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小学英语笔记

小学英语笔记
小学英语笔记

小学英语笔记

一.英语国际音标

元音音素:(20个)

单元音:/ɑ:/ / ?//?:/ /?/ / ?://?//i:/ /?//u:/

/u/ /e// ? /

双元音:/e?/ /a?/ /??//??/ /e?/

/??//??//a?/

辅音音素:(28个)

轻辅音/p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/

浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /e//z/

轻辅音/?/ / h/ /ts/ /t?/ /tr/

浊辅音/?/ / r/ /dz/ /d?/ /dr/

鼻音/m/ /n/ /?/

半元音/ j/ / w/

边音/ ?/

同音词:

sun 太阳son 儿子aunt 阿姨aren’t不是right对的write写meet遇见meat肉pair对pear梨for 为four 四be 是bee蜜蜂hi喂high 高的here 这里hear听see 海洋see看见I 我eye眼睛know 知道no 不

our 我们的hour 小时father父亲farther更远的week 星期weak 弱

there那边their她们的too也two二to到by 乘bye 再见buy

买二.词型变化:

1.名词加复数的变化规则:

1)一般名词后加“s”: book—books

2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加

es:bus-buses,box-boxes ,watch-watches

3)以“o”结尾的名词:

①有生命的加“es” potato—potatoes 土豆,

tomato—tomatoes西红柿,hippo—hippoes河马,

hero—heroes 英雄,,mango—mangoes 芒果

②无生命的加“s”:photo—photos 相片,radio—radios收

音机,zoo—zoos 动物园

4)以“y”结尾的名词:

①元音字母+y 直接加“s”:boy-boys

②辅音字母+y,去掉y,再加ies:family-families,city-cities 5)以f/fe结尾的名词,去掉f/fe,再加ves:knife—knives,leaf—leaves叶子

特殊的:

?一加,二改,三不变

?一加:children oxen

?二改:foot-feet tooth-teeth woman-women man-men ?三不变:sheep, deer, people, Chinese, Japanese

2.不可数名词(不能在名词后面直接加“s”)

bread tea rice milk chicken coffee orange pork porridge paper glue juice sugar tofu

a piece of bread ,a cup of tea

有些名词以复数形式

clothes ,chopsticks ,trousers ,jeans ,pants ,scissors

(be动词要用复数形式are)

3.名词所有格

1.表示有生命所有格的+’s:Tom’s bag ,mother’s

friend

2.复数的在后面直接加’s:boys’bags ,Teachers’Day

3.表示两者分别有:Lucy’s and Lily’s bags

表示两者共有:Lucy and Lily’s bag (名词单数)

4.无生命的用“of”连接:a map of China 一幅中国的地图

2动词第三称单数形式的变化规则:

1)一般动词后加“s”,get-gets,look-looks

2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词后加“es”,guess—guesses ,watch—watches,wash—washes 3)以“o”结尾的动词加“es”,do—does,go—goes

4)以“y”结尾的动词

①元音字母+y,直接加“s”:play—plays

②辅音+y,去掉y,再加“ies”:fly—flies

5)h ave第三人称单数:has

3现在分词的变化规则(即动词+ing)

1)一般动词后+ing: listen—listening

2)以不发音e结尾的动词,去掉e,再加ing: make—making ,come—coming ,practice—practicing

特殊:see—seeing,be—being

3)重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再加ing: run—running,get—getting ,put—putting ,swim—swimmi ng ,sit—sitting,cut—cutting,stop—stopping ,shop—shopp ing, begin—beginning ,forget—forgetting

4动词过式的变化规则:

1)一般动词后加ed :walk—walked, help—helped

2)以e结尾直接加d: use—used,live—lived

3)以y结尾的动词:

i.元音字母,直接+ed,play—played

ii.辅音字母+y,去掉y,再加ied,carry—carried

4)重读闭音节,双写最后一个字母,再加ed.

