楂樹腑鑻辫璇硶(鍏ㄨ嫳璇﹁В)鏁欏笀璧勬牸璇佽
必修一
语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future.The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use …will? or …be going to? followed by an infinitive（动词原形）, and we tend to use …be going to? most often for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.
Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday.
②Are you coming to the cinema?
③He is leaving for London in two hours.
④We are spending next winter in Australia.
Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.
扩展：
What?s the difference between using …be going to? and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let?s look at some more examples:
“I’m going to play football on Saturday”
You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.
“I’m playing football on Saturday”
You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it?s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.
语法点二：Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)
Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.
You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:
by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.
1、declarativesentence陈述句
①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.
In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.
He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much.
②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or
future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.
③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place地点状语and verbs.
Ps：(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it?s converted to indirect speech.
Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”
→He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2) 如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。
2、imperativesentence祈使句
Imperative sentences do not normally have an expressed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infiniti ve. Note that instead of …said? we use one of the following reporting verbs:
Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.
If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add …not? in front of to-infinitive when convert the speech.
Ex.①The hostess said to us, “Please sit down.”
→The hostess asked us to sit down.
②He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”
→He told the boy s to not to make so much noise.
3、interrogativesentence疑问句
Turn word order in interrogative sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.
(1)general question一般疑问句
General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.
Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?”
→He asked (me) if I was interested in English.
(2)special question
Special questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.
Ex. “W hat do you want?” he asked me.
→He asked me what I wanted.
语法点三：The Attributive Clause定语从句
Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.
Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.
You must do everything that I do.
In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents先行词. Who lives next to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun关系代词. The words to connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they are relative pronouns, namely that, which,who, whom, whose, and relative adverbs, namely where, when, why.
Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things.We use that for people or things.
1.That, which, who
2.Whose
Whose replaces a genitive noun名词所有格in anattributive clause. The antecedent can be thing or person.
Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.
The room whose window faces south is mine.
3.When, where, why
First, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”.Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be used.Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.
必修二
语法点一：（接定从讲）
4.The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.限制性和非限制性
(1)Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. They are usually not
marked by pauses in speech, and they are not set off by commas in writing. Sometimes the relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.
Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?
Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.
He has found the book (that) he was looking for.
(2)Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or
restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.
Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
Ps: ①In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted in spoken English.
Ex. That was the year(when) I first went abroad.
We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.
②Why cl ause can only modified …reason? and it can be converted to …for which?. In spoken English, we can also use …that? or just omit the relative.
Ex. The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.
③‘How’cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify …way?.
Ex. This is the way (how) I did it. (wrong)
This is the way(in which/that) I did it. (correct)
④the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.
语法点二：The passive voice
We have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.
1.The simple future tense (use ask as an example)
Ps: affirmative form; negative form; interrogative form
2.The present perfect tense
3.The present continuous tense
4.Phrasal verb短语动词
Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passive voice too.Pay attention, we can?t miss any part of p hrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.
At last they put out the fire. →At last the fire was put out.
They will put up a notice on the wall. →A notice will be put up on the wall.
Have you sent for a doctor? →Has the doctor been sent for?
Ps:
必修三
语法点一：modal verbs情态动词
A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.
Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must
1.Can & could
They can be used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.
Ps:
Possibility:
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
We use could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past: It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
Permission:
We use can to ask for permission to do something or give permission; could is more formal and polite than can.
2.May & might
Ps: The negative forms are may not and might not.
We use may:
①when we are not sure about something:
Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow.
②to make polite requests:
May I borrow the car tomorrow?
③When we use may not for a refusal it is emphatic:
You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it. We use might:
①when we are not sure about something:
I might see you tomorrow.
It’s quite bright. It might not rain today.
②As the past tense of may for requests:
He asked if he might borrow the car.
③For very polite requests:
Might I ask you a question?
3.Must & have to
Ps：
Must
①We use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some
personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.). Its negative form is must not, but when we answer a must question, we use need not or don?t have to.
②We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical
deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.
Have to
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary. But must indicate the speaker?s subjective opinion, have to refers to objective one.
4.Shall & should
5.Will & would
6.ought
Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in some ways like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like modal verbs, it does not change form for person. The negative is formed by adding …not? after ought (ought not to).
语法点二：Noun clauses
A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. The object clause, the predicative clause, the subject clause, the appositive clause同位语从句.
1.The objective clause
It is a clause that functions like a noun object. It begins with conjunctions that, if, whether, conjunctional pronoun who, whose, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.
2.The predicative clause
It is a clause that functions as the predicative. It begins with conjunctions that, as if, whether, conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.
3.Subject clause
It is a clause that functions as the subject. It begins with conjunctions that, whether, conjunctional pronoun who, what, which and conjunctional adverbs when, where, how, why, etc.
4.The appositive clause
It?s a clause serves as the appositive to explain the preceding noun, which usually are fact, idea, news, promise etc. It begins withconjunction that, conjunctional adverb how, when, where, etc.
必修四
语法点一：Agreement between subject and verb主语和谓语动词的一致
1.Subjects and verbs must agree in number and person.
2.If two subjects are joined by ‘and’, they typically require a plural verb form.
3.Do you use a singular or plural verb to match a collective noun such as team or staff? The
answer is, it depends. If these nouns are acting as a unit, use a singular verb.If the sentence indicates more individuality, use a plural verb.
My family is a large one.
The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
This group is having a meeting.
Our group are reading the newspapers.
4.When indefinite pronoun like anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everything, someone,
somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other, etc serves as the subject, use a singular verb.
Is anybody going to tell him the news?
There is nobody in the house.
Everything is ready.
