn people of the hot and bright sun.

B. To explain the principle of plants' protective system.

C. To help leaves of the plants absorb sunlight.

D. To serve the science experiment smoothly.

(3)In the future, the genetic changes will be used to.

A. improve tobacco plants' quality

B. increase tobacco plants' leaves and roots

C. improve the flowers' living time

D. increase the production of corn and rice

(4)Which of the following can be the theme of this text?

A. Hacking plants for more production

B. Leaf growing more quickly

C. Double production of tobacco plants

D. Photosynthesis and production

【答案】(1)B

(2)B

(3)D

(4)A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,科学家通过改变植物的基因,加快光合作用的速度,使植物叶子生长迅速,从而提高植物产量。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“ scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the amount of food produced around the world. ”可知,科学家发现改变植物基因会使植物的光合作用速度加快,将来会增加全球植物的产量。故选B。

(2)考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“ He compared a plant's protective system to light-adjusting glasses. When a person wears the glasses outside during the day, the lenses(镜片)darken and lighten depending on how sunny it is. Plants do the same thing, he said. But in plants the adjustment can take anywhere from 10 minutes to an hour. ”可知,作者提到镜片是为了说明植物的保护系统的工作原理与镜片相同。故选B。

(3)考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“ But they think the genetic changes will pr oduce the same results in corn and rice. ”但是他们认为基因的改变将在玉米和水稻中产生相同的结果。可知选D。

(4)考查主旨大意,根据文章内容可知,科学家改变植物的基因,加快光合作用的速度,使植物叶子生长迅速,从而提高植物产量。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。

4.犇犇阅读理解

Wolves strike fear into the hearts of many species, humans included. Our fear of them has brought them to the edge of dying out, as we have cruelly killed them as competitors and trouble-makers. But researchers are discovering that the very fear they put into prey(被捕食者)species is exactly what helps make ecosystems(生态)healthy.

Yellowstone National Park is a typical example of just how wolves can help repair an ecosystem. An October 2018 study analyzed 40 years of research on large animals inside the park.

"Yellowstone has benefited from the reintroduction of wolves in ways that we did not anticipate, especially the complexity of biological interactions(互动)in the park," explained Mark Boyce, a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences." We were really surprised at that and we'd never have seen these responses if the park hadn't adopted ecological-process management—allowing natural ecological processes to take place with least human intervention."

After the wolves were re-introduced at Yellowstone, willow and cottonwood trees increased in number. The population of bears and bison also rose and what was once a ruling deer-wolf interaction is now more diverse.

To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy. In this documentary, biologist Aaron Wirsing explored why wolves and other top predators (捕食者)were needed for diverse ecosystems to develop. Using a simple video camera, Wirsing is gaining a unique view point on predator-prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.

The research is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem. The fear they bring along may be the very angle that helps save them from dying out.

(1)What does the underlined word "anticipate" in paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. Expect.

B. Understand.

C. Notice.

D. Accept.

(2)For what purpose was a documentary made?

A. To introduce how wolves behave in the wild.

B. To show how wolves benefit from ecosystems.

C. To record how Aaron Wirsing observed wolves.

D. To study what good wolves can do to ecosystems.

(3)What is the significance of the research?

A. It proves wolves feed on hundreds of species.

B. It helps prove the importance of protecting wolves.

C. It shows the complex relationships between species.

D. It provides evidence that wolves are endangered animals.

(4)What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The fear of wolves is beneficial to ecosystems.