stop—stopped,shop—shopped,drop—dropped,clap—clapped 动词过去式不规则形式:

am/is—was,are—were,do/does—did,have/has—had, go—went,write—wrote,come—came,see—saw,ride—rode,

drink—drank,eat—ate,sing—sang,sit—sat,say—said, break—broke,get—got,forget—forgot,run—ran,swim—swam, sweep—swept,fall—fell,take—took,feel—felt,make—made, send—sent,buy—bought,bring—brought,find—found,fly—fle wtell—told,teach—taught,catch—caught,draw—drew, give—gave,meet—met,know—knew,lose—lost,smell—smelt, sleep—slept,begin—began,think—thought,hold—held

动词与动词过去式一样

cut—cut,put—put ,read—read,let—let,hurt—hurt,

三.数词

基数词序数词缩写形式

one first 1st

two second 2nd

three third 3rd

four fourth 4th

five fifth 5th

six sixth 6th

seven seventh 7th

eight eighth 8th

nine ninth 9th

ten tenth 10th

eleven eleventh 11th

twelve twelfth 12th

twenty twentieth 20th

twenty-one twenty-first 21st

百位数:用and连接(百位与十位)

101:a hundred and one

112: one hundred and twelve

千位数:千-百-(and)-十位-个位

1235:one thousand two hundred and thirty-five

1.基数词变序数词的顺口溜

基变序,有规律,词尾加上th ;一,二,三特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d;八减t,,九减e,f来把ve替,单词ty结尾,ty变成tie,若是碰到几十几,只变个位就可以。

2.时间表达方法:

a half 一半 a quarter 十五分

past和to表示“几点几分”的用法:

A:分钟数在30分钟内:分钟数+past+钟点数,表示“几点过几分”

如:9:20=twenty past nine

B:分钟数超过30分钟:(60-分钟数)+to +(下一个钟点数)。

表示“差几分几点”

如:9:50(差10分10点):ten to ten

3.年月日两种表达方法

2011,1,10 January (the) 10th,2011

the tenth of January ,2011

四.冠词

? A. a B. an C. the D . / (零冠词)

?a/an 不定冠词, 表泛指+ 可数名词单数

A. a + 辅音音素 a book a table a useful book / ju:/

B: an + 元音音素(元音:a e i o u /ju:/

an umbrella /?/ an hour /au/ an honest boy /?/ 一个诚实的男孩

There is a ” U” in the world useful .

There is an “F” in the world farmer .

an a / e / i / o / f / h / l / m / n / r / s / x

C: 定冠词the

1.表特指The man in red is my teacher .

2.名词第二次出现This is an English book .The book is mine .

3.乐器类名词前play the piano play the violin

4.形容词最高级前the tallest boy

5.序数词前the first 第一the second 第二the third

第三

6.the +姓s the Smiths 史密斯一家人或史密斯夫妇

7.世界独一无二的名词the son the moon the earth

8.the + 特定的开容词,表示一类人the rich 富有的人the old

老人

D.零冠词

1.球类,棋类名词前不用冠词play football play chess

2.三餐have breakfast have lunch have supper

3.固定搭配at night 晚上at noon 中午

4.季节、月份、星期前不加冠词

五.形容词

? 1.概念

?用来表述人或物的特征的词。

? 2.用法

?1) 形容词+名词

?2)be动词+形容词

?3)感官类动词(系动词look看起来,sound听起来,smell 闻起来,taste尝起来,feel感觉)+形容词

? 3.形容词原级、比较级、最高级

1) 一般形容词直接加er,est

?small-smaller-smallest

2) 以字母e结尾的单词直接加r,st

?large-larger-largest

3) 重读闭音节结尾的双写结尾辅音字母再加er或est(辅音+元音+辅音)

?fat-fatter-fattest ,thin-thinner-thinnest

4) 辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i再加er或est

?happy-happier-happiest

5) 不规则变化

?good/well-better-best

?many/much-more-most

?ill(病的)/bad(badly)-worse-worst

?little(少的)-less-least

6) 多音节的形容词,在前面直接加more或most

?beautiful,more beautiful,most beautiful 一些副词:slowly-more slowly-most slowly

4.形容词比较级和最高级的用法

1)比较级用于两者的比较

基本的句式:

a)Which…,…or…?