5.Pronoun …none? and …neither? can use either singular verb or plural verb and it depends on
speaker?s intention.But when …none? and …neither? stand for uncountable noun, they are considered as singular; when neither functions as an adjective to modify a singular noun, the predicate verb should be singular.
6.The verb in an …or?, …either…or?, …neither…nor?or …not only…but also? sentence agrees with the
noun or pronoun closest to it.
Either you or Jane is to be sent to New Zealand.
Neither he nor I have finished the experiment.
7.In sentences beginning with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
8.Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words as with, along with, together
with, as well as, like, except, besides, including, in addition to, etc. These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.
The teacher with two students was at the meeting.
The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car.
9.Plural nouns that indicates time, money, distance, weight is considered as a whole when they are
used as the number of a unit, so the predicate verb should be singular.
Sixty years is a long time.
Ten dollars is enough for him.
Three thousand miles is a long distance.
语法点二：the verb -ing form
Subject, object, predicative, attribute, object complement, adverbial
语法三：构词法word formation
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f08173758.html,pounding 合成
2.Conversion转化
The characteristic of a certain word词性
3.Derivation派生
Prefix前缀，suffix后缀，root词根
Dis, un, in, im, non, mis, re, en, able, al, er, or, ess, less…
必修五
语法点一：verbs
The past participle
语法点二：inversion倒装
Inversion happens when we reverse (invert) the normal word order of a structure, most commonly the subject-verb word order. For example, a statement has the subject (s) before the verb (v).
1.Question
To make question word order, we invert the subject and the verb, with an auxiliary (aux) or modal verb (m) before the subject (s)
What do Ineed to take with me?
2.There be
There are some flowers on the table.
3.Direct speech, sometimes
“Is it ready yet?” asked Hu Xin.
4.Inversion can happen after …there, here, out, in, up, down, away, in front of, etc? when it is as an
adverb or prepositional phrase of place or direction. It is used for emphasis.
Here comes the bus!
Here’s your coffee.
There goes the bell.
5.When we use an adverb or conjunction with negative meaning (e.g. never, not, not only, little,
seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly) in front position for emphasis, we invert the subject (s) and auxiliary (aux)/modal verb.
Not only was there no electricity, but also no water.
Never will he forget his first time to take a place.
Hardly had I got out of the house when it began to rain.
6.Only in front.
Only then did I begin my work.
Only in this way can you learn from your friends.
7.So, neither, nor
My sister enjoys travelling. So do I.
I don’t know and nor do I care.
8.So/such…that. So or such in front.
So proud was he that he never listenedto any advice.
So absorbed was he in the novel that he did not notice his father at the door.
9.In sentences for wish.
Long live the People’s Republic of China!
May you have a happy holiday!
10.When …if? is omitted in a subjunctive sentence.
Should you need more information, please let me know. (=if you should need more information, please let me know.)
Had Mark invited me, I would have been glad to come. (=If Mark had invited me, I would have been glad to come.)
语法点三：省略Ellipsis
选修6
语法点一：the subjunctive mood虚拟语气
In a sentence, the grammatical mood conveys the speaker?s attitude about the state of being of what the sentence describes.
1.the indicative mood陈述语气
The indicative mood is used to make factual statements, ask questions, or express opinions as if they were facts. Any verb tense may be deployed in the indicative mood.
2.the imperative mood祈使语气
A sentence in the imperative mood expresses commands or requests. It indicates that the speaker desires for the action expressed in the sentence to take place. In most imperative sentences, there?s an implied you.
3.the subjunctive mood虚拟语气
The subjunctive mood is the verb form used to express a wish, a suggestion, a command, or a condition that is contrary to fact.
①…If ? in conditional clauses
②In objective clause
1)After …wish?
Use past tense to indicate the condition at present, past perfect tense to indicate the condition in the past and would/could/might + infinitive to indicate condition in future.
He wishes he could paint as well as a professional artist.
I wish I had been with you yesterday.
We wish the rain would stop
2)After …would rather?
Use past tense to indicate the conditions at present or in future and past perfect tense to indicate conditions in the past.
I would rather you did it.
I would rather you hadn’t told me the truth.
3)After …demand, suggest, order, propose, request, command, insist?, etc.
Use should + infinitive or just infinitive to express wish, suggestion, command, request, etc. Should can be omitted.
John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies (should) be examined.
They requested that the meeting be postponed.
③The subjunctive mood can also be used in subject, predicate, appositive clauses and the predicate
of the clauses is “should + infinitive” or just infinitive.
It’s important that we (should) attend the meeting.
It’s a pity that he (should) refuse our invitation.
My advice is that she wait till next week.
④the subjunctive mood can be used for wish, curse, prohibition, etc.
Long live the unity of the Chinese people!
God bless you!
语法二：the use of “it”
1.Pronoun it
①To replace the things that have been mentioned before.
My pen is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
②Replacedemonstrative pronouns like this and that.
A: Whose umbrella is that?
B: It’s Mary’s.
③Used as impersonal pronoun to indicate time, date, place, weather, temperature, distance etc.
It’s a beautiful day.
2.Introducer引导词
①Used as dummy subject to replace the true subject in form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or
clauses.
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s difficult to give up smoking.
②Used as dummy object to replace the true objectin form of the infinitive, verb -ing form or
clauses.
I think it best that you should do more exercise.
He found it difficult to do homework.
③We use it in cleft sentences. It emphases the subject or object of the main clause. It is (was) +
stressed constituents + that (who/whom) + other constituents.
It’shuman activity that has caused this global warming.
It was Jim Brown who/whom/that you should ask.
选修七
语法点一：verbs
The infinitive动词不定式
1.Perfect infinitive
To+ have + past participle
2.Passive infinitive
To + be + past participle