懂你英语LUnit

U n i t2-1l i s t e n i n g退休和投资

Walter wants to retire within the next few years. He has been working at the same company for over 15 years as an accountant. During that time, he’s been saving his money and paying off that debt. However, even with his savings an d investments, he isn’t sure that he will have enough money for retirement. If it doesn’t, he will have to keep on working, which depends on the company. For now, the company is ok. But it’s no longer growing as fast as it used to. Whether or not he can keep on his working will also depend on his health. Fortunately, he is in good health. But he knows that that could change in any time. If he fell down or had a stroke, it could force him to stop working. If that happened, he would have to rely on his savings and other assets to survive. Soon or later, he knows his health will decline and he will have to stop working. So he needs to prepare.

Most of his wealth is in the form of company stock and the value of his home. Both of these are at risk. The company stock may go down and the value of his home may also fall. The company he works for is a pharmaceutical(制药的) company. It develops new drugs which is risky business and sells them worldwide. It’s expensive to develop new drugs and it can take a very long tim e to get a new drug approved. Without government approval, it can’t be sold, which can result in a huge loss. Another threat the company comes from foreign competition, which is getting stronger. The company has also started to move some of its researches and production facilities oversees. Salary level is lower there, and the quality of the foreign workers is getting better. As a result, the company has to reduce its local hiring and it’s no longer giving large bonuses.

One thing he is considering, is to sell his share in the company. He could begin to sell a little at a time and reinvest the money in somewhere else. But where would he invest He doesn’t know much about investing and several of his friend have lost a lot by making a bad investment. Investing in real restate or the stock market could be very risky. In the best case, he will make a lot of money. If that happened, he could finally retire and enjoy a comfortable life. On the other hand, in the worst case, his investments could result in a huge l oss. If that happened, he wouldn’t be able to enjoy his retirement. He wouldn’t be able to travel or do any of things that he’s dreamed about doing. So now he has to decide what he should do. Should he begin to sell his stock in the company or should he wait until he actually needs the money. If he sold now, he will have to decide what to do with the money. His investment could turn out well or it could turn out to be a disaster. On the other hand, if you decide to wait, anything will depend on his company. The one advantage he has with this options is he’s being on the inside of the company. With his insider information, he can predict the company’s shot-term future. This is especially true because as an account, he has an access to the company’s financial data. If things start to go badly, he can begin to sell his stock and avoid a big loss. Otherwise, it’s probably safer to keep the stock and hope that the company does well even if its growth rate declines. So for now, that is probably what he should do. If you were he, what would you do

Unit 2-1 dialogue 非洲和巴黎旅行

So, where should we go on our vacation. What about Africa

Africa, no, that’s not for me. Why do you want to go the Africa

I’d like to get out and see the wildlife, the drama of nature! We could se e some of the great migrations. Wow, you are adventurer. What about food and diseases What about terrorism.

Sure something that could happen. But if we never take any risks, we won’t have an interesting life. I don’t want to have a boring life.

So, you think I’m boring then, right.

Well, you’re certainly not the most exciting person. What plays thing safe and secure.

I don’t mind take a few risks but it’s got to be worth it. Watching animals migrate is something I could see in a documentary. And I don’t like the idea of being around predators(肉食动物), like lions and hyenas(鬣狗).

Ok, my brave man. What would you like to do

Well, I’ve been thinking about it. I think it’s nice to go to Paris in the fall and visit some museums. We can go to a concert and go to see a ballet.

Ah, we’ve been to Paris before. That’s exciting about it and I’m tired of museums. Any other ideas

One place that might be interesting is in South America, Machu Picchu. It’s an abandoned city way up in the mountain Peru.

Yes, I’ve heard o f it. that might be interesting.

Should we look into it

Sure, you look into it and I’ll get some information about trips to Africa.

So your heart is ready set on Africa, isn’t it

Yes, it really is. I need something exciting in my life now. all I do work and be with you. I need a change. Don’t you ever feel that way

OK, I hear you. Let’s go to Africa. And don’t blame me if you get sick along the way.

