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学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译

学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译

1.Unit 1

Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.

The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.

For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts.

Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.

One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.

Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.

Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.

But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization.

Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buy stock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.

A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.

If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.

A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.

A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.

If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.

But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.

2.Unit 2

In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.

In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.

As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.

在过去的三周里,我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。

在接下来的一周内,我们将开始学习更多的,更详细的经济行为和经济政策的原则。

当你进行整个学期,你会被要求画上许多你的知识技能。

You might find it helpful to keep in mind some advice from the great economist John Maynard Keynes:

你可能会发现它很有帮助,以保持在一些意见,从伟大的经济学家凯因斯梅纳德:

The study of economics does not seem to require any specialized gifts of an unusually high order. Is it not a very easy subject compared with the higher branches of philosophy or pure science?

经济学的研究似乎并不需要任何特殊的高阶的特殊的礼物。它不是一个很容易的学科相比,更高的分支机构的哲学或纯科学?

An easy subject, at which very few excel! The paradox finds its explanation, perhaps in that the master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopher- in some degree. He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of man`s nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He

must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood as aloof and incorruptible as an artist yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician.一个简单的主题,在其中非常少!悖论找到了它的解释,或许在那个大师的经济学家必须拥有一个罕见的组合的礼物。他一定是数学家、历史学家、政治家、哲学家--在某种程度上。他必须理解符号和用词说话。他必须考虑到这一特殊的方面,在同一飞行中的抽象和具体的思考。为了将来的目的,他必须根据过去,学习现在。任何人的本性或机构的一部分,都必须完全在他的考虑之外。他必须在同时情绪冷漠和廉洁是有目的和公正作为一个艺术家,但有时像政治家一样脚踏实地。

It is a tall order. But with practice, you will become more and more accustomed to thinking like an economist.

这是一个高阶。但在实践中,你会变得越来越习惯于像经济学家一样思考。

3.Unit 3

People differ in many ways. One difference is in how attractive they are. The actor Brad Pitt, for instance, is a handsome man. In part for this reason, his movies attract large audiences. Not surprisingly, the large audiences mean a large income for Mr. Pitt.

人们有许多不同的方式。一个区别是如何吸引人。例如,演员布拉德皮特是个英俊的男人。为了这个原因,他的电影吸引了大量的观众。毫不奇怪,大的观众意味着一个巨大的收入为皮特先生。

How prevalent are the economic benefits of beauty? Labor economists Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle tried to answer this question in a study published in the December 1994 issue of The American Economic Review.

美容的经济效益有多普遍?劳动经济学家哈莫米斯丹尼尔和比德尔杰夫试图在十二月1994期美国经济评论中发表的一项研究中回答这个问题。

Hammerers and Biddle examined data from surveys of individuals in the United States and Canada. The interviewers who conducted the survey were asked to rate each respondent’s physical appearance. Hammerers和比德尔研究的数据来自美国和加拿大的个人调查。进行调查的面试官被要求对每个答辩人的外貌进行评价。Hamermesh and Biddle then examined how much the wages of the respondents depended on the standard determinants --- education, experience, and so on--- and how much they depended on physical appearance.

哈莫米斯和比德尔然后检查了多少的受访者的工资取决于标准的决定因素---教育,经验,等等---和多少取决于物理外观。Hamermesh and Biddle found that beauty pays. People who are deemed to be more attractive than average earn five percent more than people of average looks.

哈莫米斯和比德尔发现,美的付出。被认为是更具吸引力的人比一般人平均收入高百分之五。

People of average looks earn 5 to 10 percent more than people considered less attractive than average. Similar results were found for men and women.

长相一般的人平均收入比人们认为吸引力低的人多五到百分之十。男性和女性都有类似的结果。

What explains these differences in wages? There are several ways to interpret the “beauty premium”.

什么解释了这些差异的工资?有几个方法来解释“美容费”。

One interpretation is that good looks are themselves a type of innate ability determining productivity and wages. Some people are born with the attributes of a movie star; other people are not.

