名词解释
ipk 国概名词解释(全部版)
1.The Thames River泰晤士河
The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in Britain. It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly, which is very favorable for water transportation.
2.The High Landers
They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.
3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦
The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50 members counties whit in the commonwealth (1991).
是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。
4.Cockney伦敦佬
A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London
5.Eisteddfod
festivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh through the year. By this way the welsh keep the welsh language and welsh culture alive.
6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候
The type of climate when winter is mild, not too cold and summer is cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.
7.The English Channel
A Channel that separates Britain from the rest of France is quite narrow. A channel tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to join the two countries together.
8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道
In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.
9.“pea soup” fogs伦敦雾
the famous “pea soup” fogs were thick heavy yellow fogs of London and other cities seldom occur any more.
厚的\重的\黄色的雾气
10.British isles
The British Isles is made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.
11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵
It is a circular group of large standing stones on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments纪念碑 of its kind in Europe, and very popular with visitors.
12.Thomas becket:托马斯
he was English churchman and statesman. he became Chancellor of England under Henry II in 1155.he was appointed Archibishop ofCanterbury in 1162.
13.Geoffrey Chaucer
He was an important English poet in the
fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb坟墓. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.
14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德
she was a national heroine of France during the hundred year’s war,she successfully led the france to drive the English out of france.
15.lollards:罗拉德派
they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john wyclif’s followers.they played an important role in the mental preparations for the peasant uprising of 1381.they preaching the equality of men before god.
16.The Puritans清教徒
The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.
17.Julius Caesar
He was a great Roman general.In 55BC and 54BC,he invaded Britain twice.Because of the resistence of the British people,he withdrew with hostages and prisoners.That's the beginning of the Roman invasion. 带着人质和俘虏撤退。
18.The Hardrian's Wall
It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.
由罗马人修建，把皮克特人挡在已征服的地区之外。
19.Heptarchy七王国
During the Anglo-Saxon's time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name of Heptarchy.
20.St.Augustine
In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert the English People to Christianity.He was very successful in converting the king and the nobility.He was the first archbishop of Canterbury.
教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。
21.Witan 贤人会议
Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.
22.Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as "The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools. All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".
23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.
建立了封建制度
24.The battle of Hastings
In 1066,King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded
England. On October 14,the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.
哈罗德被威廉击败。
25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区
By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital was Winchester. Alfred, King of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England(-"the Danelaw"),while Alfred would rule the rest.
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。
26.Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
27.Domesday Book
It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.
28.The Black Death
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.
29.the divine rights of kings君权神授
the theory that a king rules with the authority of god.
30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)
the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队
the fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of spain in 1588.
32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William
landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.
33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽
It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.
35.rotten boroughs衰败选区
a parliamentary constituency which possessed the right to elect members of parliament even though its population had dwindled or was nonexistent.
议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。
36.mrs pankhurst
british suffragette,she founded the women’s social and political union,she died a month before women gained full voting equality with men.
37.the league of nations国际联盟
an international organization of 1920—1946 set up after the first world war to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security.
38.the blitz闪电战
an air attack,particularly the London blitz of 1940—1941.the world is from the german “blitzkrieg”
39.the beatles甲克虫乐队
one of britain’s most influential pop groups,first performing in 1959 in Liverpool.
40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义
The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.
包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序。
41.balance of payments收支平衡
it is the difference between the money from exports and the cost of imports.
42.john Maynard Keynes
he was an influential british economist.Keynes maintained that governments should use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy.
用财政使经济稳定.
43.visible trade and invisible trade
visible trade is trade of goods such as machines while invisible trade is trade of services such as banking and tourism.
44.European union欧盟
EC stands for European co
mmunity .EC is now called European union(EU).it is an organization of 15 western European countries that promotes cooperation among its members.
45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.
增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。
46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法
It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action. 使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。
47.Agribusiness农业产业
The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm
48.British disease英国病
The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.
49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制
It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons.
