并列句和复合句

考点十五并列句和复合句

并列句

一、并列句的构成：

并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等把两个或两个以上互不依从，但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。

二、并列句的分类：

1. 表示同等关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为“和”、“并且”，也可不译出来。例如：He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。

Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。

2. 表示转折关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为“但是”，“可是”，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如：It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。

School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。

He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。

It's raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大，然而我们必须出去。

3. 表示选择关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。

or有两重含义：

(1)译为“或者”，表示选择。例如：

Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema．现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”，表示条件。例如：

You must tell the truth，or you will be punished．你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。

4. 表示因果关系的并列句

这类并列句常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。

(1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for 则连接两

简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。其结构为：简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。

例如：He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。

(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因) +so牛简单句(结果)。例如：Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead．李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替二课。

5. 其他形式的并列句

(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如：

Use your head, and you will find away．动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。

(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如：

Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others．努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。

(3)“either...or”结构表示“不是……就是……”，“或者……或者……”，例如：

Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事，或者我婶婶也可以做。习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.

(4) “not only…but also”意思为“不仅……而且……”，例如：

not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不仅学生，而且他们的老师都误了校车。

(5) “neither…nor…”结构，意为“既不……也不……”，“两者都不……”，用法与either …or…,not only …but also…相同。

三、使用并列句要注意的几种情况

1. 并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如：

We fished all day; we didn\'t catch a fish.我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。

2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如：My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。

3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如：

He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生,我也不是。

Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳,我也会。

例题一：Work hard, _____ you will pass the during test.

A. or

B. but

C. because

D. and

解析：“努力学习”，“你就会通过驾驶考试”，两者之间是并列关系，应用句式“祈使句+and+简单句”。所以答案为D。

例题二：Stop cutting trees, _____ the earth will become worse and worse.

A. and

B. then C but D. or

解析：根据句意，前后是转折关系，应用句式“祈使句+or+简单句”。所以答案为D

例题三：Bill put his hands behind his back, ____ nobody could see his hands.

A. so

B. and

C. or

D. but

解析：从上下文可知nobody could see his hands的原因是Bill put his hands behind his back，所以应该用so来表示结果。所以答案为A。

例题四：Neither you nor I _____ from Canada. We are from Australia.

A. is

B. are

C. am

D. be

解析：“neither…nor…”结构意为“既不……也不……”，“两者都不……”，连接主语时，谓语动词应与其邻近的主语保持一致。所以答案为C。

例题五：—We get knowledge ____from books _____from life.

—Yes, both are important.

A. either；or

B. not only；but also C neither；nor D. not；but

解析：根据句子的逻辑意思，本题应该选B。“not only…but also”意为“不仅……而且……”，用于连接两个并列的内容，做主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等。所以答案为B。

练习一

1. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, he can't understand the instructions on the bottle Of the pills.

A. so

B. or

C. but

D. for

2．–What was your brother doing at this time yesterday?

–He was reading a magazine ________ I was writing an e-mail at home.

A. as soon as

B. after

C. until

D. while

3. —Mom, shall we have supper now?

—Oh, we won’t have supper ______ your dad comes back.

A. until

B. since

C. while

D. after

4. Keep off the drugs（毒品）, you and your family will be in great danger?

A. and

B. or

C. but

D. so

5. Lily Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.

A. Not only; but also

B. Neither; nor

C. Both; and

D. Either; or

6. You'd better take the map with you you won't get lost,

A. as long as

B. as soon as

C. now that

D. so that

7. __________ Amy likes to go to the cinema, but she doesn’t like to see horror films.

A. Since

B. As

C. Though

D. 不填

8. —Would you like to go for a walk with me, Allen?

—I'd love to, ________you don't want to go alone.

A. until

B. before

C. if

D. after

9. He had to retire(退休) early ______ poor health.

A. as a result

B. because

C. so

D. because of

10. ---- Mom, when shall we go to Weifang Museum this weekend?

---- Oh, sorry. I'm going to Beijing for a meeting. ____ Saturday ____. Sunday is OK.