一种解释是,良好的外表本身是一种天生的能力,决定着生产力和工资。有些人是天生的明星的属性,其他人不是。

Good looks are useful in any job in which workers present themselves to the public--- such as acting, sales, and waiting on tables. In this case, an attractive worker is more valuable to the firm than an unattractive worker. 在任何工人们向公众展示自己的工作,好的外表都是有用的。例如:在演员、销售员和服务员等。在这种情况下,一个有吸引力的工人比一个没有吸引力的工人更有价值。

The firm’s willingness to pay more to attractive workers reflects its customers’ preferences.

该公司愿意支付更多给吸引力的员工,反映出其客户的偏好。

A second interpretation is that reported beauty is an indirect measure of other types of ability.

另一种解释是,美是一种间接衡量其他类型的能力。

How attractive a person appears depends on more than just heredity. It also depends on dress, hairstyle, personal demeanor, and other attributes that a person can control.

一个人的吸引力不只是取决于遗传。它还取决于着装、发型、个人举止和其他个人可以控制的因素。

Perhaps a person who successfully projects an attractive image in a survey interview is more likely to be an intelligent person who succeeds at other tasks as well.

也许一个人在调查面试中成功地表现出一个有吸引力的形象,他更可能是一个聪明的人,他在其他工作中也会成功。

A third interpretation is that the beauty premium is a type of discrimination, a topic to which we return later.

第三种解释是,美的溢价是一种区别,我们稍后返回这个主题。

4.Unit 4

The scientific study of population is known as demography. The word comes from the Greek for “measuring people”. But counting heads is only a small part of what demographers do.

人口的科学研究被称为人口统计学。这个词来源于希腊的“测量人”。但统计数量只有人口统计学家做的一小部分。

They also attempt to calculate the growth rate of a population and to assess the impact of such things as the marriage rate and life expectancy, the sex ratio, the age structure on human behavior and the structure of society.

他们还试图计算人口的增长率,并评估如婚姻率和预期寿命,性别比例,年龄结构对人类行为和社会结构这些事物的影响,。

They are interested in the distribution of population and in movements of people. Put another way, demographers study the effects of such numbers on social trends.

他们感兴趣的是人口分布和人口流动。另一方面,人口学家研究的这样的数字对于社会趋势的影响。

Demographers use a number of standard measures in translating a locality’s raw totals--- births, deaths, and the number of those moving in and out--- into general statistics that allow them to identify trends.

人口统计学家使用一些标准的措施在翻译当地的原料总量,出生,死亡,和一些迁入和输出---一般统计让他们以确定趋势。

The birthrate is the number of births per 1000 people in a given years. Suppose there were 900 births in a city of 50000 in a specific year.

出生率是每一年的出生人数1000人。假设有900个出生在一个有50000人城市的在特定的一年。

Demographers calculate the birthrate for the city by dividing the number of births (900) by the population (50000) and multiplying the result

(0.018) by 1000 to get 18. The birthrate in developed countries is 1.6; in less developed countries it is 4.0.

人口统计学家计算城市人口出生率以出生人数(900)的除以总人口(50000)的结果(0.018)相乘1000得到18。发达国家的生育率为1.6;不发达国家是4。

The death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year. The fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women of the world.死亡人数为每1000人死亡人数一年。生育率是世界上每1000名妇女的活产数。

As mentioned earlier, population and population growth rates are highest in developing nations and lower in Western nations. These rates are also complicated by mass movements of refugees to and from certain countries.

如前所述,发展中国家和西方国家的人口增长率是最高的。这些比率也很复杂,某些国家的难民群众运动也很复杂。

By 1994 the population of refugees was over 23 million, up from about 10 million refugees worldwide in 1983. Mass movements of people into and out of Afghanistan, Somalia and Mozambique have contributed to this sharp increase. Famine and political upheaval are usually behind these mass exoduses.

1994的难民人数超过2300万,由在1983约1000万难民增长。从阿富汗、索马里和莫桑比克的群众运动对这一急剧增加做出了贡献。饥荒和政治动荡通常在这些群众大规模流亡后发生。

5.Unit 5

One’s cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people.