Great, you are not so bad after all. I can always depend on you.

Be careful. Maybe one of these days I will surprise you.

Unit 2-1 reading 在线相亲和运动受伤

Is online dating killing love

A fair maiden is guarded by a dragon. A handsome prince must slay(杀) the dragon to save her. Then, magically, they fall in love and live happily ever after.

Traditional stories tend to emphasize the fantastic, magical side of love. Fate plays matchmaker(媒人). Strangers see each other from across a room and instantly know that they are destined to be together.

It isn’t difficult to imagine two strangers coming together and falling in love despite their differences. It suggests that love is challenging, uncertain and incomprehensible.

But with more people using online dating services, a very different kind of love has emerged: one that is scientific, convenient, and self-directed. It minimizes risk and provides a choice, like on a menu. There is anonymity and avoidance(逃避) of immediate rejection. Meeting terms are negotiated online.

Online dating also allows the setting of preconditions. Computer algorithms(程序) exclude undesirable traits(个性/特征) such as the wrong hair color, race or age. But they also exclude randomness. They reduce the chances of meeting someone different, or someone who could challenge one’s romantic ideals. Instead, they find the partner we think we want and exclude everyone else. As a result, we could be missing the opportunity of a lifetime, to meet someone we would never have expected to fall in love with.

Perhaps this new way represents a more efficient form of romance. Traditional ideas of love may be enchanting(迷人的) – but are they useful Loneliness and boredom are less exciting than chance encounters, but they represent the more realistic side of love. All too often people have suffered through had dates and humiliations(羞辱).

If they could just choose what they wa nted. Wouldn’t it save time and reduce suffering However, by choosing partners based on our preconceived ideas, we may be indulging in our illusions. Instead of letting ourselves grow with someone, love becomes more about looking for ourselves in the other. What if we don’t know ourselves as well as we think Perhaps love isn’t about knowing what we want. Perhaps it’s about being open to unimagined possibilities.

Sport injuries

Sport injuries are injuries that happen to athletes participating in sporting events. In many cases, these types of injuries are due to overuse of a part of the body. For example, runner’s knee is a painful condition

associated with running, while tennis elbow is a form of repetitive stress injury at the elbow. Other types of injuries, such as a broken bone, can be caused by hard contact with something. Injuries are a common occurrence in professional sports, and most teams have a staff of trainers and close connections to the medical community. Controversy has arisen at times when teams have made decisions that could threaten a player’s long-term health for short-team gain.

Sport injuries can be classified as either traumatic(外伤的) or overuse injuries. Traumatic injuries account for most injuries in contact sports such as soccer, rugby(英式橄榄球), and American football. This is of course due to the dynamic and high collision nature of these games. These injuries range from bruises and muscle strains to fractures and head injuries.

A bruise is damage to small blood vessels which causes bleeding within the tissues. A muscle strain is a small tear of muscle fibers and a ligament sprain(韧带拉伤) is a small tear of ligament tissue. The body’s response to these injuries is the same in the initial five-day period immediately following the incident –

inflammation(发炎). Inflammation is characterized by pain, localized swelling, heat, redness and a loss of function.

Inflammation is the first phase of healing, and typically lasts for around five days. However, too much of an inflammatory response can mean that the healing process will take longer, and a return to activity is delayed. Sports injury treatments are intended to minimize the inflammatory phase of an injury so that the overall healing process is accelerated.

Runner’s knee is a painful injury that’s due to overuse.

Inflammation is the first phase of healing and typically lasts for around 5 days.

Unit 2-2 listening 情态动词

Now that you have studied in English at a high lever, let’s get a better understanding of the models. By now, you should already have a good understanding of what they meant. There are the models which are used to express the degree of certainty.

Will shall may can

These models are used to make predictions, judgements and speculations. They indicate how much a speaker knows about the likelihood of an event.