B. The fear of wolves put them in danger of disappearing.

C. Yellowstone National Park owes its healthy ecosystems to wolves.

D. The introduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is a success.

【答案】(1)A

(2)D

(3)B

(4)A

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,研究表明人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的,其中黄石公园灰狼的引进就是一个典型的例子。

(1)考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"We were really surprised at that"可知,黄石公园在意想不到的方面从重新引入狼中获益。故选A。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第五段中的“To learn more about just how wol ves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy.”可知,拍摄纪录片的目的是了解狼是如何对生态有益的。故选D。

(3)考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The re search is one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem.”可知,这项研究再次证明了为什么保护这些食肉动物不仅对狼这个物种很重要,而且对生态系统的各个层面的物种都很重要。故这项研究的意义在于它有助于证明保护狼的重要性。故选B。

(4)考查主旨大意。本文主要讲述了人类以及其他动物对狼的恐惧对维持健康、平衡的生态系统是有益的,因为食草动物不会过度繁殖,从而保护了植物的生长。故选A。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,词义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。

5.阅读理解

In 2015, a man named Nigel Richards memorized 386, 000 words in the entire French Scrabble Dictionary in just nine weeks. However, he does not speak French. Richards' impressive feat is a useful example to show how artificial intelligence works—real AI. Both of Richard and AI take in massive amounts of data to achieve goals with unlimited memory and superman accuracy in a certain field.

The potential applications for AI are extremely exciting. Because AI can outperform humans at routine tasks—provided the task is in one field with a lot of data—it is technically capable of replacing hundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.

But not every job will be replaced by AI. In fact four types of jobs are not at risk at all. First, there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given a goal to optimize. It cannot invent, like scientists, novelists and artists can. Second, the complex, strategic jobs—executives, diplomats, economists —go well beyond the AI limitation of single-field and Big Data. Then there are the as-yet-unknown jobs that will be created by AI.

Are you worried that these three types of jobs won't employ as many people as AI will replace? Not to worry, as the fourth type is much larger: jobs where emotions are needed, such as teachers, nannies and doctors. These jobs require compassion, trust and sympathy—which AI

does not have. And even if AI tried to fake it, nobody would want a robot telling them they have cancer, or a robot to babysit their children.

So there will still be jobs in the age of AI. The key then must be retraining the workforce so people can do them. This must be the responsibility not just of the government, which can provide funds, but also of corporations and those who benefit most.

(1)What is the main purpose of paragraph 1?

A. To introduce the topic.

B. To mention Nigel's feat.

C. To stress the importance of good memory.

D. To suggest humans go beyond AI in memory.

(2)Which of the following best explains "outperform" underlined in paragraph 2?

A. Be superior to

B. Be inferior to

C. Be similar to

D. Be related to (3)Which of the following jobs is the most likely to be replaced?

A. The writer.

B. The shop assistant.

C. The babysitter.

D. The psychologist.(4)Which of the following suggestions can the author give about job replacement of AI?

A. Limit the application of AI to a certain degree.

B. Get more support from the government.

C. Apply for the donation from companies.

D. Upgrade people's professional skills all the time.

【答案】(1)A

(2)A

(3)B

(4)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文,人工智能有取代人类工作的潜力,但是,并非所有工作都会被人工智能取代,有四种类型的工作完全没有风险。因此,在人工智能时代人类仍然会有工作,关键必须是对劳动力进行再培训,这样人们才能从事这些工作。

(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段可知一个名叫奈杰尔·理查兹(Nigel Richards)的人在短短九周内记住了《法国拼字游戏词典》中的386,000个单词。但是,他不会说法语。其展示了人工智能是如何工作的。而后文主要与人工智能有关,由此推断作者写第一段的目的是引出人工智能这个话题。故选A。

(2)考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“Because AI can outperform humans at routine tasks—provided the task is in one field with a lot of data”可知AI可以在日常任务中outperform人类(前提是该任务在一个涉及到大量数据的领域中;以及“it is technically capable of replacing hundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.”可知从技术上讲,人工智能具有在未来大约15年里取代成千上万的白领和蓝领工作的能力。结合下文推断人工智能能够具有取代人类的工作是因为AI在日常任务中表现超过了人类,划线词的意思是"胜过,超过",故选A。

(3)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“First, there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given a goal to optimize. It cannot invent, like scientists, novelists and artists can.”可知四种类型的工作完全没有风险。首先,有创造性的工作。人工智能不可能像科学家,小说家和艺术家那样进行