50.Privy Council枢密院
A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef18247579.html,mon law
the traditional unwritten law of England,based on custom and the decisions of judges over a period of years rather than on written laws passed by parliament.
英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。
52.the state opening of parliament
the official opening of a new session of parliament,usually at the end of October or beginning of November,or after a general election.
53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)
an annual allowance,approved by parl
iament,made to the sovereign and members of the royal family for the expense involved in carrying out their public duties. 议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。
54.the civil service公务员(考过)
the body of state officials that help s the government.
55.life peer终身贵族
a person who is given a peerage贵族地位 that is not handed of to his or her descendants,usually as a reward for public service.
56.acquittal无罪裁决
acquittal broadly means that the individual is released or discharged without any further prosecution for the same act or transaction.
是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。
57.cross-examination
the questioning of a witness,by a party or lawyer other than the one who called the witness,concerning matters about which the witness has testified during direct examination.
58.The Crown Court刑事法庭
A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time judge.
59.probation缓刑
a scheme whereby a criminal offender is placed under the supervision of a probation officer for a period of between six months(12months in scotland) and three years.
6个月到三年之间。
60.capital punishment死刑
the execution of a criminal by hanging.capital punishment also known as the death penalty.
61.the metropolitan police force
the police force responsible for London,with its headquarters at new Scotland yard.
62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度
It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.
63.national insurance 社会保险
the sum levied on all working people by the state as an insurance against sickness and unemployment.
64.general practitioner(GP)
a doctor who is not a specialist but who has a medical practice in which he treats all illness.
65.social worker
a person employed by a local authority or a voluntary organization to give practical aid and advice to people in need.
66.the salvation army
a world-wide Christian organization founded by William booth,in1865.it giving practical aid and spiritual comfort to the poor and needy.救世军。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ef18247579.html,prehensive schools
Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.
68.Reuters
It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a publicly owned company, employing over 11
000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.
69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校
they are state schools outside local education authority control.there are no tuition fees at these schools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。
70.eleven-plus
an examination formerly used to select school pupils at about,the age of 11 for an appropriate secondary education.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。
71.BBC
the british broadcasting corporation,the UK organization responsible for making an transmitting of its own television and radio programs.
72.Rupert murdoch
australian-born us newspaper publisher.he became a us citizen in 1985.
73.the british museum
the national museum of archaeology and ethnography in Bloomsbury ,London.考古学和人种学。
74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day
The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to God.
Ireland(爱尔兰)
1、peace agreement on northern ireland
2、republic of Ireland—the republc of ireland is an independent country situated in western Europe.it occupies four-fifths of the island of Ireland.its capital is Dublin.the republic of Ireland is also known as Eire in Irish.
3、Irish Catholicism—ireland is one of the most catholic countries of Europe.Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influnce on national life.today 93.1%of the irish population are Roman Catholics.about half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.爱尔兰裔。
4、Easter urprising of 1916—the easter urprising took place in April 1916.a group of nationalists seized the Dublin general post office and declared the independence of Ireland.after a week of fighting,the rebellion was suppressed by the british army and most of its leader executed.
5、Anglo-irish treaty—from 1918—1921 there was fighting between the irish republican army and the british government.in 1921 the british signed the Anglo-irish treaty.the british government agreed to organize a partition of ireland.the southern part of ireland gain dominion status as the irish free state,while the northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.
6、Fianna fail----it is the largest political party in Ireland.its historicprinciples are neutrality,promotion of Gaelic and strong support for a united ireland.its new economic polices include support for the EC,a high lever of public expenditure to reduce unemployment and full employment.
7、Fine Gael----one of the two major parties in ireland.it changed its image from a conservative party to a socially progr
essive party since the 1960s.it advocates a program of expanded social services,but is less in favour of promoting Gaelic than fianna fail is.
8、James Joyce----the most well –known irish writer of the 20 th century.his main works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man and Ulysses.his innovations in language and style have deeply influenced 20 th century writing.
9、Irish or irish gaelic---it is a celtic language.