人的文化身份是人的一个重要方面。文化认同是一些人类从共同的信仰、价值观和态度发展演变而来的。

It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation.

它体现了行为准则和信仰,价值观和态度的方式被传递给年轻一代。Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.

文化认同还包括亲属关系、婚姻和性关系的方式。

Examples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, African American, and Asian American – to name just a few.

在美国,大量的文化身份的例子包括英美,意大利,美国,非洲裔美国人和亚裔美国人的名字只是少数。

Cultural identity transcends ethnic identity, or ethnicity, which refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture.

文化身份是超越种族身份的,或是种族,是指一个国家或文化中的少数群体的地理起源。

Whereas many people learn about their specific ethnic identities from their parents, many more children are born with parents from several ethnic groups.

虽然许多人都了解他们的特殊的民族身份,从他们的父母,有更多的孩子是与父母来自几个民族。

As this increases in the United States, more young people are unclear about their ethnic identity and are simply calling themselves American.随着美国的这一增长,越来越多的年轻人对自己的民族身份不清楚,他们只不过是自己的美国人。

A cultural group is a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation.

文化群体是一组人,他们信奉核心信念、行为、价值观和规范,并将其传递给一代又一代。

Most cultures contain subgroups called co-cultures, distinct cultural of social groups living within the lesbians.

大多数文化包含子群称为共同的文化,社会群体生活在女同性恋者不同的文化。

An Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation.

一个民族群体是一组人,他们被嵌入在一个较大的文化群体或社会中,他们分享信仰、行为、价值观和规范,这也是一代又一代的传播者。

Ethnicity plays a major role in determining what we eat and how we work, relate, celebrate holidays and rituals, and feel about life and death an illness.

种族在决定我们吃什么和我们如何工作,关系,庆祝节日和仪式,和感觉有关的生活和死亡的疾病中起着重要的作用。

6.Unit 6

Internet journalism has been greatly influenced by the so-called “bloggers”. In the strict sense, a blogger is someone’s online record of the websites he or she visits. Blogger is a contraction of “Web logger”. Web loggers have been called one-person Internet blabbermouths who pop off to anyone who will listen. They criticize each other but some of the best take on, sometimes unfairly, the big newspapers and networks. They provide a kind of instant feedback loop for media corporations. Some equate them with the more lively editorial pages of earlier times. Web loggers are having an important impact on the “old media” as well as on public opinion over salient political and social issues.

网络新闻受到了很大的影响,所谓的“博客”。在严格意义上,一个博客是某人的网站他或她访问的在线记录。博客是“网络日志”的缩写。Web记录器已被称为一个人的互联网长舌者谁去谁会听流行音乐。他们互相批评,但一些最好的,有时不公平的,大的报纸和

网络。他们提供了一种即时反馈回路的媒体公司。有些人把他们与早期的更生动的编辑页面等同起来。Web记录器是具有重要影响的“旧媒体”以及对公众舆论对突出的政治和社会问题。

Task 2

Newspapers are dying; the music industry is still yelping about iTunes; book publishers think they are next. Yet one bit of old media seems to be doing rather well. In the final quarter of 2009 the average American spent almost 37 hours a week watching television. Earlier this year 116 million of them saw the Super Bowl-- a record for a single programme. Far from being cowed by new media, TV is colonizing it. Shows like “American Idol” and “Britain’s Got Talent” draw huge audiences partly because people are constantly messaging and tweeting about them, and discussing them on Facebook.

报纸行将就木;音乐产业也在抱怨iTunes;图书出版商认为他们下。然而,有一点旧媒体似乎做得很好。在2009的最后一个季度,美国平均每个星期花了将近37个小时看电视。今年早些时候,1亿1600万的人看到了超级碗一个计划的记录。没有受到新媒体,电视是殖民。节目“美国偶像”和“英国达人”吸引了众多观众的眼球,部分原因是因为人们不断的发短信支持他们,并讨论他们在Facebook。

Advertising wobbled during the recession, shaking the free-to-air broadcasters that depend on it. But cable and satellite TV breezed through.