First, the model will express certainty as in if you heat water, it will boil. Based on what is known, the speaker is certain it would happen.

The model may express possibility, as in it may rain this evening, but I’m not sure. Based on what is known, the speaker asserts that event is possible rather than certain or impossible.

The model can express the potentiality or ability, as in he can afford it, but he may decide not to buy.

The model “shall” is a bit different from othe rs. Tina shall be there means the speaker is determined that Tina will be there. In other words, the speaker is determined to get her to come and would try to influence events to make it happen. We would never say it shall rain. Nobody can make it rain so whether it rain or not is beyond one’s control. If some were to say that, it would seem as they were claiming the power to control or influence nature. Know that the question shall I open the door invites the person who is asked to make a decision. Whether or not the door is open depends on the person’s answer. In contrast, will I open the door ask for a prediction rather a decision.

Know what these models can be weakened or removed or by some of these pass time form.

Would should might could

We would go if we had more money but we don’t. this sentence expresses the speaker’s certainty of going if they had more money, which they don’t. so the certain prediction exists but in an imaginary or unreal situation. The model might express less possibility than may so might go is less likely than may go. The models could express less potentiality than can and it’s often used in conditionals(从句). If he could come

expresses less potential than if he can come. If he could come, we would all be happier expresses the feeling that in fact he can’t come.

Here are the second sets of model.

Must, should, had, better ought

These models express degree of logical force or social expectations. Know that none of them has a past time or weakened form.

The first one must indicates logical or social necessity. It expresses the strongest logical or social force.

The model should and ought to assert that something is probably or expected but not necessary.

The model had better expresses advice or ability. In other words, if someone had better do something, they should do it or there may be negative consequences. Therefore, had better has a feeling of threat, as in you had better be there. This isn’t the same as you should do it, which means you are expected to do it but without an applied threat if you don’t.

One interesting rule is that no more than one model can be used with any verb. There are no exceptions to this rule. Therefore, it’s incorrect to say “he will must be there”. To avoid breaking this rule, there are other words that have the same meaning but are not models. The case of must, for example, we use have to, as in we will have to be there. Similarly, we cannot say he may can come. Instead, we say he may be able to come. One last thing to know about models. We use the same form regardless of what the subject is. If the subject is I, it, we or they, we use the same form will. We would never say “we wills be there”. But with non-model form, such as have to, we must change the form to match the subject. He has to be there and I have to be there.

We shall overcome all obstacles express determination to make it happen.

We don’t know for sure but there is still a possibility that they can leave on Friday.

Unit 2-2 dialogue 感情和分手

What’s wrong You look awful.

My boyfriend a nd I had just had another fight. I think I’m going to break up with him.

Hey, you’ve said that before. Calm down. Is that really what you want to do

Yeah, I think so. I don’t see any future in our relationship.

Is that anyone else you’re interested in

No, but there are some guys on the internet who have sent my messages.

What You’ve been online.

Sure, just for fun.

It’s nice to know that I can meet people if I want to.

Does your boyfriend know about it

No, if he knew, he would be furious. He can be very jealous and he has a violent temper.

Anyway, what was your fight about

It’s just the way he talked to me. He never shows any interested in what I’m doing or in what I’m feeling. if I had a bad headache or anything he says nothing.

So who started the fight

He came over and wanted to kiss me and I turned away. I told him I didn’t feel anything for him right then. So then he got angry and we both blew up. Now we are not talking to each other.

Oh is that all That kind of thing is normal. Maybe you’re overre acting.

No, it’s just that I’m beginning to realize that I don’t feel anything for him anymore.

Our relationship is getting cold. We don’t feel appreciated.

Well then maybe you should break up for a while and start seeing other men. But be careful. If I were you, I wouldn’t start seeing anyone else until I break up first.

What do you think so

If he sees that you’re serious about breaking up, he may change.

Maybe, but I doubt it.

It could be that he feels the same way about you. Maybe he has lost inter est. So it’s best to find out. You need to have a serious conversation with him.