10、Ulysses is James Joyce’s masterpiece. 杰作The novel describes the events of one day in the lives of several people in Dublin and explores their sub-conscious minds.小说描述了都柏林的几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识思想。
11、Irish Famine---Irish Famine refers to the widespread starvation of Irish peasantry which followed the effects of potato crop failure in the mid-19th century. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a lot of the loss of population.
12、Irish Republican Army (IRA)---The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is an anti-British military force established in the early 20th century. Since the Irish Civil War, IRA has remained a force to be reckoned with对付 in Irish politics. In recent decades IRA continues to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries that from Northern Ireland.
美国部分
1.Amerigo Vespucci---Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after.
2.the Mississippi---the mississippi has been called "father of waters" or "old man river",the mississippi and its tributaries drain one of the richest farm areas in the world.it is the most important river in the world.
它与它的支流流经世界上最富饶的农业区之一。
3.Hispanics---it stands for the spanish-speaking population of the united states.these people mainly center in new mexico,california and texas.there are three major hispanic groups historically having the great influence on the us.they are chicanos,the puerto ricans and the cuban-americans.
4.WASPS---WASPS are the mainstream americans,refering to the white Anglo-saxon protestants.
5.baby boom--baby boom refers to the higher birth rate between 1946 and 1964.
6.the great lakes---the great lakes are the most important lakes in the united states.they are lake superior,lake michigan,lake huron,lake Eire and lake ontario.
7.Ellis island---Ellis island was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890 and at the turn of the century.
8."the great compromise"---"the great compromise" of july 16,giving each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect the size of each state's population.
"大妥协",即参议院中各州有相同的选举权,而众议院代表应按各洲人口比例产生.
9.the Emancipation Proclamation---during the civil war,lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for t
he union at home and abroad.It granted freedom to all slaves.
解放宣言,由林肯颁布,为了得到国内外对联邦的支持.解放宣言给了所有奴隶以自由.
10.no taxtation without representation---that is ,without their representatives taking part in decisionmaking,they had no obligation to pay taxes.
没有代表权不交税，就是说他们如果对殖民地的事务决策没有代表权，他们将没有义务缴纳税金。
11.the Chinese Exclution Act---it was passed by the u.s congress in may1882,it stopped chinese immigration for ten years.
排华法案在1882年5月由美国国会通过，它10年内禁止中国移民入境。
12.Indentured servants---indenture servants refer to some immigrants who has to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross-atlantic fare and debts.
契约佣工，指一些移民必须要在一个限定的时期里为他们的雇主工作来偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。
13.boston tea party(考过)---in 1773,when ships of tea reached boston and the governor was determind to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution,several dozen boston residents dressed as indians boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the harbor.this came to be known as the "boston tea party".
波士顿倾茶事件，1773年，当满载茶叶的船只到达波士顿时，总督大人决定看看，以确保茶叶卸载时得到合法保护，晚上，几个波士顿居民化装成印度人来到船上仍掉了价值75，000的茶叶。这就是著名的波士顿倾茶事件。
14.continental divide---it is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the pacific ocean from those that flow into the atlantic.
那是一条难以想象的线，将流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流划分开来。
15.federalists---they were those who demanded a strong national system and who later struggle hard for the ratification of the consititution.
联邦制拥护者就是指那些要求建立坚固的国家体系，之后又为宪法的通过全力奋斗的人。
16.the gettysburg address---it refers to the short speech president lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at gettysburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish死亡 from the earth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在阵亡将士墓落成仪式上发表的一个简短的演说
17.the ku klux klan
teh kkk was the first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867.the kkk terrorized and attaked not only blacks,but also progressives,labor union organizers communist or socialist party members.三K党，最早成立在1866年，后在1867年重组，他们进行恐怖活动，不仅攻击黑人、而且还迫害进步人士、工会组织者、社会主义和共产主义党派成员。
18.muckrakers---muckrakers were reform-minded journalists who made investigation and
exposed the dark sides of the society.