发明创造。也就是作家和科学家不会被取代。排除A;再根据第四段中的“as the fourth type is much larger: jobs where emotions are needed, such as teachers, nannies and doctors.”可知需要情感的工作,例如老师,保姆和医生也不大可能被取代,因此排除C和D。故选B。

(4)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“So there will still be jobs in the age of AI. The key then must be retraining the workforce so people can do them.” 可知作者认为在AI时代仍然会有工作,关键必须是对劳动力进行再培训,这样人们才能从事这些工作。进行培训是为了得到专业技能,由此推断作者会给出一直提升人们的专业技能的建议,故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查,是一篇科技类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,并根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。

6.阅读理解

When Andrew Kaplan recalls, his stories leave the impression that he has managed to pack multiple lives into a single existence: A war reporter in his 20s. an army member, a successful businessman and- later. the author of numerous spy novels and Hollywood scripts.

Now the silver haired 78-year old has realized he would like his loved ones to have access to those stories, even when he is no longer alive to share them. Kaplan has agreed to become "AndyBot"--- a virtual person who will be: immortalized(T F5)in the cloud for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years

If all goes according to plan future generations will be able to interact with him using voice computing platforms of mobile devices, asking him questions, letting him tell stories and drawing upon a lifetime's worth of advice long after his physical body is gone.

Someday, Kaplan, who playfully refers to himself as a pig, may be remembered as one of the world's first digital humans.

For decades, Silicon Valley futurists have sought to free humanity from the life cycle. Today, a new generation of companies is selling some approximation(近似) of virtual immortality, which gives people the opportunity to preserve one's legacy(遗产) online forever.

Kaplan is eager to become one of the world's first virtual residents, partly because he considers the effort a way to extend closed family bonds over multiple generations.

If technology succeeds in creating emotionally intelligent digital humans, experts say, it may forever change the way living people cooperate with computers and experience loss. "AndyBot" may become one of the world's first: meaningful examples, raising complex philosophical questions about the nature of immortality and the purpose of existence itself.

(1)What is the purpose of the first paragraph?

A.To highlight Kaplan's achievements.

B.To introduce the topic- -AndyBot.

C.To arouse readers interest in Kaplan.

D.To introduce Kaplan's life.

(2)Why did Andrew Kaplan agree to become AndyBot?

A.He wanted to share his life experience as long as possible.

B.He wanted to make his loved one remember him.

C.He believed this action will help with his novels.

D.He could live in the cloud to continue his life.

(3)What might the AndyBot do for future generations?

A.He may use voice computing platforms.

B.He may use a new body to go on living.

C.He may offer some guidance.

D.He may ask them questions.

(4)What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A.Philosophical problems can be worked out by modern science.

B.People can talk with their late family members freely.

C.Scientists have made great progress in computer science.

D.There is still a long way for digital humans to go.

【答案】(1)B

(2)A

(3)C

(4)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科技新动态----数字人。

(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段可知,当安德鲁·卡普兰回忆往昔的时候,他的故事让人感觉他活出了各种各样的人生:20多岁的时候是战地记者,还是一名军人,一位成功的商人,随后又是很多间谍小说和好莱坞剧本的作者。主要介绍安德鲁·卡普兰丰富多彩的人生;在根据第二段中的“Now the silver haired 78-year old has realized he would like his loved ones to have access to those stories, even when he is no longer alive to share them. Kaplan has agreed to become “AndyBot”--- a virtual person who will be”现在这位花白头发的78岁的老人想要他爱的人知道这些故事,甚至当他去世之后还可以分享这些故事。Kaplan同意变成数字人,可知,第一段的内容主要是引出下文中文章的话题数字人。故选B。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Now the silver haired 78-year old has realized he would like his loved ones to have access to those stories, even when he is no longer alive to share them. Kaplan has agreed to become ‘AndyBot’...a virtual person who will be”现在这位花白头发的78岁的老人想要他爱的人知道这些故事,甚至当他去世之后还可以分享这些故事。Kaplan同意变成数字人,可知,卡普兰同意变成数字人是为了能更长时间的分享自己的这些故事。故选A。