Pay-television subscriptions grew by more than two million in America last year. The explosive growth of cable and satellite TV in India explains how that country has gone from two channels in the early 1990s to more than 600 today. Pay-TV bosses scarcely acknowledge the existence of viewers who do not subscribe to multichannel TV, talking only of people who have “yet to choose” a provider. This is not merely bluster. As our special report this week explains, once people start paying for greater television choice, they rarely stop.

广告摇摇晃晃在经济衰退期间,在免费广播电视公司依赖它。但是,有线电视和卫星电视轻松通过。去年美国的付费电视订阅量增长了二百万以上。印度有线电视和卫星电视的爆炸性增长,说明了这个国家从20世纪90年代初的2个通道到今天的600多个渠道。付费电视的老板们几乎不承认那些不赞成多频道电视的观众的存在,只说那些“还没有选择”的人。这不只是虚张声势。正如本周我们的特别报告所解释的,一旦人们开始为更大的电视选择付费,他们很少会停下来。

7.Unit 7

Interviewer: Today’s “big story” is the Information Society. We’ll focus on some of the issues and, of course, the language behind the topic. “Information and communications technology”, the “information society”, the “digital divide”--- these terms have become buzz words in the modern world. But what do they all mean?

记者:今天的“大故事”是信息社会。我们将集中于一些问题,当然,语言背后的主题。“信息与通讯技术”,“信息社会”,“数字鸿沟”---这些术语已成为现代世界的嗡嗡声。但他们都是什么意思呢?

Interviewee: This is a way of looking how society has changed. If we look back to a hundred years ago, we were talking about the Industrial Revolution--- countries becoming economic powers, developing their businesses through the use of machines. Now the emphasis has shifted to information, and technology is a tool by which people can gain that information--- be it through computers, on the Internet, or maybe over a mobile phone. And that’s what we are talking abut here: using technology as a tool to get access to information, to find out what’s happening in the world.

应聘者:这是一种寻找社会如何改变。如果我们回顾一百年前,我们谈论的是工业革命---国家成为经济强国,通过使用机器来发展他们的企业。现在的重点已经转移到信息,技术是一种工具,人们可以得到的信息---通过计算机,在互联网上,或在一个移动电话。这就是我们在这里谈论:用技术作为一种工具来获取信息,了解世界上正在发生的事情。

Interviewer: And why is this such an important area? Why does it feature in the list of World Service Big Stories, do you think?

记者:为什么这个这么重要的地区?为什么它的功能在世界服务的大故事,你认为?

Interviewee: Say you are a farmer in Senegal, and you want to find out what the price is for the mangos or the pineapples that you’re growing. When you come to sell them to the trader, you don’t know what the price of that pineapple is in the capital. You have to take, at face value, what you’re offered for it. But say you had a mobile phone, and that on that mobile phone, you could find out what the price of pineapples was in the capital, that would put you in a much stronger position when it came to selling your goods, and you would get a much better price for your crops. That would make a very big difference to how much money you earned every month.

记者:说你是塞内加尔的一个农民,你要知道你正在成长的芒果和菠萝的价格是多少。当你把他们卖给商人的时候,你不知道那个菠萝的价格是什么。你必须采取,在面对价值,你所提供的。但是说你有手机,这在手机,你可以发现在资本菠萝的价格是什么,那会把你放在一个更强大的位置,当它来销售你的产品,你会得到你的作物更好的价格。这将对你每月赚多少钱有很大的不同。Interviewer: So let’s say we’re talking about telephones and computers as you’ve suggested, what do we mean when we say there’s a “digital divide”?