黑幕揭发者,是指那些调查和揭露社会黑色的一面的富有改革思想的记者.
19.intolerant nationalism---that is,not allowing views,oppinions or beliefs different from the main trend of views or beliefs.偏执国家主义,是不允许不同于主流的那些观点和信仰等存在.
20.the red scare---the red scare ,on november 7,1919 and january 2,1920,the justice department lauched two waves of arrests,over 4,000 suspected radicals and communists were arrested. 红色恐惧，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部发动了两次抓捕活动，大约4000名被怀疑是激进分子和共产党的人被逮捕。
21.the progressive movement---the progressive movement refers to the movement demanding the goverment regulation of the economy and social condition.
进步运动，指调整经济和社会状况的运动。
22.overload---at the first summit ,it was decided that a large-scale attack on the south of france would be lauched in May,1944,which was codenamed overload.霸王行动，在第一次首脑会议上，决定在1944年5月向法国南部发动大面积进攻，代号为霸王行动。
23.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy.
24.the truman doctrine---that is,the united states would support any country which said it was fighting with communism.
杜鲁门主义，是说美国将支持任何与共产主义做斗争的国家。
25.the marshall plan---that is,in order to protect western europe from possible soviet expansion,the united states decided to offer western european countries ecomomic aid.
马歇尔计划，是为了保护西欧免遭苏联的扩张，美国决定提供西欧国家经济援助。
26.the smith act---it was passed by congress,made it unlawful for any group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of goverment in the united states.
史密斯法案,是由国会通过,宣布任何主张或传播暴力颠覆政府的组织为非法行为.
27.the civil rights act of 1964---it outlawed discrimination not only in public housing,but also in employment on the basis of race,colour,religion,sex,or national orgin.
民权法案，宣布不仅在公共场所禁止种族歧视，而且在就业中所涉及的种族、肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等也禁止歧视。
28.the poverty line---it is based on the income that households need to eat adequately without spending more than a third of their income on food.贫困线，是以一家人能够足够吃饱的收入不超过他们在食物三分之一的收入。
29.poverty---it is the lack of enough income and resources to live adquately by community standards.贫穷，在社会标准下缺乏足够的收入和来源去
生存。
30.monopoly---that is ,one company or a cooperationg group of companies controls the supply of a product or service for which there is no close substitute.垄断，指一个公司或公司合作组织，控制着一个不能被代替的生产和服务的供应。
29.oligopoly
that is,a small number of companies dominate an industry.in the united states ,the auto mobile and computer industries are oligoplies.
求过于供的市场情况，一小部分公司占据一个工业，美国现在是汽车和计算机业是这种情况。
30. checks and balances
this is a major principle of the american govermental system by which each branch of the goverment exercises a check on the actions of the others.
制衡制度,是 美国政府的一个主要措施,政府的各部门都可以制止和检查其他各部门的行为.
31.winner-take-all
this is to say,the candidate who receives the most votes wins everything.
选举人制度,是说获得最多选票的后选人赢得全部.
32. the free enterprise system
the united states economy is based largely on a free enterprise system.in such a system,individuals and companies are free to make their own economic decisions.
自由市场经济,美国的经济以自由市场经济为基础,在这个系统下,个人和公司可以自由行使自己的经济决定权.
33. the federal system
it is a system of goverment in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central goverment and regional,or subdivisional goverments.
联邦制,在中央政府和区政府之间,由宪法划分的一种政府制度.(翻译不是太准确)
34.separation of powers
it refers to the principle that the national goverment is split into three branches:legislative,executive and judicial.
分权制,指国家的一种制度,被划分为三个分支:立法\行政、司法.
35. private school
a private school is a school that is controlled by an individual or by an agency other than a state ,a subdivision of a state or the federal goverment.
私立学校，由个人或其他机构投资或控制。
36.school district
it is a special district for the provision of local public education for all children in its service area.