A. Neither, nor

B. Both, and

C. Either, or

D. Not only, but also

复合句

复合句主要有：宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。其它诸如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等形式的复合句尽管在教材中也有出现，但在中考中没有被列为重点考查范围。

Ⅰ.宾语从句

宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。

A) that

主句的谓语动词是say, think, tell, know, hear, see, feel, mean, hope, wish, remember, forget等时，或主句的谓语动词是由形容词afraid, glad, sure, sorry等作表语的系表结构时，后面常接that引导的宾语从句。

e.g. He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster.

I’m sorry (that) he isn’t here right now.

1. that 的省略：

that 引导的宾语从句用来陈述事实，that本身无词义，在从句中不作任何成分，在口语中或非正式文体中常常可被省略。

e.g. I guess (that) somebody else has borrowed it.

I’m afraid (that) you’ll have to wait.

2. 宾语从句的否定转移：

主句是I/We think/suppose/guess/believe等时，从句中的否定习惯上要转移到主句中。如：我认为鸡不会游泳。

误：I think chickens can not swim.

正：I don’t think chickens can swim.

此外，上述情况在变成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句要看从句，如果主句的主语不是第一人称，则附加疑问句要看主句。试比较：

I think he is wrong, isn’t he?

He thinks he is right, doesn’t he?

B) if/whether

if/whether都可作宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，在一般情况下可以互换。if多用于口语和非正式文体中，whether则多用于比较正式的文体中。

e.g. She asked me if/whether I could help her with her English.

I don’t know if/whether it is going to rain.

注意：只用whether的六种情况：

1. 在带to的动词不定式前

He doesn’t know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.

2. 在介词后

I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.

3. 直接与or not连用时

I don’t know whether o r not they will come to help us.

4. 在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中

We discussed whether would have a sports meeting next wek.

5. 宾语从句提前时只能用whether

Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.

6. 引导位于句首的主语从句或表语从句用whether

Whether he is right or wrong is a question.

C) 连接代词和连接副词

一、构成：

1. 宾语从句可由连接代词what, who, whom, which等引导，它们在宾语从句

中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等，因此不能省略。

Do you know who will come this afternoon? (作主语)

Did you hear what he said? （作宾语）

I don’t know whose that is. （作表语）

Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? （作gate的定语）

2. 宾语从句可由连接副词when, where, how, why等引导，它们在宾语从句

中作状语，不可省略。

We didn’t know when she would come back.

Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?

No one knows why she is late again.

二、难点：

1. 避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词；

e.g. *I can’t see that what is over there. （应去掉that）

2. 从句中的语序为陈述语序；

e.g. *Do you know how old is she? (应改为：…how old she is)

3. 从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。

e.g. *She didn’t tell me when she will come. (应改为：…when she would come)

三、转换：

由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词＋动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。

e.g. I’ve no idea what we’re going to do next. = I’ve no idea what to do next.

Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? = Could you tell me how to get to the post office?

难点：宾语从句的时态

主句中谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制，可根据具体情况选用适当的时态；主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句中也必须要用某种过去时态，以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时，则用

一般现在时，不受主句时态的限制。试比较：

He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.

He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.

Tom says that he is mending his car.

Tom said that he was mending his car.

The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.

例题一：— Excuse me. Could you tell me ?

— It will leave at 4:00 p.m.

A. how will you go Shanghai

B. how you will go to Shanghai

C. when will the bus leave for Shanghai

D. When the bus will leave for Shanghai 解析：考查宾语从句。从答句知问的应该是时间，排除A和B .又因为宾语从句必须用陈述语序，故选D。

例题二：—Could you tell me _________?

— You can take No. 16 bus.

