2015年考研英语阅读真题精析

2015年的研究生考试已经落下帷幕，笔者第一时间与文都网校老师共同研讨，对此次英语考试的内容进行分析，一方面是为参加此次考试的考生分析整体情况，另一方面更是为参加2016年研究生考试的考生们指明复习备考的方向，毕竟方向比速度更重要。本文笔者就着重分析2015年考研英语阅读部分的情况，供考生参考。

整体情况

纵观2015年考研英语的整张试卷，总体难度趋于平稳，这符合研究生考试的一贯风格。究其原因有二：首先，考研英语的内容取材在近十年已经非常稳定，主要集中在诸如The Economist、BusinessWeek、Time、TheScientist等期刊，取材的稳定性就决定了文章在内容难度上不会有太大波动;其次，对于这样一个有可能决定上百万人命运的考试，在试题难度上玩“过山车”显然有违这门考试的精神。除了2010年第一次在考研英语中考查了新题型排序题(阅读理解Part B)导致当年这道10分的大题得分率很低(那一年，艺术生分数国家线下调近10分)，其他所有年份的试题难度都基本相同。

针对今年考生们反映的阅读理解难度偏大的问题，笔者认为也有两个原因：其一，今年阅读理解的第一篇文章内容是王室退位，中国考生对这一话题比较陌生;其二，历年考研阅读的四篇文章在难易程度上都有区别，难、易文章的排列顺序也有所不同，而今年把相对较难的文章放在第一篇的位置，因此很多考生还未充分“热身”就被打了个措手不及。

给2016年考生：在考研英语大纲对考试题型不做太大调整的情况下，新一年的试题难度依然以“稳定”为主旋律。

真题解析及备考建议

下面笔者从词汇、长难句和命题规律三个方面来具体评析2015年考研英语的阅读部分。

1. 考研高频词汇的重复规律还在延续

考研大纲要求的词汇量是5500，每一年实际考查到的卷面词汇量为3700左右，排除掉the、of、be动词、don’t、have等常见高频词后，真正考查到的单词量在3000左右(其中还有大量的中学词汇)。因此，事实上真正达到考研级别的单词只有2000个左右(通常称之为考研核心词汇，这些词在考研词汇书《恋练有词》中做了详实分类)。在这2000个核心词汇的范围内，每年有大量的单词被重复考查，例如2015年考研英语阅读Text3中的主题词statistics(n.统计学;统计数据)、statistical (adj.统计的)、journal(n.期刊)、impact(n.影响)，以及Text2中出现的privacy (n.隐私)等。

词汇重复现象的出现主要是由于考研英语阅读文章取材于近年的同类期刊，谈论的话题具有鲜明的时代性，在同一领域、同一时代发生的事件往往存在关联，也就导致了表达所用的词和短语可能重复出现。例如，法律是近年常考的题材，笔者猜想，这与依法治国的时代背景密不可分。在考前冲刺的最后半个月，笔者在微博(新浪微博：何凯文老师)中为考生罗列了近三年真题中的核心法律词汇，其中supremecourt、constitution、authorize、justice、legitimate、trial、defense和illegal分别出现在了本次考试阅读部分的Text2和Text4中。这其实不难理解，两篇文章都谈到phonehacking(电话窃听)导致的隐私泄露问题，当然就免不了涉及法律的相关内容。谈到这个话题，相信考生马上就能联想到2013年世界范围内的热点话题——发生在美国的“电话监听”事件。由此再来想“考研高频词汇的重复规律”就不会感到意外了。

同时，笔者还要提醒备考2016年研究生考试的考生，以往记拼写和中文释义这种孤立记单词的方法已经远远满足不了当下考研英语的要求，考生还必须了解这些词的用法，特别是在考研英语中的考法。例如，本次考试阅读部分Text3中board一词取的是“董事会，委员会”的含义，而非一般词汇书中的第一个释义“木板”;novel一词考的是其形容词含义“新颖的”，而非常见的名词含义“小说”。Text4中的主题词integrity的一个常见释义是“完整性”，而在文中的意思是“诚信”，考生如果不知道后者，在阅读本文时就会有极大的障碍。

给2016年考生：①词汇复习的范围要详略得当，把重点放在近年真题中出现的核心词汇上;②拒绝孤立背单词，结合真题例句来背单词，在考研复习的前三个月将《恋练有词》中的核心词汇过完三遍。

2. 长难句是读文章和做题的关键

相较于2014年，本次考试阅读部分的长难句数量有所下降，但长难句的长度却丝毫不逊色。例如，Text 2的末句长达62个单词，是名副其实的长难句，如下所示。

Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

当考生迷信所谓的解题技巧时，千万不要忘记，考研英语是一门英语语言考试，因此英语的“硬实力”不可忽视。通过长难句的考查，命题者立马就能让妄图只想通过所谓“技巧”来做题的考生“现出原形”。命题者如何做到这一点呢?很简单，对长难句设置题目即可，Text 2的最后一道题目针对的就是上面这个长难句。

30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

[C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.

