学术英语

1词汇替换（这题全部出自课文后的formal words练习）

1术语（20个的范围准备，考试考10个。学生必须自己熟悉术语的含义，考试的时候要求考生根据描述写出术语。）

2Iceberg Theory

3Essay

4Collective unconscious

5Artistic merit

6Literary theory

7Gender studies

8Figure of speech

9Literary criticism

10Genealogy

11historical data

12national identity

13the pastness of the past

14the Mandate of Heaven

15historical consciousness

16historiography

17historian/historiographer

18Paradox

19epistemology

20Metaphysics

21formal developments

1释义（给学生8句的范围准备，考试考2句）

1).The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize. The writer need not even pursue it to attain it.

2).The test in individual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, of course, truth.

3).By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, but importantly, we are also taught tolerance for other people’s beliefs.

4).Although each reader’s theory and methodology for arriving at a text’s

interpretation differs, sooner or later groups of readers and critics declare allegiance

to a similar core of beliefs and band together, thereby founding schools of criticism.

5). “History teaching by example” is one phrase that describes this use of

a study of the past —a

study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully

worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in

courage, diligence, or constructive protest.

1The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.

1The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.

1Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny.

Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads philosophers to put forward some very weird views.

翻译来自第六单元的A课文

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Deciding on a topic 决定一个主题 As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic. 作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。 A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles: 主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。为你的文献综述或研究论文选择一个主题需要仔细考虑。一个太专业或太宽泛的主题可能带来的诸多问题，影响你花费在研究或与主题相关的信息资源上的时间。你怎么选择一种可能的研究课题？有四个原则： 1)Interesting.If a topic holds your interest,you will most likely working on it.However,you should also be aware of the interest of your readers.For example,if your readers are from different disciplines or academic backgrounds,your topic should not be too specific. 1)有趣.如果一个话题引起了你的兴趣，你将很有可能在它上工作.但是，你也应该知道你的读者的兴趣.例如，如果你的读者是来自不同的学科或学术背景的，你的主题不应该太具体。 2)Important.You also have to consider the value of the topic you are likely to choose,both academic and social.And essay without practical or theoretical value will probably not attract readers. 2)重要.你也需要考虑你可能选择的课题研究的价值,包括学术的和社会的。没有实践或理论价值的论文可能不会吸引读者。 3)Manageable.Narrow down your topic to make your paper manageable.For example,if you want to discuss the history of a disease,it may not be possible for you to cover all the important ideas in a 1500-word essay. 3)可控的.缩小你的主题，使你的论文易于管理。例如，如果你想讨论一种疾病的历史，你或许不可能用一篇1500字的文章来涵盖所有重要的想法。 4)Adequate.You have to ask the question:Can the topic I have chosen be researched?One criterion is that you mast make sure that there are adequate source materials available on the topic.Avoid a topic that has very limited information about it,for it is difficult to carry out your research without previous studies. 4）足够的。你必须问这个问题：我选择的话题能被研究吗？一个标准是，你必须确保这个主题有足够的可用的源材料，避免一个仅有非常有限的信息得主题，因为没有以前的研究，你是很难进行你的研究的。 Formulating a research question 制定一个研究问题

学术英语论文

英语学术论文作业 Hybrid Parallel Programming on GPU Clusters Abstract—Nowadays, NVIDIA’s CUDA is a general purpose scalable parallel programming model for writing highly parallel applications. It provides several key abstractions – a hierarchy of thread blocks, shared memory, and barrier synchronization. This model has proven quite successful at programming multithreaded many core GPUs and scales transparently to hundreds of cores: scientists throughout industry and academia are already using CUDA to achieve dramatic speedups on production and research codes. In this paper, we propose a hybrid parallel programming approach using hybrid CUDA and MPI programming, which partition loop iterations according to the number of C1060 GPU nodes in a GPU cluster which consists of one C1060 and one S1070. Loop iterations assigned to one MPI process are processed in parallel by CUDA run by the processor cores in the same computational node. Keywords: CUDA, GPU, MPI, OpenMP, hybrid, parallel programming I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, NVIDIA’s CU DA [1, 16] is a general purpose scalable parallel programming model for writing highly parallel applications. It provides several key abstractions – a hierarchy of thread blocks, shared memory, and barrier synchronization. This model has proven quite successful at programming multithreaded many core GPUs and scales transparently to hundreds of cores: scientists throughout industry and academia are already using CUDA [1, 16] to achieve dramatic speedups on production and research codes. In NVDIA the CUDA chip, all to the core of hundreds of ways to construct their chips, in here we will try to use NVIDIA to provide computing equipment for parallel computing. This paper proposes a solution to not only simplify the use of hardware acceleration in conventional general purpose applications, but also to keep the application code portable. In this paper, we propose a parallel programming