You’re right. Maybe it’s time to really find out.

Unit 2-2 reading 爱情和旅游胜地马丘比丘

The love lab

How we communicate with our romantic partners can have a strong impact on the quality of our relationships. Psychologists John and Julie Gottman run the “Love Lab”, where thousands of couples have been studied over the last 30 years. The purpose of their research is to determine the factors that lead to happy and unhappy relationships. From their data, they have concluded that contempt(轻蔑), criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling are the most significant factors that can hurt a marriage or relationship. Among these, contempt is the biggest predictor of divorce. People who feel contempt for their partner often convey disapproval without addressing the issue. They sometimes label their partner with insulting words such as “lazy”, “stupid” or “emotional” which is particularly damaging.

Many couples try to address issues by criticizing t heir partner’s flaws or mistakes directly. Being too direct with criticism can hurt your partner’s self-esteem. Some people may react to criticism by stonewalling, where they refuse to acknowledge and respond to their partner for a period of time. Unfortunately, fighting back or ignoring your partner can make it difficult to determine the root of your problems. If your partner feels that they aren’t valued, it may lead to increased dissatisfaction with the relationship. The Gottmans maintain that being aware of these factors in communication is the first step to improving a relationship. It is important to acknowledge that all relationships have issues. The goal shouldn’t be to avoid these issues, but to learn to resolve them. In particular, we should avoid communication in ways that hurt our partner’s self-esteem. It is better to discuss problems in a way that is less confrontational and can better help your partner sympathize with your perspective. For example, rather than saying why are you ignoring me. It’s rude! One could say I feel hurt and undervalued when I don’t get a response from you. By being conscious of how we communicate with our partner, we can begin to build a healthier relationship.

Their research has given us insight into how to make our relationships better.

The lost city of the Incas

Machu Picchu is one of the world’s most impressive historical sites. It was built around 1450 by the Incas, who ruled most of south America at that time. They called themselves children of the Sun, the powerful god they worshipped as the source of light and life. Located in the Andes Mountains of Peru, at 8000 feet above sea level, the “City of the Incas” was mysteriously abandoned just 100 years after its construction. This was when the Spanish were beginning their conquest of the Inca Empire, in the 1530’s. there is no evidence that the Spanish invaders ever attacked or even reached the mountaintop city, so many believe that the city’s inhabitants deserted(抛弃) the site because of a small pow epidemic.

The city was almost forgotten until 1911 when it was discovered by an American historian, Hiram Bingham, after he heard rumors of its existence. Bingham was led to the site by local farmers and was amazed by what he saw, which seemed like an unbelievable dream. He wondered if anyone would believe what he had found.

Though the surrounding jungle had overgrown the site, what remained was impressive. The city had been built on a remote and nearly inaccessible mountaintop, often shrouded in clouds. Forty rows of farming terraces(梯田) hued the steep mountainside, each over 10 feet high and liked together by over 3000 stone steps. Among the city were what appeared to be neighborhoods of homes and exquisite(精致的) stone buildings that are thought to be temples. Even today, the mystery remains as to the purpose of these temples, how the city was used and what its citizens did.

Despite its remote location, Machu Picchu has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Every year, thousands of people travel to Peru to admire its magnificent stonework and breathtaking design. What they see is a wonderful harmony between the city and the landscape around it that is captivating.

Unit 2-3 listening 凯撒和肯尼迪之死

In this course we have tried to prepare you to understand and discuss important topics that are often in the news. Sometimes the news is good news, but all too often we learn of problems and crises. Once in a while, an event is extraordinary and will change the word. In this lesson, we focus on 2 events that changed history forever.