(3)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“If all goes according to plan. future generations will be able to interact with him using voice computing platforms of mobile devices, asking him questions, letting him tell stories and drawing upon a lifetime's worth of advice long after his physical body is gone. ”如果一切按计划进行,后代可以通过移动端的语音平台和他交流,即使他的肉体不存在后,还可以问他问题,让他讲故事以及咨询他一生经验的宝贵建议。可知卡普兰成为“数字人”后,他的后代仍能得到他一生经验的宝贵建议。故选C。

(4)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“If technology succeeds in creat ing emotionally intelligent digital humans, experts say, it may forever change the way living people cooperate with computers and experience loss.”可知,专家们说,如果科技成功地创造出高情商的数字人类,它可能会永远改变人类与电脑交互的方式,以及处理失去亲人创伤的方式,即目前

的数字人类还无法拥有高情商,还是不够完美的,因此数字人技术还有很长的路要走。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇科技类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,并根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。

7.阅读理解

Imagine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the sun's energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear.

According to a team of researchers at MIT, both cases may be possible before long, thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing.

Solar energy is only available about half the time we need it — during daylight. For the sun to become a major power provider for human needs, there has to be an efficient way to save it up for use during nighttime and stormy days. Most such efforts have focused on storing and recovering solar energy in the form of electricity, but the new finding, by MlI professor Jeffrey Grossman, Postdoc David Zhitomirsky and graduate student Eugene Cho, could provide a highly efficient method for storing the sun's energy through a chemical reaction and releasing it later as heat.

The key to enabling long-term, stable storage of solar heat, the team said, is to store it in the form of a chemical change rather than storing the heat itself. But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. When exposed to sunlight, the molecules can stay that way for long periods Then, when triggered (触发)by a very specific temperature or something else, the molecules return to their original shape , giving off heat in the process.

Such chemically-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. But those earlier efforts were designed to be used in liquid solutions and not able to make durable (耐用的) solid-state films. The new approach is the first based on a solid-state material, in this case a polymer, and the first based on inexpensive materials and widespread production technology.

(1)What is the main purpose of Paragraph 1?

A.To show the main idea of the passage.

B.To practice readers' imagination.

C.To interest readers in the passage.

D.To introduce a new kind of material.

(2)According to the passage, what can the polymer film do?

A.It can be made into window glass.

B.It can make necessary electricity.

C.It can store energy and release sunshine.

D.It can absorb sunshine and give off heat.

(3)According to the passage, what is STF based on?

A.The chemical reaction.

B.The movement of heat.

C.The form of electricity.

D.The physical reaction.

(4)What is the advantage of the molecular configuration?

A.It is less expensive.

B.It is very powerful.

C.It is easily available.

D.It is less changeable.

【答案】(1)C

(2)D

(3)A

(4)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了一种新型材料,它可以通过自身吸热并储存热量,之后能够根据需要释放热。

(1)考查推理判断。根据第一段“Im agine your clothing could release enough heat to keep you warm and cozy, allowing you to stay comfortable in a cooler room. Or, picture a car windshield that stores the sun's energy and then releases it as heat to make the ice on the windshield disappear. ”想象一下你的衣服可以释放足够的热量让你温暖和舒适,让你可以在冰冷的房间里保持舒适。或者,再想象一下车的挡风玻璃可以储存太阳的能量,然后释放热量使挡风玻璃上的冰消失)可推测,本段以衣服和骑车挡风玻璃为例,提到了如果衣服能够吸热和放热、汽车的挡风玻璃能够吸热和自动除冰那该是多么好的事,以此来吸引对着对本文的兴趣。故选C。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“thanks to a new material that can store solar energy during the day and release it later as heat. This transparent polymer film could be applied to many different surfaces, such as window glass or clothing. ”多亏了这种能在白天吸热之后以热能形式释放的新型材料,这个透明的聚合物膜可以应用于许多不同的表面,如窗户玻璃或服装)可知,这种聚合物膜可以吸热,此后再以热能的形式释放出来。故选D。