主持人:那么让我们说,我们谈论的是电话和电脑,正如你所说的,我们是什么意思,当我们说有一个“数字鸿沟”?Interviewee: this all comes down to having access to information--- being able to find information about crop prices, about the latest research, even news about what’s happening in your country or in your part of the world easily. In industrialized countries it’s all around us. Apart from newspapers and radio stations, we now have the Internet, or you can even get this sort of information on your mobile phone. The problem for developing countries is that they don’t have access to that information. Interviewer: Success in the modern world depends on having access to up-to-date information--- whether for business, farming, education, healthcare--- for every aspect of life. And in this so-called “information society”, there’s a digital divided between the haves and the have-nots---- those who are able to access information and those who aren’t. But the ability to access information depends on more than just having the right technological equipment.

应聘者:这一切都归结到所获得的信息,能够找到关于农作物价格信息,最新的研究,即使是在你的国家或你的世界的一部分,容易发生了什么新闻。在工业化国家,这是我们周围的一切。除了报纸和广播电台,我们现在有互联网,或者你甚至可以在你的手机上获得这类信息。发展中国家的问题是,他们没有获得这一信息。

面试官:在现代世界的成功取决于获得最新信息---无论是商业,农业,教育,医疗保健---为生活的每一个方面。在这个所谓的“信息

社会”,这一数字将富人和穷人----那些能够访问信息和那些不但是获取信息的能力不仅仅取决于有正确的技术设备之间。Interviewee: there are several big problems wen it comes to the internet access. One of the big ones is that a lot of the material on the Internet is in English, and that instantly puts a barrier up to a lot of people in the world because they have to speak at least some English to understand the information there. The other thing is just the connection. To connect to the Internet, you need to connect either through cables or you can do it through radio waves. But in many parts of the developing world, what you have is a very slow connection over a telephone line. Telephone lines in a lot of these parts of the world are quite unreliable, they’re a bit crackly, they might have some interference on the line. So what you then have is an Internet connection that, not only is slow, but could break at any moment. This is a huge problem for the developing countries. Interviewer: We’ve talked a bit about the Internet, then, the difference that can make to people’s lives. What about the phone? And particularly the mobile phone?

应聘者:有几个大问题,温总理谈到互联网接入。其中一个大的问题是,互联网上的很多资料都是英文的,而这一点在全世界都会有一个障碍,因为他们必须至少用一些英语来了解那里的信息。另一件事就是连接。要连接到互联网,你需要连接电缆或通过无线电波。但是在发展中世界的许多地方,你在电话线上有一个非常缓慢的连接。在许多世界各地的电话线是相当不可靠的,他们有点脆脆的,

他们可能对线干扰。所以你所拥有的是一个互联网连接,不仅是慢,但可以打破在任何时刻。这对发展中国家是一个巨大的问题。

面试官:我们在网上聊了一点,然后,可以让人们的生活不同。那电话呢?尤其是移动电话?

Interviewee: This is almost more revolutionary than the Internet itself. Because what you’re finding now is that in countries like Nigeria, almost everybody will have a mobile phone. In the past they would have had to rely on trying to get a normal landline, something connected with wires to the local exchange, and the problem is there wouldn’t be many of these telephones, they would expensive. But now mobile phones are opening the world of communication to just about everybody. So, selling goods is easier; sharing ideas is much more possible now than in the past; or even just giving advice to colleagues or friends.

应聘者:这是几乎比互联网本身的革命。因为你现在发现的是,在像尼日利亚这样的国家,几乎每个人都会有一个手机。在过去,他们将不得不依靠努力获得正常的座机,点与导线连接到本地交换,而问题是不会有很多这样的电话,他们会很贵。但现在移动电话正在开放的世界,只是关于每个人。因此,销售商品更容易,分享的想法比过去更容易,甚至只是给同事或朋友的建议。

8.Unit 8

Summaries:politically correct means socially correct according to the views of those who were politically left of center. There are three kinds of political correctness. Type A refers to new ways of saying things,

avoiding giving offence to members of minority groups. For examples, person is preferred to man/woman, Ms to Miss/Mrs and physically challenged to disabled. Type B refers to terms used to attack those thought to be politically incorrect. Words such as sexist, racist, Eurocentric are examples. Type C refers to terms indicating a positive program for addressing wrongs. Expressions such as multiculturalism and affirmative action are cases in point.