[D] principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

解析：根据题干中的OrinKerr’scomparison，考生可以很容易将答案信息定位到上文的长难句，因此解答此题的关键就在于理解这个长难句。值得一提的是，该长难句中出现了一种常见的用法：固定搭配被分割。词组comparewith的两个单词之间有很长的中间成分，相隔很远，而题干定位信息又正好涉及compare的名词形式comparison。考生如果对词组熟悉，能看出“compare …with…”的结构，就比较容易理解这个长难句，不难得出这道题的答案为选项B。此外，本句中还出现了短语sortout、appliesto等，所以提醒各位考生，一定不要忽略对词组的掌握。

给2016年考生：①在备考初期，语法的复习和单词的复习可以同时开始;②切忌从语法书的第一页看起，要做到有的放矢，重点复习考研常考的语法知识点(构成长难句的要素)，如连词、分词、定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等;③要把长难句放在复习备考的战略高度，必须拿下;④要对真题中每篇文章里出现的长难句进行精确的语法分析。

3. 把握命题规律可助考生一臂之力

词难、句难固然是考研英语难的原因所在，但有很多英语基础不错的考生虽然读懂了文章，往往还是做不对题目，这是因为考研英语有其内在的命题规律。从2015年考研英语阅读部分的题型分布来看，细节题(又称具体信息题)仍然是重中之重，考查比重在60%左右。考研英语大纲对考生的阅读能力提出了八点要求，其中的第二点(理解文中的具体信息)对应的就是细节题。而主旨题(又称中心思想题)考查比重稳定在10%，即考查两道题。

尽管从占比上看，两种题型相差悬殊，貌似前者比后者重要，但细心的考生会发现，考纲的第一点要求就是“理解主旨要义”，可见命题者更看重的是后者，而且了解考试规律的人都知道，理解主旨能给考生解决细节题带来巨大的帮助。下面笔者通过本次考试阅读部分Text1中的节选段落及相关题目为例来说明。

The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. (第五段)

While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who havemost to fearfrom the Spanish example. (第六段) It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come withCharles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst e nemies. (第七段)

24. The British royals “have most to fear”becauseCharles

[A]takes a tough line on political issues.

[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.

[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.

解析：对于这样一道明显考查具体信息的题目，很多考生会根据题干中的关键词Charles 迫不及待地把答案信息定位到原文第七段，于是就会被“Hehas failed to understand…”这句话及之后的内容所干扰。这其实是典型的四级解题思路：只见树木不见森林。而当考生纵观上面给出的三段话，不难发现第五段谈的是王室的成功在于能够避免奢侈的生活，后面具体展开，谈到如今的王室过着每天上班、骑自行车这样普通人般的生活。第六段是过渡段，谈到欧洲有些王室很好地适应了普通人的生活，所以能保住王室的身份，而英国则要从西班牙国王退位的事实中感到担忧。第七段先说明英国女王能保留王室的声望是因为其生活方式普通，而Charles则要面对危险，定语从句中强调了他的生活方式非常奢侈。至此，考生应该明白，文章这三段话围绕王室生活方式与王室身份能否保留的关系来展开，写作手法无外乎正反论证：朴素的生活方式有利于保住王室身份，奢侈的生活方式则会危及王室身分。这样一来，容易得出本题的正确答案为选项B (fails to change his lifestyleasadvised)。这道题目说明，在把握好全局(即中心思想)之后再来做细节题，考生就能非常有效地避免其他信息(无论是文中内容还是选项内容)所造成的干扰。

给2016年考生：①相比于四六级考试，考研英语对考生的要求更高，所以考生不应用四六级考试的做题思路来应对考研英语，要在思想上做到“从头开始”;②考研英语有着自身鲜明的命题特点，考生除了要有牢固的英语基础知识，还需要经过专门的训练才能有把握拿到理想的分数。

通过对词汇、长难句和命题规律的分析，相信各位考生对考研英语有了更加直观的认识。针对参加2016年研究生考试的考生，笔者提出如下备考建议：①2015年5月前，《恋练有词》词汇过完三遍，不仅要知道单词的含义，更要通过具体的真题例句来记单词，并用2000~2003年的真题来感受考研英语试题;②2015年6~8月，按照考研英语的不同题型系统练习1996~2004年的考研真题;③2015年9~10月，练习近十年的考研英语真题;④2015年11~12月，重点突击写作。最后，文都网校祝愿参加此次考试的2015年考生取得理想成绩!

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