北京师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

北京师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析

(46)Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities place upon the nonacademic,

social,“extracurricular”aspect of education,often defined as personal growth.Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term“education”as being all-embracing,including as subsets within it academic and nonacademic components.

This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education.Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education.The majority of colleges and universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years.(47)If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge,the term of studies could Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi undoubtedly be reduced.Yet the terms of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways.

Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports,student government,musical and dramatic

organizations,and countless other organized and individual activities designed to enhance one’s personal growth and provide some recreation and enjoyment outside of the classroom.

(48)Experience with campus organizations and off-campus community involvement can be highly valuable in preparing international students for future leadership in their professional field upon their return home.

The typical American college’s support for extracurricular activity is perhaps unique in the world,This special educational dimension,beyond the classroom and laboratory experience,does not mean that extracurricular participation is required to gain an American degree.It remains an entirely optional activity,but(49)it is noted here because Americans have traditionally viewed success in one’s role as a citizen as closely linked to a“well-rounded”life that incorporates a variety of social,athletic,and cultural activities into a person’s experience.

A great many American campuses and communities have organized special extracurricular activities for students from other countries.

(50)On most campuses,one can find an international club,which includes Americans,where students can get to know and learn socially from students from other countries,as well as Americans. International students are almost always invited,through organized hospitality activities,into the homes of Americans living in or outside the academic community.

答案

46.如果对美国教育体系的讨论未能涉及许多学院及大学教育中非学术性的、社会的及“课程外”的方面，即其对个性成长的重视，那么这种讨论就不全面。

47.假如美国本科教育的最终目的只是传授一定量的知识，那么学习的期限无疑就可以缩短。

48.参与校园内的各种组织活动和校外团体活动的经验在培养国际学生归国后在其专业领域发挥领导作用方面是极有价值的。

49.在这里特别提到的是因为美国人历来认为，一个人作为社会公民的成功是与包括各种各样的社会、体育和文化活动的个人经历的全方位的生活紧密相关的。

50.在大多数的校园里都有国际俱乐部，成员包括美国学生。在俱乐部里，学生(包括美国学生)通过与来自其他国家的学生的社会交往相互认识并学习。

总体分析

本文主要介绍了美国教育系统注重培养学生课外活动能力，促进学生个性发展的特点。

第一至二段：指出美国本科教育努力将个性发展和智力发展相结合。

第三至五段：这种教育特点与美国人关于成功的社会公民的观念相关，并有利于培养国际学生的领导和交际能力。

试题精解

46.[精解]本题考核的知识点是：条件状语从句、后置定语。

该句子是含条件状语从句的主从复合句。句子的主干是：Any discussion…would be less than complete。If条件从句翻译时应前置，

其中代词it指代主句主语Any discussion…。条件句中又含有that引导的定语从句修饰the emphasis。定语从句的主干是：…universities place (emphasis)upon the…education，句子最后的分词结构(which is)defined as personal growth是前面名词短语the nonacademic,

social,“extracurricular”aspect of education的后置定语。由于名词短语中已含有多个形容词做定语，因此，句末的后置定语应采用拆译法，译成同位语。

词汇方面：place emphasis upon(sth.)强调，重视;extracurricular 课外的，业余的，extra-前缀意为“在外，外面”;personal growth个人成长。

47.[精解]本题考核的知识点是：条件状语从句、词义的选择。

该句是含if条件句的主从复合句，而且是虚拟语气。

词汇方面：convey意思是“运送;传达，表达”，文中和knowledge搭配应译为“传授”。a body of原意是“大量，大批，大堆”，加入set后，可译为“一定量的”。term意思是“学期，期限;条款，条件，术语”等，根据上下文将它确定为“期限”。

48.[精解]本题考核的知识点是：介词短语、词性转换。

这是个简单句，其主干是experience can be valuable，句子中的修饰成分基本上都是介词短语。主语experience后with…involvement结构做后置定语，翻译时将它提前;in preparing…结构做状语，译为“在……方面”。

词汇方面：off-campus校外，off-前缀意为“不在……上，离开，去掉”;involvement意为“参与，加入”，文中转译为动词。Upon可意为“……之后”。

49.[精解]本题考核的知识点是：状语从句、后置定语。

该句是含原因状语从句的主从复合句，主句是it is noted here。Because引导的从句的主干是：Americans…viewed success…as closely linked to a“well-rounded”life，in one’s role as a citizen做后置定语修饰success，life后接有that引导的定语从句做定语。由于主句很短，而状语从句长且复杂，因此可以保留句子原来顺序。

词汇方面：note意为“注意，留意;指出，特别提到”。well-rounded 是形容词，意为“全面的，完善的”。incorporate sth.into sth.意为“将……包括在内，包含”。