Listening script

Well, good evening ladies and gentlemen. I’m giving a talk on political correctness. Can you hear me at the back?

What is political correctness? What is it? Well, let’s look at the appearance of the term. In the 1980s, in the United States, then in this country, we suddenly had a number of strange inventions in the language. For example, The Washington Post newspaper, on 12th of March 1984, we read about a writer called Langer. Langer is saying that novelists have a duty higher than the one they owe to their art, that is the art of writing, of course, and in their private vision of world, they have a duty to be politically correct. And again The Washington Post in the following year, “it is the only caffeinated coffee served by the waitpersons,” they’re called in the politically correct Tacoma Café in Tacoma Park. Well, what’s all this about? What does politically correct mean in its sense? Well, I would suggest in the original sense in the States, politically correct meant

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第一章 1. What is an academic topic? ---A topic studied in schools by university professors and by scholars, around which a discipline and a body of literture have grown up. 2. What does research mean? ---Reading and study of various kinds of evidence, mainly but not exclusively drawn from written materials. 3. What kinds of materials may research be based on? ---Printed materials, written materials that are not printed, spoken materials, visual materials, and digital documents from the Internet. 4. What does “operating in a scholarly way” mean? ---Building new knowledge by analyzing and learning from what others have done and adding fresh insights to it. 5. What is the length of a typical research paper? ---10-15 double-spaced pages / 3000-5000 words. 第二章 1. What are the four elements discussed in the lecture? ---Subject, topic, question and thesis. 2. Which is supposed to be more specific, a subject or a topic? ---A topic. 3. What is an appropriate topic characterized by? ---It can be covered adequately and interestingly in just 10-15 pages. 4. Why was Lincoln able to win the election of 1860? ---Because of his ambiguous position on slavery/By not taking a very firm or clear stand on slavery. 5. What is the function of the thesis of a research paper? ---The thesis states what you want to say about the topic-your conclusion based on your research and thought. 6.How do you judge whether a topic is appropriate or not? ---It can be covered adequately and interestingly in just 10-15 pages. 第三章 1. What is a good topic? A good topic: ? is not merely a narrative, ? is not too broad, ? is not too narrow, ? has research sources, ? has not been overdone, and ? interests you. 2. What is a good working thesis? A good working thesis: ? can be stated in a single clear sentence, ? is a positive, non-obvious statement, and ? can be tested through research. 3.What kind of thesis is a good working thesis? ·It can be stated in a single clear sentence. ·It is a positive,non-obvious statement ,and ·It can be tested through research. 第四章 1. What is plagiarism? ---A kind of theft. 2. What does the word “publishing” mean according to the professor? ---Something printed in book/magazine form or anything posted on the Internet. 3. What are the four different types of plagiarism? ? Buying, borrowing, or reusing a paper. ? Claiming as your own a piece of writing from a published source. ? Quoting words, sentences, paragraphs, or pages from another writer’s work without giving that writer credit. ? Copying another writer’s sequence of ideas without giving that writer credit. 4. What transitional words does the professor use to introduce the four different types of plagiarism? ---First, next, also, finally. 5. What will you teacher or advisor do when you commit plagiarism? You teacher or your advisor will refuse to write a letter of recommendation. 6.what does the speaker mean when he explains the point “citing sources in a scholarly fashion”? Following standard rules and procedures to explain where you found the facts and ideas you are borrowing. 7.What does “publishing” also refer to? “Publishing” also refers to the act of posting an item on the Internet. 第五章 1. What is common knowledge? ? Information that you and your friends all know. ? Any information that could be easily obtained from many sources and that is not open to dispute or varying interpretations. (also) 2. What is a fact? ---An event in the real world that practically everyone can point to and agree on. 3. What is an opinion or interpretation? ---A personal spin (remark), attitude, or feeling to the real- world event, which not everyone will agree on.