One of the most famous assassinations in history was the assassination of Julius Caesar. At the time of his death in 44 DC, he was the leader of Roman empire. His title was Dictator for life, which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived. He had gain this power through his successes as a military commander. In fact, historian considered him to be one of greatest military commanders in history. Once gaining in power and fought against the corruption and began to restructure the government. For example, he increased the number of senator and changed how they were chosen. Instead of being elected, they could be appointed, even if they are not from Rome. This action reduced the power of individual senators and shifted it to Caesar himself. In doing so, he created several of enemies, especially the aristocracy. However, he also had many admirers, who supported his efforts to end the corruptions. Caesar was s to death by a group of Roman senators, at March 15, 44 BC. He was scheduled to lead Rome, 3 years later, to fight in another war. He had appointed members of his enemies to rule the empire while he was away. This action angered many of Roman senators, who didn’t want to take orders from Caesar’s subordinates. He should have been aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed the security force not long before his assassination. If he hadn’t dismissed it, the assassination attempt might not have succeed. On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning notes as he entered in senate. If he did receive such a note, he didn’t read it. it seems that he was at the state of denials and refused to recognize the danger that was facing him. Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers or knives. The first blow hit Caesar in his neck and drew blood. Then and other senators joined in and stabbed him repeatedly, until he fl to the floor and died. In total, he suffered 23 knife wounds. with his death, power shifted to his adopted son Octavian, who vowed revenge against the event of assassins. Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or committed suicide. After a power struggle, Octavian strengthened his position as leader and rul ed the empire for years. In the end, Caesar’s attempts to end corruption failed.

Another event that shocked the world, was the assassination of the president, Jack Kennedy. He was shot while riding in a motorway in a city of Dallas tax. Kennedy and his wife was sitting in an open car, waving to a large crowd of people when he was shot. They were sitting in an open car with no protect because the sky was clear. It had rained until about 10 am but then the sun came out. If the sky hadn’t cleared, they would have been a bubble car or clear roof, on the car. This would have prevented the assassination. Kennedy wanted it down so that he could be closer to the crow through they agree him. Another factor that contributed to his assassination was the round of motorcade through the city. The round was published several days earlier in the local newspapers. The motorcade was passing through the downtown Dallas and round the shot corner near the building where the assassin worked.

From that building, there was a clea r view of president’s car. If the round had been different,

the assassination probably wouldn’t have taken place. The president was struck by 2 bullets but it was the second one that probably killed him. That was the fatal shot. It opened a massive of room in this head. Sitting beside him, his wife’s last words to his husband were, Jack, Jack, can you hear me, I love you Jack. The assassin’s quick shots were incredibly accurate. If the fatal shot had been off by just a little, Kennedy might

have survived. So if any of these factors had been different, history would have changed. Kennedy’s death disillusioned Americans who have been inspired by his vision for the future. With his death, a whole generation of Americans woke up to a reality where their dreams for a brighter future had been shattered. He might have been overconfident and unaware of the magnitude of the dangerous facing him.

Unit 2-3 Dialogue 亲人去世

I’m sorry to hear about your father. I hope he died peacefully.

Emm. He knew it was coming and he had a good life. He’d been sick for about for about a year. Luckily, there wasn’t much pain.

So how is your mother

She hasn’t taken it well. Even know she knew it was coming, she has a hard time without him. She just the house seemed so empty and she felt she’s useless.

I can imagine. Does she have many friends

She has a few but she has never been very social. Maybe she’ll get out a bit more now but I don’t think that’s very likely. She’s also beginning to lose her memory.

Oh, that’s too bad. My mother is losing her memory too. Sometime she doesn’t know who I am. She mixed me up with my sister.

Does she live by herself

She did until about a year ago. Then we had her come and stay with us.

How is that working out.

It was ok at first but now with her mem ory problems, it isn’t working. We are thinking about putting her into a senior living community. It was expensive but they can provide her with spon.

You may have to do that too. My husband and my mother don’t get along at all. You can’t relax when she’s around. When I mentioned it to him, he said he would consider it but only if it were for a very short time. Well, I’m sorry you have to deal with it. it doesn’t seem that there are any good choices.