50.[精解]本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。

句子主干是one can find an international club，句首介词短语On most campuses做地点状语，club后接有which和where分别引导的两个定语从句。由于从句较长，采用拆译法单独成句。而且由于两个定语从句共用一个先行词club，因此它需要译两次。

词汇方面：socially意为“在社交方面”。

全文翻译

如果对美国教育体系的讨论未能涉及许多学院及大学教育中非学术性的、社会的及“课程外”的部分，即其对个性成长的重视，那么这种讨论就不全面。也许看待个性成长概念的一种有用的方法是将“教育”这个广泛而全面的术语描述为是包罗万象的，学术和非学术成分都作为子集包括其中。

对于不特别熟悉美国高等教育的人来说，这也许是最难说明的概念之一。其他国家的教育系统很少这样同时重视学术和个性教育。美国大多数学院和大学努力在本科阶段将个性发展和智力发展结合起来。假如美国本科教育的最终目的只是传授一定量的知识，那么学习的期限无疑就可以缩短。然

而学习的期限之所以延长，目的是让学生有机会以其他方式成长和发展。

学生可获得大量的机会参与体育运动、学生政府、音乐和戏剧组织，及无数其他的为促进个人成长并提供课外消遣和娱乐的有组织的和个性化的活动。参与校园内的各种组织活动和校外团体活动的经验在培养国际学生归国后在其专业领域发挥领导作用方面是极有价值的。

美国大学对课外活动的这种特有的支持可能在世界上是独一无二的。这种超出课堂和实验室经验的特殊教育内容，并不意味着要获得美国学历就必须参与课外活动。它仍然完全是可选择的活动，但是在这里特别提到它是因为美国人历来认为，一个人作为社会公民的成功是与包括各种各样的社会、体育和文化活动的个人经历的全方位的生活紧密相关的。

许多美国校园和社团都为来自其他国家的学生组织了特别的课外活动。在大多数的校园里都有国际俱乐部，成员包括美国学生。在俱乐部里，学生(包括美国学生)通过与来自其他国家的学生的社会交往相互认识并学习。通过有组织的接待活动，国际学生几乎总是被邀请到居住在学术团体内或外的美国人家中。

本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

北京大学考博英语模拟题14 Part ⅠVocabulary 1. The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a ______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion. A.long B.forever https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb17770039.html,sting D.lively 答案：C [解答] 本题空格处是说留下持久的印记。long的意思是“长期的”；forever的意思是“永远”；lasting的意思是“持久的”；lively的意思是“活泼的，逼真的”。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。 2. The magician picked out several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A.by accident B.on average C.on occasion D.at random 答案：D by accident偶然的。on average平均的。on occasion有时。at random随意的。 3. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats. A.a sharp set-back B.severe set-back C.a severe blown-up D.sharp blown-up

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华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic

2012年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center. 1. It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______ way the store was organized. A. logical B. haphazard C. orderly D. tidy 【答案】B 【解析】句意：由于店铺东西摆放杂乱无章，干活时找寻所需东西相当困难。haphazard 随意的；无计划的；胡乱的。orderly整齐的；有组织的。 2. Mississippi also upholds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people; balmy year-round weather; and truly ______ cuisine. A. destructive B. horrible

Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%) Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、 11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution、 A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for 12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message、 A.accustomed to split and divided B.accustomed to splitting and dividing C.accustomed to split and dividing D.accustomed to splitting and divided 13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、 A、at itself B、as itself C、on itself D、in itself 14. us earlier, your request to the full、 A、You have contacted…we could comply with B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with C、You had contacted…could we have complied with D、Have you contacted…we could comply with 15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、 A、discard B、discreet C、discord D、disgorge 16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、 A、on…by…at B、by…for…in C、from…in…on D、through…with…from 17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create 、 A、bore B、bored C、boredom D、bordom 18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、 A、lacked B、lacking C、for lack of D、lack of 19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、 A、that have to B、have to C、having to D、has to 20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、 A、none the worse B、none the better C、never worse D、never better 21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、 A、cried out for…cried out for B、cry out for…cry out for C、had cried out for…cried out for D、had cried out for…cry out for 22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、 A、trigger B、meager C、vigor D、linger 23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、 A、as much the Africans are detribalized B、the Africans are much being detribalized C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized D、as much as the Africans are detribalized 24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、 A、can but B、cannot only C、cannot but D、can only but 25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、

四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）

北京大学考博英语真题常见句子翻译方法近期很多考生问关于条件状语从句的分析和翻译问题，在此，育明考博老师结合同学提出的两个典型问题为大家分析条件状语从句，并给出相应的参考译文。 一、问题：请分析并翻译：If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. 解析：很多考生看到这样一句从横三、四行的长句会心生畏惧，对自己没有信心，自然也就无法理清这句中的各种枝节。拿到这样的一个句子，最主要的仍然是先把主干找到，然后再看其他部分和主干的关系。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 句子主干：you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties 主干是由两个并列的分句组成的，第一个分句是you will be in a position to know the experiences主系表结构，第二个分句是it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties形式主语+系表结构+不定式作真正的主语。