(3)考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Such chemicall y-based storage materials, known as Solar Thermal Fuels(STF), have been developed before. ”这种以化学反应为基础的储存材料,即太阳能热燃料(STF),以前就已经被开发出来了,可知,STF是以化学反应为基础。故选A。

(4)考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“But heat will disappear over time no matter how good the material around it is, so the team set up a chemical storage system that can keep the energy in a stable molecular configuration. ”但是热量会随着时间的推移而消失,不管周围的物质有多好,所以研究小组建立了一个化学储存系统,可以将能量保持在一个稳定的分子结构中)可推断,这种分子结构的优势是相对稳定。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇科普类阅读,考生需要准确捕捉细节信息,并根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。

8.阅读理解

Compared with solar and wind energy, which are booming, tidal (潮汐的) power is a loser in the clean - energy competition. But if you did want to build a tidal power station, there are few better sites than the mouth of the River Severn, in Britain. Its tidal range, the difference in depth between high and low tides, of around 15 metres is among the largest in the world.

Engineers and governments have been toying with the idea since at least 1925. But none of the suggested projects has materialised. Price is one objection. A study thought that tidal energy might cost between £216 and £368 ($306 - 521) per MWh of electricity by 2025, compared with £58 - 75 for seagoing wind turbines (轮机) and £55 - 76 for solar panels. Environmentalists also worry that any plant would change the tides, making life harder for wildlife.

An engineer called Rod Rainey thinks he has a way around both problems. He plans to replace the conventional turbines of previous plans with a much older technology. Specifically, he plans to span (横跨) the river mouth with a line of water wheels. This is a design that dates back to the early days of the Industrial Revolution. Examples can be found fixed to the sides of old watermills (水磨).

But there would be nothing old - fashioned about Mr Rainey's wheels. Thirty metres high and sixty wide, they would be made from ordinary steel. Two hundred and fifty of them, along with the supporting structures, would be floated into place and secured to the seabed, creating a line 15km long. Together, they could supply power at an avenge ate of 4GW. That is about as much as two biggish nuclear power stations would manage. Substituting one of the wheels with a set of locks would provide a shipping channel about twice the width of Panama Canal, permitting upstream ports such as Avonmouth and Cardiff to continue operating.

(1)What is special about the mouth of the River Seven?

A. The tidal range there is about 15 meters.

B. It has the largest tidal range in the world.

C. The tidal power station has been built there.

D. Its power plant makes life harder for wildlife.

(2)What was people's initial attitude towards tidal power?

A.Opposed.

B.Supportive.

C.Controversial.

D.Doubtful.

(3)What are the locks used for?

A.Support.

B.Transportation.

C.Securing wheels.

D.Producing electricity.

(4)What's the best tittle for the text?

A.Rainey invented turbines.

B.Rainey's tidal power station.

C.Tidal power in the River Seven.

D.An old idea might be made practical.

【答案】(1)A

(2)A

(3)B

(4)D

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,潮汐能发电站虽然计划已久,但由于科学家的担心,很长时间以来都没有得以实现。而名叫Rod Rainey的工程师最近想到了解决问题的办法,虽然用的是过去的科技,但在轮上做了很大改进,这样在保证海洋生物和环境安全的同时也可大量发电。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Its tidal range, the difference in depth between high and low tides, of around 15 metres is among the largest in the world."它的潮汐差,即最低和最高潮汐的深度差,是大约15米,位居世界首位。可知,the mouth of the River Severn最大的特点就是潮汐差很大。故选A。

(2)考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"Engineers and governments have been toying with the idea since at least 1925."和最后一段中的"Environmentalists also worry that any plant would change the tides, making life harder for wildlife."可知,工程师对潮汐电站的想法漫不经心,环境主义者担心它会给海洋生物带来危险,所以最初人们对潮汐发电站都是不支持的。故选A。(3)考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"a set of locks would provide a shipping channel about twice the width of Panama Canal, permitting upstream ports such as Avonmouth and Cardiff to continue operating."可知,locks的主要作用是提供一条比巴拿马运河宽一倍的水上运输渠道,保证上游的港口能够正常运行。故选B。