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New Airport Landing Fees Delayed 机场降落收费新政策延期 1the government has delayed by at last a month a plan to reduce congestion at the nation's airports following stiff resistance from airlines. 受到航空公司的强烈反对,政府关于减轻国家机场的拥堵的计划,至少推迟了一个月。 2.A new federal policy allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods, and for other reasons, aims to reduce delays by encouraging airlines to spread their flights more evenly throughout the day .The policy which also encourages congested airports to include in landing fees the cost of expansion projects,had been scheduled to take effect in March,following a 45-day comment period. 一项新的联邦政策允许机场在高峰期收取更高的降落费用,或因其它原因,旨在鼓励航空公司在一天内更均匀地安排航班起落以减少延误。该政策还鼓励拥挤的机场将机场扩建项目的成本纳入到机场降落收费中。此项政策原计划三月份生效,并设置了45天的征询意见期。 3.But airline trade groups, which oppose the plan,requested a 30-day extension of the comment period. Their request has been granted, a Transportation Department spokesman said Thursday. 但是反对这项方案的航空公司贸易团体,要求将征询意见期延长30天。 星期四交通部发言人说,他们的要求已被批准。 4.The Air Transport Association, which represents the nations’s largest airlines, welcomed the government’s decision for giving it “more time to thoroughly review the proposal and provide meaningful input”,said spokesman David Castelveter. 美国航空运输协会,作为美国最大的航空公司,其发言人David Castelveter表示支持政府“放宽时间进行彻底审查并提供有效信息输入的提议。 5.Airline delays, last year were the second worst since comparable data began being collected in 1995, the department said this week. 交通运输部本周表示,去年的航班延误是自1995年参考数据被搜集以来第二糟糕的 6.The association representing airport owners and operators said its members are ready to act now, but did not oppose the airlines’ request for an extension. 代表机场的所有者和经营者的美国航空运输协会表示,其成员现在已经准备好实施这一方案,但并不反对对征询意见其的延长。 7.“Airports are ready to implement measures to address passenger congestion and delay today,”said Deborah McElroy, executive vice president for policy and external affairs at Airports Council International--North America. 国际机场协会北美地区政策与对外事务执行副总裁Deborah McElroy说,“机场现在已经准备采取措施应对乘客拥堵和航班延误。” 8.On January 14,Transportation Secretary Mary Peters said the policy will make it easier for

学术英语(社科)8单元A翻译

UNIT8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power 硬实力,软实力,巧实力 People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strenght. Is these s omething more to the concept of power? The answer is in the affirmative, at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations. 人们常把权力一个国家军事实力和经济实力。这些东西更是对权力的概念吗?答案是肯定的,至少对一些学习政治科学的人来说是肯定的。本单位探讨了权力的复杂性及其对国际关系的影响。 The complex nature of power 权力的复杂性 1. “Until human nature change, power and force will remain at the heart of international relatio ns,” according to a top U.S. official. Not everyone will agree with such a gloomy realpolitik assessment, but it underlines the crucial role that power plays in diplomacy. When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will prevail is often decided by who has the most p ower. 一位美国高级官员表示:“直到人类的本质变化,力量和力量将留在国际关系的核心。不是每个人都会同意这样一个令人沮丧的现实的评估,但它强调,在外交上起着关键作用的力量。当国家的目标和利益发生冲突的时候,哪一方会获胜,往往取决于谁拥有最多的权力。 2. Power is the term we will use here to represent the sum of a country's capabilities. Because power in common usage carries the connotation of “hit-over-the-head” or “make you” capabilities, it is very important to stress that power as used here is more than that. As we will explore in the following pages, power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. Indeed, power has many forms. Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and tangible. Others such as national willpower and diplomatic skills are much less obvious and intangible. 我们将用这一术语来表示一个国家能力的总和。因为普通的力量有“击中头部”或“使你的能力”的内涵,所以强调使用这里的力量是非常重要的。正如我们将探讨在以下页面中,权力可以基于积极的说服和消极的强制。事实上,权力有很多形式。军事力量,财富,和其他一些是相当明显的和有形的。其他如国家意志和外交技巧是不太明显的和无形的。

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