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major Ph.D. program (Harbin Institute of Technology) Passage One Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage: According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the y had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression. The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors. These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible. 1. The author is primarily concerned with . A. advocating a return to an older methodology. B. explaining the importance of a recent theory. C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods D. describing events leading to a discovery 2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein

北京大学考博英语历年试题综合分析 导言：考博英语真题的重要性 全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真 题分析则显得尤为重要。华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总 结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。 考博英语试题的独特性 众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生 入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英 语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。 首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要 求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会 选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方 面而引起的错误和争议。 其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级、杂 志文章或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。因其题目来源的独特性，我们研 究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。如果考生在考前了解了这 一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。所以考生考前 精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。

考博英语试题的作用 考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。 指导作用。通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、 题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。 规划作用。考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。 调控作用。通过研读历年的考博英语试题，以所报考院校的英语真题为标杆，随时监控与调节自己的复习计划，使自己的复习计划在最短的时间内获得满意的成绩。 由此可知，研究真题对于考生在较短时间内提升成绩是有很大帮助的。因此，华慧考博英语研究中心对北京大学历年的考博真题进行了细致且深入的研究，将北京大学考博英语的出题特点、题目类型等进行了详细论述，对下一年度的考博英语命题趋势进行了预测，并提出了针对北京大学考博英语的备考方法，让考生的复习备考更加具有针对性，让考生少走弯路，快速提高考试成绩。 以下是华慧考博英语研究中心对北京大学考博英语历年试题详细分析。 一、北京大学考博英语试题的考核要求 北京大学博士研究生非英语专业入学考试是学校为招收博士研究生而设置的选拔性考试。教育部颁布的《硕士、博士研究生英语教学大纲》规定：“博士生入学其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生的水平”。根据这一规定，并结合历年招收博士研究生的具体情况，我校博士生入学英语考试既考查考生的语言知识，又注重测试考生的语言应用能力。

2015年华东师范大学考博英语真题及详解 Paper One Part I Vocabulary and Structure(15%) Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre. 1.Mo Yan is_____as one of China’s most talented writers. A.acclaimed B.claimed C.blamed D.studied 【答案】B 【解析】句意：莫言被称为中国最有才华的作家之一。be claimed as意为“被称为”，符合句意，故选B项。 2.There has been no twentieth-century anthropologist more_____or more controversial than Margaret Mead. A.imaginative B.hard-working C.celebrated D.strong-minded 【答案】C 【解析】句意：20世纪的人类学家中没有谁比玛格丽特·米德更著名或者说更有争议。备受争议从侧面说明了她比较出名，celebrated“著名的，有名望的”符合句意。故选C项。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/eb17770039.html,munication satellites transmit information more_____than do ordinary shortwave radios. A.conveniently B.reliably C.accessibly D.concisely 【答案】B 【解析】句意：通讯卫星比普通的短波无线电通讯传送信息更加可靠。reliably可靠地。conveniently便利地，合宜的。accessibly可接近地，可得到地。concisely简洁地。这里强

Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%） Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet. 11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that a wide solution. A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for 12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message. A．accustomed to split and divided B．accustomed to splitting and dividing C．accustomed to split and dividing D．accustomed to splitting and divided 13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value. A. at itself B. as itself C. on itself D. in itself 14．us earlier, your request to the full. A.You have contacted…we could comply with B.Had you contacted…we could have complied with C.You had contacted…could we have complied with D.Have you contacted…we could comply with 15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy. A. discard B. discreet C. discord D. disgorge 16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their psychology. No one can shield himself such an influence. A. on…by…at B. by…for…in C. from…in…on D. through…with…from 17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create . A. bore B. bored C. boredom D. bordom 18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz. A. lacked B. lacking C. for lack of D. lack of 19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine. A. that have to B. have to C. having to D. has to 20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it. A. none the worse B. none the better C. never worse D. never better 21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color. A. cried out for…cried out for B. cry out for…cry out for C. had cried out for…cried out for D. had cried out for…cry out for 22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very . A. trigger B. meager C. vigor D. linger 23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology. A. as much the Africans are detribalized B. the Africans are much being detribalized C. as much as the Africans are being detribalized D. as much as the Africans are detribalized 24. We admire his courage and self-confidence. A. can but B. cannot only C. cannot but D. can only but 25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to

北京语言大学考博英语真题及其解析Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Long before Man lived on the Earth,there were fishes,reptiles, birds,insects,and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today,others are now extinct,that is,they have no descendants alive now. 41Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin,so that, apart from color,we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate. 42Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals,birds,and insects of which we know noting.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi. 43There were also crablike creatures,whose bodies were covered