(4)考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知,文章主要讲Rod Rainey用古老的方法代替传统的轮机进行潮汐发电,打破River Severn不适宜潮汐发电的旧思想。故选D。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查,是一篇科技类阅读,要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上,进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,概括和归纳,从而选出正确答案。

9.阅读理解

Words and the way we use them offer a rare window on social and cultural trends. Kory Stamper and Peter Sokolowski know that better than most.

The Merriam-Webster(韦氏词典) lexicographers(词典编纂者) are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.

So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.

What is a lexicographer?

Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editors-in- chief said,

"Tell the truth about words," and that sums it up for me.

What do you guys do all day?

Stamper: The two main duties of a lexicographer are reading and defining. We read everything: books, journals, blogs, phone books, take-out menus, and so on. What we're looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.

When we are writing or revising a dictionary, most of our time is spent defining. We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.

Drafting definitions requires some training, some experience and a lot of concentration. It's very, very quiet on the editorial floor.

How closely do the most looked-up words on your online dictionary seem to be related to the news or trends?

Stamper: When our dictionary went online back in 1996, we could see for the first time which were the most looked-up words in English: Affect, effect and ubiquitous were the top words. It was fascinating to us-dictionary editors spend so much time writing definitions but never could have known if anyone ever read them. We could follow what people were thinking about according to what words they were looking up. Thanks to our online dictionary, we had data.(1)What do lexicographers do?

A. They collect as many words as they can and edit them into a dictionary.

B. They interview as many people as they can to collect new words.

C. They do research about language and edit the truth about words.

D. They make deep studies of social and cultural trends.

(2)What's the function of lexicographers' records during their reading?

A. The records show how large the dictionary is.

B. The records contain what kind of things they read.

C. The records are the main things to add to the database.

D. The records offer the raw material to the editors.

(3)Which of the following is the correct order of a lexicographer defining a word?

a. Write a draft of the definition.

b. Conclude the usage of the word.

c. Pay attention to the new words and new senses.

d. Decide whether the usage has been covered.

A. adbc

B. dbac

C. bdca

D. cbda

(4)What does this passage mainly talk about?

A. Observers of the language.

B. Process of making a dictionary.

C. Development of language.

D. Experience of editing new words.

【答案】(1)C

(2)D

(3)C

(4)A

【解析】【分析】本文主要讲述的是语言的观察者——词典编纂者。

(1)细节理解题。根据What is a lexicographer?中Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editors-in- chief said, "Tell the truth about words," and that sums it up for me.(词典编纂者是编写或编辑词典的人。词典编辑的工作是准备和提出关于语言的研究。我们的一位前主编说:"说出关于文字的真相,"这就是我的总结。)可知,词曲编纂者研究语言,编辑关于文字的真相。故选C。

(2)推理判断题。根据What do you guys do all day?中What we're looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.(我们要找的是能引起我们注意的词。我们记录这些单词的上下文和关于来源的信息。这些记录被添加到数据库中,它们是我们编写定义时使用的原材料。)可知,词典编纂者在阅读过程中记录的作用是这些记录为编辑提供了原始资料。故选D。

(3)细节理解题。根据第六段中We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.(我们根据一个单词在记载的上下文中如何使用来定义它,决定这个用法是否已经被我们的字典所涵盖。一旦这样做了,你会看到新的单词和新的含义,然后起草一个定义。)可知,首先是总结出这个词的用法,第二步是决定是否涵盖了使用情况,第三步是收集新单词和新含义,然后写含义,故选C。