A. how can we get to the Olympic Park

B. how we can get to the Olympic Park

C. how did we get to the Olympic Park

D. how we got to the Olympic Park

解析：宾语从句。特殊疑问句做宾语从句时，用陈述语序；可排除A、C；根据答语可知问句用一般现在时，可排除D；故B为正确答案。

练习二

1. I don’t think he will come here on time,?

A. won’t he

B. will he

C. does he

D. is he

2. Will you please tell me ?

A. where Pudong Airport is

B. how far Pudong Airport was

C. how can we get to Pudong Airport

D. when was Pudong Airport built

3. It’s not polite to ask people in England.

A. how much money you have got

B. what the weather is like

C. what your city looks like

D. how old are you

4. I wonder if he tonight. If he , I’ll let you know.

A. will come; will come

B. comes; comes

C. will come; comes

D. comes; will come

5. I can’t say I want to see him again. We haven’t seen each other for nearly three years.

A. how long

B. how soon

C. how often

D. how much

6. Mr. Green told me that he on a trip next Sunday.

A. are going

B. was going

C. will go

D. would going

7. Our geography teacher told us that Japan the east of China.

A. is in

B. was in

C. is to

D. was to

8. Nobody knows he’ll come or not.

A. that

B. if

C. /

D. whether

Ⅱ.状语从句

状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。

A) 时间状语从句

1) when 表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当…..时”。

e.g. When you get off the bus, you mustn’t push others.

2) before

表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在……之前”。

e.g. Don’t say anything before you look at the picture.

3) after

表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在……之后”。

e.g. They talked about the party after the people left.

4) until 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到……为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止

e.g. I will wait until he comes.

注意：until 用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。not…untill意为“直到……才……”。

e.g. She won’t go to bed until she finishes her homework.

5) as soon as 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一……就”。

e.g. My brother went out as soon as I got home.

注意: 在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。

1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：

e.g. The boy will be a writer when he grows up.

2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：

e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.

3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：

e.g. Please don’t go to bed before you finish your homework.

4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：

e.g. I liked reading when I was young.

B) 地点状语从句

1) where

e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it.

2) wherever

e.g. I’ll go wherever you go.

C) 方式状语从句

1) as

e.g. I’ll do all the things as you told me.

2) as if/though可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况

e.g. It looks as if it’s going to rain.

He looks as if he were young.

3) the way

e.g. I don’t like the way he talks.

D) 原因状语从句

1) because

because语气最强，它着重说明原因。用why提问的问句必须用because回答，不能用as, since；

e.g.--Why didn’t he com e? --Because he was ill.

2) since

since语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成“既然”，“鉴于”，通常从句放在主句前；

e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance.

3) I as

as语气最弱，只表示一般的因果关系，从句放在主句前或后均可；

e.g. As he didn’t know the meani ng of the word, he looked it up in his dictionary.

注意：for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。

e.g. The oil must be out, for the light went out.

E) 条件状语从句

1) 条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless 后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。

e.g. If he doesn’t come on time, we won’t know what to know.

He must come if he is told.

Please let me know if he comes back.

I’ll go there unless it rains.

2) If 条件句的替代形式：

（1）祈使句+ and/or + 陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。

e.g. If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam easily.

If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind others. = Work hard, or you’ll fall behind others.（2）用介词with, without的替代形式：

e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water.

If you help me, I’ll finish my task on time. = With your help/With the help of you, I’ll finish my task on time.

F) 让步状语从句

1) though/although

e.g. Though he tried many times, he failed to work it out.

2) wh-ever

e.g. Whatever he says(=No matter what he says), don’t believe him.

3) even if/even though

e.g. Even if he is poor, she loves her husband. (He may be poor, yet she loves him.) 即使他穷了，她也仍然爱他。

Even though he is poor, she still loves her husband. (He is poor, yet she loves him.) 尽管他穷，但她仍然爱他。

G) 结果状语从句

1) so that

e.g. There are big trees around the house so that it can hardly be seen by passers-by.

2) so…that/such…that

e.g. He walked so fast that I couldn’t keep up with him.

He made such a good report that everybody was pleased.

H) 目的状语从句

1) so that

e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.

2) so… that

e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better.

I)比较状语从句

1) as…as/not so…as; than…

e.g. This question is not so difficult as I thought.

The film is much better than we expected.

2) The more…, the more

e.g. The more he heard the song, the less he liked it.

例题一：—Mary, could you tell me if your mother _______ our school sports meeting tomorrow?

—I think she will come to school if she _________ free.

A. will take part in; will be

B. takes part in; is

C. will take part in; is

D. takes part in; will be

解析：考查if引导的宾语从句及条件状语从句的用法。问句是由if引导的宾语从句，时间状语为tomorrow，故用一般将来时；答语是由if引导的条件状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，故选C。

例题二：I’ll give it to Jim as soon as I ____him tomorrow.