地区学校，是一个特殊的地区以提供给服务范围内的所有孩子当地公共教育的供应。
37. global education
it refers to the study of complex problems and issues of a world wide nature.
全球教育,研究复杂问题和发布世界范围的特性.(翻译不太准)
38. poor richard's almanac
it was wrote by bejamin franklin,it was modeled on the sort of farmers annual calendar widely sold at the time.
穷里查年鉴，它有本杰明福兰克林创作，它收集每年的谚语。
39.transcendentalism
it was a movement that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s among american yough intellectuals which emphasized man's potentiality for goodness creativity,and self-development.
超验主义，它强调人的内在
价值，创造性和自我发展。
40. jazz
jazz is a blend of african musical tradition carried over by black slaves and european classics.
爵士音乐是一种源自非洲音乐并和欧洲的音乐成份相融合的的音乐.
41.knickerbockers era
in the early part of the 19th century,new york city was the centre of amercian writing.its writers were called "knickerbockers"and the period from 1810 to 1840 is known as the "knickerbockers era"of american literature.
灯笼裤时代,(纽约人时期),在19世纪早期,纽约城是写作中心,它的作家被成为纽约市人,从1810 到1840这个时期被称为纽约市人时期.
42. father's day
father's day falls on the third sunday in June and children honor their fathers in some special way.
父亲节，是六月的第三个周日，是用特殊的方式给予他们的父亲敬意。
43.mother's day
mother's day falls on the second sunday in may.this is a day on which children honor their mothers,give them gifts,or perhaps take them a restaurant for dinner.
母亲节，是五月的第二个周日，那一天孩子们将给予他们的母亲礼物或是请他们的母亲共进午餐。
44. congressional medal of honor
this is the highest U.S military decoration,awarded in the name of congress to members of the armed forces for ganllantry and bravery beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy.
荣誉勋章,是美国军事最高荣誉,授予那些与敌人英勇作战并在战争中战死的战士们.(翻译不是太准确)
45.UNICEF
United nations international children's emergency funds was founded in december ,1946,for the purpose of providing relief for children in war-torn countries.
联合国国际儿童应急基金,在1946年12月建立,目的给那些国家在战争中的儿童.提供的基金.
46. Great Canyon
The Great Canyon is an enormous gorge carved by the Colorado River in northwestern Arizona.
47. New England
New England refers to the northeastern six states of the US. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.
48.Hispanic Americans
Hispanic Americans refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the US. The Hispanic Group includes Mexican-Americans, Puerto-Ricans, Cuban-Americans and so on.
49. Chicanos
Chicanos are Mexican-Americans who make up the largest group of the Hispanic Group.
50.Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans are the second largest of Hispanic Group in the US.
51.Federalist Papers
The newspapers of New York City carried 85 letters to the public , later came to be called the Federalist Papers, which are regarded as the best explanation of the Constitution as well as an important work on political theory.
52.The First Continental Congress
In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods, and organized colonial militia units.
53.Man
ifest Destiny
The major implications of Manifest Destiny are that the founding of the US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory is legitimate, and that the spread of American democracy is the task of American people who were chosen to the Lord’s work.
54.The Black Thursday
The Black Thursday refers to Oct 24 1929 when the stock market crash happened. Ten of millions of shares were dumped and billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. It signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.
55.New Frontier
In the 1960s, US president John. F. Kennedy named his program the New Frontier, promising civil rights for blacks, federal aids to farmers and education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.
56.Port Huron Statement
In 1962, a group of radical students met in Port Huron, Michigan to form the Students for a Democratic Society. In their platform, the Port Huron Statement, they condemned racism, poverty, powerful corporation and the Cold War.
57.NOW
NOW is the acronym of the National Organization for Women. It was a reform organization and battled for the equal rights of women in partnership with men.
58.Counterculture
Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.
59.American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt is in the Mid-West. It stretches from Ohio to eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers Northern Missouri, Southwestern Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana, and Illinois.
60 American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt follows the Coastal Plain from Southern Virginia to Texas and parts of the Southern Piedmont.