(4)主旨大意题。根据第二、三段The Merriam-Webster(韦氏词典)lexicographers(词典编纂者)are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.(韦氏词典编纂者是编辑该词典的一个团队的成员。在最近的一次采访中,索科洛夫斯基和斯坦普谈到了他们的工作,以及我们使用词语的方式反映了我们的集体特征。)和So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.(所以为了更多地了解这些语言的观察者,也许我们应该从一些背景知识开始。)可知,本文讲述的是语言的观察者——词典编纂者。故选A。

【点评】考查阅读理解。本文涉及细节理解题、推理判断题和主旨大意题三种常考题型。细节理解题可以从原文直接找或归纳答案。推理判断题结合上下文综合推理。主旨大意题找关键词,找出主题句。

10.阅读理解

Hacking isn't just for computers and smart phones. According to a study, scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly. Someday, the results could increase the number of food produced around the world.

Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes. Hacked plants are larger than normal plants.

Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Scientists say this is a very slow process. Plants use less than 1 percent of the energy. But by hacking a plant's genes, the scientists were able to increase the amount of leaf growth on plants between 14 and 20 percent. Scientists hacked the plant's protective system. Normally, this system starts when a plant gets too much sunlight. When the plant senses the light, it creates more leaves. When the plant is in shade, the protective system is turned off. But the process is slow.

The new study sped up the process by changing the plant's genes, the protective system turned on and off more quickly than normal. As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased. Leaf growth on two plants increased by 20 percent, while leaf growth on a third plant increased by 14 percent. Scientists conducted the study on tobacco plants. But they think the genetic changes would produce the same results in corn and rice.

Agriculture professor Tala Awanda said the study makes sense, but cautioned the yield(产量)might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still, she added in an email,"this study remains a breakthrough,"

(1)Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1 ?

A. We can find hacking only in digital devices.

B. A plant's genes can be changed by hacking.

C. Hacking has been used in improving food production.

D. Hacking can be used to change whatever you want.

(2)Why did scientists choose tobacco plants to study?

A. Because they are very easy to get.

B. Because their genes are easy to change.

C. Because they are larger than other plants.

D. Because they can absorb sunlight quickly.

(3)What do we know about photosynthesis?

A. It helps plants to produce energy.

B. It is regarded as a productive system for plants.

C. It can increase leaf growth on plants by 14 percent.

D. It is made up of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.

(4)We can learn from Paragraph 4 that changing the plants' genes proved _______.

A. useless

B. deadly

C. effective

D. unrealistic

(5)What is Tala Awanda's attitude toward the study?

A. Doubtful.

B. Neutral.

C. Objective.

D. Critical.

【答案】(1)B

(2)B

(3)A

(4)C

(5)C

【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了科学家通过研究发现了通过骇入植物基因使其更快地利用阳光的方法,这种方法对提高粮食产量是个重大突破。

(1)考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"scientists have found a way to hack a plant's genes in order to make it use sunlight more quickly."可知,科学家发现一种通过骇入植物基因使其更快

地利用阳光的方法,由此可知,植物的基因可以通过骇入来改变,故选B。

(2)考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"Scientists used tobacco plants in the study because it is easy to change the plants' genes"可知,科学家在研究中选择使用烟草植物是因为它们的基因很容易改变,故选B。

(3)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Photosynthesis is the word used to describe how plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make their own food."可知,"光合作用"这个词用来描述植物如何利用阳光、水和二氧化碳制造自己的食物,由此可知,光合作用能帮助植物产生能量,故选A。

(4)考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"As a result, leaf growth on the plants scientists used in the study increased."可知,结果,科学家在研究中使用的植物叶片生长量增加了,由此可知,骇入植物基因的方法证明是有效的,故选C。

(5)考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"the study makes sense,but cautioned the yield(产量)might not be quite so high for conventional food crops. Still,she added in an email,"this study remains a breakthrough,"可知,Awanda说这个研究很有意义,但她警告说对传统农作物来说,产量可能不会那么高,最后她还说不管怎样,这项研究仍是一个突破,由此可知Awanda 对这项研究持客观态度,故选C。

【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇科研类阅读,考生需要准确捕捉细节信息,并根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。

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