Emm, I’m afraid that’s right. We are getting older too. This is another reminder of our mortality. You are no longer children so now it’s our turn to take care of our parents.

The way I see is a reminder for us to enjoy life while we can. If you like, I can send you information about some senior communities.

Please do. We need to start to making plans.

There are waiting list to get into some of senior community.

Unit 2-3 Reading 凯撒和印度的老年化

Should a good leader be loved or feared This question is as relevant to leaders today as it was to Julius Caesar when he took control of Rome in 44 BC. How Caesar treated his enemies is a valuable lesson on forgiveness, arrogance, and absolute power.

After Caesar seized power, he had to decide how to handle those who opposed him. Roman politics had always been bloody. The previous dictator(独裁者) had murdered 5000 of his rivals and confiscated(没收) their property after coming to power. Caesar’s enemies expected a similar punishment.

But Caesar was determined not to rule through fear. If he were to reform the government, he would need the support of the people. So he made a fateful decision: rather than punish or kill his enemies, he offered them mercy and incentives. He didn’t seize their property, and he even rewarded some of them with

high-ranking government positions.

How ever, not all of his enemies wanted to be forgiven. Caesar’s rivals came from the aristocracy. Many had held power in the senate for centuries. By expanding and reforming the senate, Caesar had shifted power away from the aristocracy and taken it for himself. The high-ranking positions he had given as rewards had no real authority. For the aristocracy, to live without power was not forgiveness, but humiliation.

Caesar should have known that many senators hated him, but his arrogance seems to have blinded him. After he made himself dictator for life, he proclaimed(正式宣布) himself a god and consolidated more power. These actions infuriated(激怒) his enemies and even his allies. However, he still considered many senators to be his loyal friends. He even dismissed his personal security force. Ironically, when he was assassinated, it was his good friend, Brutus, who led the plot.

Perhaps it is better for a leader to be feared. If Caesar hadn’t let his rivals live, he might not have been murdered. But was forgiveness the problem Caesar’s reforms took power from the aristocracy, and his arrogance angered both friends and enemies. Perhaps if he hadn’t been so arrogant, or acted like a god, he would have survived.

Lack of adequate care for senior citizens is a real issue in India that cuts across economic and social strata(各阶层). Many of us have personally lived through and experienced it with our parents and elders. Most senior citizens, especially those who live independently, are unable to get the care and trusted support they need. As a result, they compromise on their needs and lifestyle. Their children or caregivers are forced to spend disproportionate(不成比例的) time, and/or resources to support them. So much so, that many women are forced to stay away from the workforce to take care of elders at home.

The imminent(迫在眉睫) demographic(人口统计学的), economic, and social changes that accompany the growing population of senior citizens, together with the rising aspirations of the young, leading to more women in the workforce, are rapidly driving up the magnitude(量级) of this problem.

If we look at numbers, India is home to 115 million elderlies, which is more than 8% of the population. Many of us don’t realize it, but that puts India into the category of “aging” countries. While India’s overall population will grow by about 40% from 2006 to 2050, the population of the oldest elderly, 80 plus, will grow 500% over the same period. This should be enough to make one take notice. Engaging with the elderly will become one of the biggest areas of work in the country. Some may see this as a challenge and some as a huge opportunity.

Businesses have attempted to address this only sporadically(偶发的), with emotional advertising that features a poignant(尖锐的) conversation involving an elderly grandparent. But there has been very little effort to provide products and services. The reasons for such apathy(冷漠), especially among entrepreneurs, are not difficult to guess. Many feel that the elderly are cynical(怀疑的), not open to experiment and not willing to spend. Investors see bigger opportunities for exponential growth in addressing young, upwardly mobile consumers. Still, I’m left with the question of why aren’t more products and services designed for the elderly

I sense a problem looking for the solution.