Which is bigger ,an elephant or a hippo ?

b)be+比较级+than+其它

I’m taller than you ?

2)最高级的用法,用于三者或三者以上的比较

构成:the +最高级+表示范围内的短语(in…,of…)

I am the shortest in my class .

He is the oldest of the three boys .

Who is the youngest Tony ,Jenny or Lisa ?

最高级之前一定加上“the”

3)原级:不比较,只说特征

as +形容词原级+as …,与……一样, not as …as …,

as expensive as 一样贵as tall as 一样高

六.句型转换

1.陈述句改一般疑问句变化规则

a.句子中有be动词(is ,are,was,were)把be动词放在句

首,其余照写。

b.句子中有(must,can ,could,will,would等情态动词),把

can,will…放在句首,其余照写。

c.“I am”改为“Are you”, “I was”改“Were you”

e.some改any,I 改you,my改your

d.句子中有行为动词,借助动词do ,does,did放句首,

Do/Does/Did+主语+动原+其它?

一般疑问句有两种回答

1.肯定回答:yes,…否定回答:no…

2.特殊情况:

①a:Is this …? Yes,it is .(√) Yes, this is . (×)

b:Is that…? No,it isn’t . (√) No,that isn’t. (×)

后面接物用it,后面接人用he/she

②Are these…? Yes,these are . (×)

Are those…? Yes,those are . (×)

回答一律用yes,they are ./No ,they aren’t .

③Is there…? (有……吗?) Yes,there is ./No,there isn’t.

Are there…? Yes, there aren’t./No,there aren’t.

④Are you …?

回答:Yes, I am ./No ,I am not .

Yes,we are./No,we aren’t.

⑤Were you …?

回答:Yes,I was ./No,I wasn’t.

Yes,we were ./No,we weren’t.

常见缩写:

is not=isn’t are not=aren’t can not=can’t was not=wasn’t

were not=weren’t do not=don’t does not=doesn’t

will not=won’t should not=shouldn’t

2.特殊疑问句

构成:疑问词+一般疑问句形式?

What问物体、职业、名字,

what+(grade年级class班级color颜色day星期time时间)

how ①问身体健康方面②问有关交能工具③问程度(形容词)how many(多少) +可数名词复数+一般疑问句?

how much:①how much (多少)+不可数句词+一般疑问句?②多少钱

how often多久一次how long 多长时间how far 多远how heavy多重how old多少岁(问年龄)

why为什么(原因)who谁where 问地方which哪一个whose谁的①划线部分是物主代词、名词所有格

②构成:a:Whose+名词+一般疑问句?B:Whose+一般疑问句?(this,that ,these,those开头的句型可以用两种形式,其余只能用形式a )问职业的句子

What are you ?=What do you do ?

What is he ?=What does he do ?

3. 陈述句变否定句的变化规则

1.在be动词(am,is,are,was,were)直接加上not .

2.在must,can ,could,will,would 等情态动词后面直接加not.

3.some改any

4.句子中有行为动词,借助动词(do/does/did+not+动词原形)

5.祈使句的否定句,在动词前加“Don’t”

6.had better +not最好…tell sb. not to do sth 告诉某人不做某事

4.There be 有

1.be动词(is ,are,was,were)按“就近原则”进行选择

There is a book and two books on the desk .

There are two books and a book on the desk .

there be 表示某地有某物(有介词短语引导的)表示存在的有

have,has则表面某人有某物“拥有”

there be与have/has不能同时用

have:用于第一人称和第二人称

has:用于第三人称单数

have got =have ,has got =has

七.时态

一般现在时的基本用法(动词第三人称的变化)

1.表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态

常与下列进间状语连用:usually、often、always、sometimes、everyday 、evey morning…

2.表示爱好、兴趣、现在状态

I like aplle .