61Three giants in American automobile industry
Three major corporations, called three giants---General Motor, Ford and Chrysler, represent the American automobile industry.
62.Electoral College
In the US, the people of each state don’t vote directly for the president: they select presidential electors, equal to the number of the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress. The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538 persons) comprise the Electoral College.
63 US presidential inauguration
In the US the presidential term of four years begins on Jan 20. The president starts his official duties with an inauguration ceremony held on the steps of the US Capitol. The president takes an oath of office, administered by Chief Justice, which is followed by an inauguration address.
64 community college
Community college emerged in the US in the early 1900s, as a two-year college to meet the need of economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants. It provides general career and adult education.
65 new basics
The new basics were proposed as the compulsory basic courses to be completed by American high school students. They include four years of English, three years of mat
hematics, science, and social studies and a half year of computer science.
66 Knickerbockers
In the early 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing. It’s writers were called “Knickerbockers”.
67 Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece. Through the poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man.
68 Harlem Renaissance
Harlem is Northeastern part of New York City where black people were concentrated and where black writers wrote freely. In the 1920s, Black Literature developed into an upsurge known as the Harlem Renaissance.
69 Halloween
In the US, Halloween falls on Oct 31. It’s a nighttime children’s day and a time for frightening costumes, masks, parties, games and tricks--- all for fun.
70 independence Day
Independence Day (July 4) is American’s most important patriotic holiday and the birthday of the nation.
加拿大部分
1.treaty of paris in 1763---the seven years’ war ended with the signing of the
treaty of paris in 1763.by the treaty of paris,new france with its 65,000settlers was ceded割让 to Britain.
2.Constitutional act of 1791---britain divided the old province of Quebec into
two parts,lower Canada(modern canada) and upper Canada(modern ontario),each with its own legislature.立法机构。
3.Act of union in 1840---联合法案 recommended that the two canadas be united in one province.
4.FTA and NAFTA---it stands for the Canada-united states free trade agreement signed by the two countries,which came into effect in 1989.
5.Canadian Shield加拿大地盾---The Canadian Shield covers almost half of Canada. It is a semicircular半圆的 band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of hills, lakes, and swamps.沼泽
6.Mackenzie River
Mackenzie River is one of two principal river systems in Canada. It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. It is the second largest river system of North American.
7.Loyalist
The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees, who refused to fight against the British Army in the American War of Independence, because they felt they were more English than American. They called themselves Loyalists. Their settlements laid the base of English-speaking Canada.
8.Canadian Prairie
Canadian Prairie is the Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. Great stretches of level and fertile grassland are found here. This region is the center of rich wheat belt. Wheat farming and cattle and sheep grazing are important here.
9.British North America Act
The British North America Act is an act passed by the British parliament in 1867 to set up the Dominion of Canada, uniting Canada, New Bruck and Nova Scotia under a federal government.
10.Meech
Lake Accord
In 1987 Canada’s top politicians reached an argument, offering Quebec special status within the country and privileges to unilaterally promote its French culture and language. The agreement was called Meech Lake Accord. It failed because of the strong opposition from Canada’s English-speaking majority.
11.the Inuit
The Inuit, also called the Eskimo, is the native people of Canada who came from Asia in prehistoric times. The word Inuit means “the people ” in their own language, whereas Eskimo is an Indian word meaning “eaters of raw flesh”.吃生鱼的人
12.Group of Severn七人画派
The Group of Severn was a group of Canadian painters. They appeared in the early 20th century. The group was the first to express a pictorial nationalism and a Canadian Impressionism.表现了绘画的民族主义和加拿大的印象主义。
13.Les Jeunesses Musicals du Canada加拿大青年音乐学会
JMC was founded in 1949 to spread musical culture and promote the musical development of young Canadians. Today JMC has over 100,000 members.
Australia （澳大利亚）
1.the land down under---australia lies in the southern hemisphere.it is almost halfway around the world from England.that’s why from the European point of view Australia is down under.