Unit 2-4 listening 人口老龄化

The world’s population is growing at a rate of a little more than 1% per year. However, not all segments of the population are growing at the same rate. This graph shows that the rates of growth have 3 different groups, children, adults and elderly. As you can see, while the population of children is fairly constant, the elderly population is increasing at the fastest rate. This is due to very low birthrates in developed country and birthrate declines most developing countrie s. As a result of this trend, the world’s population is aging. Between 2015 and 2050, the percentage of world’s population over 60 is nearly doubled. In 2015, there were 900 million people over 60 and 2050, the number should be around 2 billion. Aging populations are becoming a huge problem in many countries, especially in developing counties. It used to be that many elderly people lived with the family and helped take care of the next generation. They had a place to stay and people who help take care of them when they need an assistance. Now however, many elderly people or senior citizens are left on their own. This is partly the result of people having fewer children and also because of the massive urbanization. Young and middle age audits have left the rural area for economic

opportunities only available in large urban centers. As a result, there is no one to care for the elderly who were left behind to live on their own. This is especially true in developing countries.

With an aging population, health problem becomes a growing concern. Some of the leading conditions that accompany aging including vision problems, hearing loss, d and * such as outsider disease. These problems can lead to disability that make them difficult to live without assistance. With diseases such as outsiders, people lose their memory and are unable to recognize their children. Worldwide, more than 46% of people aged 60 and ove r have disabilities. Giving meals and medical care, for example, becomes both expensive and difficult. As a result, the cost of providing services to sick and disable can become a huge problem. The economics, the dependency ratio(抚养比) shows the relationship between the number of people not in the labor force and those in the labor force. Those not in the labor force are the dependent part of the population. Those in the labor force are the productive part of the population. A high dependency ratio means that there are fewer working people to support health, social security and education services, which are used by dependent sectors of a population. These number is calculated by adding together the total number of young and old people and dividing that number by the number of working age people. Sometimes the dependency ratio is presented in 2 parts. One-part focus on the ratio between children and the working age population. This is the dependency ratio for the young. The other is the ratio between the elderly and working age population, which is the dependency ratio for the old. There are some dependency ratios for the old in 5 countries, China, India, Japan, the . and the UK. It shows the ratios at 3 different points of time, 2000, 2015 and 2050. note that the greatest percentage of change from 2015 to 2050 is for China. The dependency ratio nearly triples from to 39. The other counties show gains(增加) but as a percentage increase they are less. In Japan, the ratio increase from to which is less than double. The life expectancy(寿命) for Japan in 2050 is predicted to be 93, which is the highest of these countries. A high life expectancy obviously increases the dependency ratio. And note that the dependency ratio ignores the fact that those counted in elderly segment of population are not necessarily depended. An increasing proportion of them are working and many of those in the working age segment may not be working. So this way of calculating the dependency ratio in the country can be misleading. By pointing this out, we can see the danger of using of such number to make policy without understanding how they are calculated. In the end, details are important.

Unit 2-4 dialogue 离职

I thought it would be good for us to have a heart-to-heart conversation.

Yes, I am. But I know want others in the company to know. I thought we should meet outside.

Ok, so what are you thinking

To be perfectly frank, I’ve decided that it doesn’t make sense for me to stay with company. You are the CEO but I don’t agree with how you’re handling things. I can no longer support you.

Hmm, OK, I have suspected that for quite a while.

I’m still happy to support the company if I can, of course, but I’d like to work elsewhere.

There is a start-up that has contacted me and I’m planning to join them as soon as I can.

Are you gentleman really to order.

No, not yet. Could you come back in a few minutes

Certainly, sir.

Well, we are going to miss. There is nothing I can say that would change your mind.

No, it’s too late for that. I no longer have confidence in your decision. Your latest business plan for example, makes no sense at all. It makes us weaker in the area where we are strong, and it takes us in some new areas where we can’t compete. Well, that’s what we disagree.

So, if that’s the way I feel about it. I agree it’s best that you work somewhere else. Still, I hope we can count on you when we need something.

Sure, keep me informed and let me know and if I can be useful.

I will. So how do you propose that we should communicate this to the company.