Asaw B.will see C.see D.have seen

解析：考查点：考察条件从句的时态。解题思路：as soon as表示“一……就……”，其主句用将来时态，从句要用一般现在时态。故选C。

练习三

1. Somebody rang me up just now, but he hung up I could answer the phone.

A. when

B. until

C. before

D. since

2. Mr Smith usually reads a newspaper he’s waiting for the bus.

A. if

B. the

C. because

D. while

3. You must leave here now your mother can get some more rest.

A. because

B. though

C. so that

D. so

4. The meeting is important that you mustn’t miss it.

A. very

B. such

C. so

D. too

5. –I’m going to the supermarket.

-- you are there, would you please buy me some vegetables?

A. If

B. Because

C. While

D. After

6. –Do you know what he did all day?

--He spent as much time playing as he .

A. studying

B. was studying

C. studied

D. did studying

7. If Mg in O2, we MgO, and it combination reaction(化学变化).

A. will burn, get, calls

B. burns, will get, called

C. will burn, can get, is calling

D. burns, will get, is called

8. he talked with her for a long time, he failed to convince(说服)her.

A. Though

B. But

C. Since

D. As

Ⅲ. 定语从句

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。

This is Tom.

Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday.

先行词定语从句

引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which

引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why

一、who, whom, whose引导的定语从句

1. who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。

e.g. This is the doctor who came her yesterday.

2. whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。

e.g. The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town.

注意：在从句中作介词宾语时，介词一般可放在whom之前，也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。e.g.

a) The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.

(前句中的whom不可省略，后句中的whom可省略)

b) The girl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定词组)

3. whose在从句中作定语，表示所属关系，其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。

e.g. I know the woman whose husband is a doctor.

He lives in the house whose window faces south.

二、that, which引导的定语从句

这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。

1. that, which在从句中作主语，不可省略。

e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.

2. that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。

e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?

注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。

e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.

知识拓展：

引导定语从句的关系代词that和which，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用which：

1. 先行词是复合不定代词everything, anything, nothing等时。

e.g. She didn’t forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.

2. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。

e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.

He is in the last row that is next to the window.

3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。

e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.

4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。

e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.

5. 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，

e.g. I’ve written down all (that )the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.

They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.

6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。

e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.

7. 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。

e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now?

Which is the book that was stolen by him?

8. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。

e.g. China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.

三、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）

1. where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。

e.g. This is the village where he was born.

c.f. This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.

2. when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。

e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.

c.f. I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.

3. why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。

e.g. The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is quite clear.

例题一：—Where did you go last week?

—I went to Zhang Aiping’s hometown and visited the house he was born in.

A. that

B. there

C. who

D. whose

解析：本题考查定语从句的用法。根据上下文语境语意：-上个星期你去哪了？-我去了张爱萍的家乡，参观了她出生的地方。先行词“that”修饰“house”，故本题选A。

例题二：—I hear that Lily’s brother is a worker here.

—Look, the man _________ is working over there is her brother.

A. who

B. whom

C. what

D. which

解析：考查定语从句的关系代词。who “代替人”作主语或者宾语；whom “代替人”作宾语；what不用于宾语从句；which“代替物”作主语或者宾语；先行词为人，在从句中作主语。故选A。

练习四

1. The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250,000.

A. which

B. who

C. whom

D. /

2. This is the most beautiful part I have visited.

A. which; ever

B. that; never

C. which; yet

D. that; ever

3. My necklace is not the only thing is missing.

A. that

B. which

C. what

D. /

4. We’re talking about Tonny, you met yesterday.

A. with who

B. whom

C. which

D. that

5. Is this the very museum some Japanese visitors visited last Wednesday?

A. one

B. where

C. that

D. which

6. The book cover is red is Tom’s.

A. which

B. that

C. /

D. whose

7. The place I grew up is a beautiful town.

A. which

B. that

C. where

D. from which

8. Do you still remember one evening a week ago I came to your room and borrowed a dictionary?

A. before

B. which

C. when

D. as

9. Is that the novel about they talked in class yesterday?

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. /

10. Who is the man ______ is reading a book over there?

A. that

B. which

C. whose

D. What

并列句和复合句练习

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二、状语从句 1 地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常 由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I wil l be thinking of yo u.

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