2.outback内地---in Australia is the areas that are far away from towns and cities are called the outback,especially the desert areas in central Australia.(考过一句话)
3.muliticulturalism多元文化主义---it is a theory that it is beneficial to a society to maintain more than one culture within its structure.it also refers to the policy based on this theory.
4.school of the air---it is an educational system in which lessons are transmitted by radio and children learn their lessons through a radio system.
5.built environment营造的环境---it was built by the people,and it was changed by the people.
6.dreaming梦幻时代---this is the mythical神话past of the Australian aborigines.it is also the basis of their religious beliefs and creation stories.
是一个表现想象力及创造力的时期。
7.convict system囚犯制度---it is the system of imprisoning convicts in a penal colony,especially in a penal labour settlement.
8.eureka stockade尤里卡围桩---a number of goldminers armed themselves behind a stockade of wooden slabs厚板and raised a new Australian flag.this event is often referred to as the eureka stockade.
9.Australian bush灌木丛---it refers to an area of land covered with natural bushes and trees which has never been farmed and where there are very few people.
10.the Anzacs---The Anzacs refers to Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. They joined British and French forces to fight the Turks at Gallipoli during WWⅡ. Although they later withdrew, the Gallipoli Campaign was seen as a noble defeat. The Anzacs Day (April 25) has remained Australia’s most important holiday.
11.ACTU澳大利亚工会理事会-
--it stands for Australian council of trade unions,it is the main organizational body of the trade-union movement in Australia.
12.White Australian Policy---The White Australian Policy refers to the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. According to the policy, only European, especially British and Irish, were allowed to migrate to Australia. When they settled in Australia, all migrants should assimilate 吸收themselves into white society.
13.Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s, there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the city.
14.Murray---Murray is Australia’s longest river. It forms the major part of the boundary between the States of New South Wales and Victoria. It enters the sea in South Australia.
15.Tasmania---Tasmania is the smallest of the Australian States. It is an island lying south of the southeastern corner of the Australian mainland. It is often called the holiday Isle. It’s capital is Hobart.
16.Australian Capital Territory---Shortly after the forming of federation in 1901, the Australian Capital Territory was mapped out of the states of New South Wales to be the site. Canberra is the capital of Australia.
17.Snowy Mountains Project---The Snowy Mountains Project, a major development project, was set up in 1949 by the Chifley government. The aim was to trap Snowy Mountains river waters, and direct the water into the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers through dam and tunnels. It would provide electricity and water for irrigation.
18.double dissolution双重解除---A double dissolution is the dissolving of both Houses of parliament by the Governor-General at the request of Prime Minister. This occurs when a bill has been passed by the House of Representatives and rejected by the Senate and after three months have elapsed, again passed by Representatives but rejected by the Senate. Then a general election may be called to solve the deadlock.
由联邦总督在总理的要求下解散议会两院
19.the Accord---Between 1983 and 1993 there were seven agreements between the Labor government and the ACTU. They are mainly concerned with economic and social politics such as wage politics工资政策. These agreements are known as the Accord.
协调,主要涉及经济和社会政策，例如各种工资政策。
20.Australian Labor Party---Australian Labor Party was formed at the time of Federation in 1901 and is the oldest of the Australian parties. Since 1910 it has been the largest single party in terms of electoral support.
21.Makaratta Treaty---During the 1983 election campaigns Bob Hawke promised that if he was elected, a treaty would be signed to recognize that the Aborigi
nal people were the original owners of the Australian Continent. Makaratta is an Aboriginal word meaning “the end of a dispute and the start of normal relatoions”.
22.Mabo Judgment---In 1992 the High Court of Australia passed a decision which has become known as the Mabo Judgment. The decision recognized that the people of Murray Island in Torres Strait held and continued to hold native title to their land. Mabo was the name of the Aborigine who brought the case to the court and fought for it until death. 最高法院决定承认Murray岛的人民继续保持他们自己领土的国家头衔。13:14:22