研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译

Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit

学术英语翻译

Conveying of most building concrete from the mixture or truck to the form is done in bottom-dump buckets or by pumping through steel pipelines.（大多数建筑混凝土从散沙到塑性是通过底部卸料的吊斗或钢管泵运输的）The chief danger during conveying is that of segregation. （运输中的主要危险是隔离问题）The individual components of concrete tend to segregate because of their dissimilarity.（由于混凝土的成分不同，所以要分离它们）In overly wet concrete standing in containers or forms, the heavier gravel components tend to settle, and the lighter materials, particularly water, tend to rise. Lateral movement , such as flow within the forms, tends to separate the coarse gravel from the finer components of the mix.（处于容器或模型中的过度潮湿的混凝土，其中较重的砾石组分应该沉降，较轻的材料特别是水应该升高。横向运动，例如形式内的流动，应该将粗砂砾与混合物的较细组分分开。）The danger of segregation has caused the discarding of some previously common means of conveying, such as chutes and conveyor belts, in favor of methods which minimize this tendency.（由于分离存在的危险，像是溜槽和传送带这样以前常用的运输方法已经被淘汰了，而采用最小化这种趋势的方法） 大多数建筑混凝土从搅拌机或卡车到模板内的输送是由底部卸料吊斗或由泵通过钢管完成的。输送中的主要危险是骨料离析。由于混凝土的成分的互异性所以容易发生离析。处于容器或模型中的过渡潮湿的混凝土，其中较重的砾石组分易于沉降，较轻的材料特别是水容易上浮。横向运动，例如模具内的流动容易将粗砂砾与混合物的较细成分分开。离析的风险使得人们废弃了之前经常采用的输送方式例如溜槽和传送带而采用使离析风险最小的方法。 Placing and Compacting of Concrete Placing is the process of transferring the fresh concrete from the conveying device to is final place in the forms. Prior to placing, loose rust must be removed from reinforcement, forms must be cleaned, and hardened surfaces of previous concrete lifts must be cleaned and treated appropriately. Placing and compacting are critical in their effect on the final quality of the concrete. Proper placement must avoid segregation, displacement of forms or of the reinforcement in the forms, and poor bond between successive layers of concrete. Immediately upon placing, the concrete should be compacted by means of hand tools or vibrators. Such compacting prevents honeycombing, assures close contact with forms and reinforcement, and serves as a partial remedy to possible prior segregation. Compacting is achieved by hand tamping with a variety of special tools, but now more commonly and successfully with high frequency, power-driven vibrators. These are of the internal type, immersed in the concrete, or of the external type, attached to the forms. The former are preferable but must be supplemented by the latter where narrow forms or other obstacles make immersion impossible. 浇筑是将新拌好的混凝土通过输送装置输送到其在模具中的最终位置的过程。在浇筑之前，必须清除钢筋上的浮锈，清洁模具，对于以前的混凝土吊车的硬化表层也必须进行适当的处理和清洁。浇筑和捣实对混凝土的最终质量有重要的影响。正确的浇筑必须避免离析，模具或模具内钢筋的位移以及相继浇筑的混凝土层之间的不牢固粘接。浇筑后应立即用手工工具或振捣器将混凝土捣实。捣实是为了防止变成蜂窝状，确保混凝土与模具和钢筋紧密接触，也是对之前可能产生离析的一个部分补救。捣实以前是使用各种特殊工具手动夯实来实现的，而现在更普遍和成功地采用高频率的电动振捣器来完成。浸入混凝土中的是内部形式，附着在模具上的是外部形式。前者是更期望的但是由于狭窄的部分或其他障碍物不可能浸没，所以后者肯定存在。