现在进行时的基本用法be(is,am,are)+Ving

1.表示说话时正在进行的动作或状态,常与now 连用。

2.问句是“What…doing”时,回答一定用现在进行时态

3.句首出现“listen,look”时,表示引起注意,要用现在进行时

Listen!The birds are singing .

一般过去时

表示过去动作或状态

1.常与下列时间状语连用

Yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(month,year…)…ago,this

morning

2.动词要用过去式,没有人称的变化

一般将来时

表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,

1.常与下列时间状语连用

Tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next(Monday,month,year...),tonight今晚

3.构成be going to +动词原形,will+动词原形

做题的方法

1.看时间状语

2.判断时态

3.选择句式

八.代词:

主格I you she it we you they 宾格me you her it us you them 形容词

my your her its our your their 性物主

代词

mine yours Hers its ours yours theirs 句词性

物主代

myself yourself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 反身代

人称代词:主格充当主语(一般用于句子开头)

宾格用于介词/动词之后

物主代词:形容词物主代词后面修饰名词

名词性物主代词后面不接句词

反身代词:-self,-selves ……自已I clean the house by myself

七.书面表达

1.审题,判断时态

2.用上时态的正确句子结构形式

3.单词拼写正确

4.标点符号正确

八.单数句变复数句形式

1.be动词(am,is)---are, was—were

2.所有单数句词改复数名词

3.个别词的变化:this这—these 这些,that那—those那些

he,it,she---they ,my—our ,his,her,its—their,I—we ,me—us 九.打电话用语

this:表示自己,that 表示对方

不能用I , you

A:Hello!This is Miss liu.Is that Yifan ?

B:This is Yifan .

或A:May I speak to …?

B:Speaking .

十.感叹句

1.What +名词词组+陈述句!

2.How+形容词+陈述句!

What a beautiful school (it is ) !

What beauful schools (they are) !

How beautiful the school is !

十一.选择疑问句

?一般疑问句的形式,但是回答不是YES或NO.

?特殊疑问句会给出选项。

?是按特殊疑问句来回答。

十二.反意疑问句

?前面否定,后面肯定

?前面肯定,后面否定

?回答:

?不管肯定否定在哪,只看他说的是不是事实,是事实就是YES,不是事实就是NO

十三.祈使句

? 1. 动词原形放句首(没有主语)

? 2. 变否定时,直接在动词前加Don’t.

? 3. 变否定时,在句首加no ,动词用V-ing

动词+“s”的发音

1.在清辅后读/s/ stops/s/ likes /s/

2.在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ stays/z/ learns/z/

3.词尾加es的读/iz/ teaches/iz/ fishes/iz/

动词+“ed”的发音

1.在清辅音后读/t/ stopped/t/

2.在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ climbed/d/ studied /d/

3.以t和d结尾+ed /id/ planted/id/ mended/id/

注意下列用法:

1.must ,can,shall,wi ll…+动原

2.Let’s +动原

3.do,does,did,don’t,doesn’t,didn’t+动原

4.help+动原help sb. (to) do sth / help sb.with sth 帮助某人做某事

I help my mother od housework .

5.like+Ving/to do

6.介词后面+Ving: She is good at dancing .

7.You’d better +动原(最好……)

You’d better not +动原(最好不要……)

You’d better not talk in class.

8.want +动词不定式to do

I want to buy a story book .

9.enjoy+Ving 喜欢做……

10.It’s time to +动原是做某事的时候了

It’s time to have breakfast.

11.remember doing sth 表示“记得做过某事”(动作已发生)

remember to do sth 记得去做某事(动作未发生)

I remember to take an umbrella .我记得去拿一把雨伞。

12.forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事

forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事

I forget to do my homework . 我忘记去做作业了。

13.stop doing sth. 停止做某事

stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事

Stop talking .停止讲话。

14.would like to do sth.:想要做某事

15.ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事;叫某人做某事;

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