I will write down something and you can review it. I’ll make it sound as positive as possible.

Ok, thanks. I’m sure it will come as a shock to many. Things are already difficult enough.

I know and maybe I’m wrong. Maybe your plan will work. If so, I will be the first to congratulate you. Are you ready to order

Sure, though I don’t feel like eating much.

Waiter.

He disagrees with how the CEO is running the company.

Unit 2-4 Reading 全球寿命趋势和虚拟现实

Trend in global life expectancy

People today are living longer than at any point in human history. Virtually every country enjoys a higher life expectancy than it did in the 19th century. In 1870, the average person could expect to live for 30 years. By 2015 that number had increased to 71, more than doubling.

The west was the first region to see an increase in life expectancy. Scientific discoveries led to a growing awareness of germs and disease. New medicines and treatments were developed, and people adopted more hygienic(保健的) lifestyles. Public health measures were a major factor. During the 20th century, the average lifespan in the United States increased by more than 30 years, if which 25 years can be attributed to advances in public health. Between 1900 and 1950, Europe’s life expectancy grew from 43 years to 65 years. However, this did not reflect the experience of the rest of the world, which largely remained impoverished and underdeveloped. In 1950, Asia’s average life expectancy was 42 and the Africa’s was 36. In the following decades, living conditions in both continents improved, along with life expectancy. As Asian economies grew, people had better access to health services and greater quantities of food. In Africa however, several countries did not see significant economic growth, but still enjoyed a growing life expectancy. This was due to better access to medicines and vaccines. As of 2015, the life expectancies of Asia and Africa were about 72 and 60 years respectively.

In all countries, some facts are universal, including higher mortality rates associated with childhood. Therefore, life expectancy increases with age. Economics condition also affect life expectancy. For example, in the UK, life expectancy among the wealthiest is several years higher than among the poorest. This may reflect factors such as diet and lifestyle, as well as access to medical care. And finally, women enjoy an advantage over men. Females have a higher survival rate from birth to old age. Of individuals aged 110, 90% are women. In fact, for almost all animal species except birds, females have higher survival rates than males. Virtual heaven

If you could live forever, would you want to The challenge of keeping your body alive seems impossible, but some scientists are working on an alternative. They want to create a digital copy of your “self” and keep that copy “alive” long after your physical body has stopped functioning.

In effect, their plan is to clone a person electronically. Unlike ordinary physical clones – which have identical features as their parents, but which are independent organisms, each with a different conscious self – your electronic clone would believe itself to be you. One plan relies on the development of nanotechnology(纳米技术). Ray Kurzweil, a leading futurist, predicts that within two or three decades we will have tiny transmitters that can be injected into the brain. once there they would line up(排列) alongside neurons(神经元) and monitor(监督) the details of the brain’s activity. They would then be able to transmit that information to receivers inside a special helmet, allowing us to map(绘制) the brain.

As a further step, Kurzweil foresees using these tiny transmitters to connect you to a world of virtual reality. With the transmitters in place, you could think your way onto the internet. Instead of seeing pictures on a

screen, you would see them in your mind. Rather than send emails to your friends, you could meet them on some virtual tropical beach and exchange messages in “virtual person”.

For a futurist like Ray, this would be heaven, a virtual heaven. Once you upload the brain onto the internet and log on to that virtual world, your body can be left to decompose(分解) while your virtual self can play games for as long as you wish.

However, there is still a problem. To exist on the net, your virtual self will have to reside on the computer of a web-hosting company. These companies want to be paid real money, or they will delete your “self” and sell the space to someone else. With your body along gone how you pay

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般说来，我们掌握的消极词汇数量远远大于积极词汇。 同样，学习英语单词时也有消极和积极词汇之分。从某种意义上说，学习语言的过程也是一个不断将消极词汇逐步变成积极词汇的过程，不同的学习阶段有不用的要求。目前中学的教学大纲上所规定的词汇基本上都应该作为积极词汇来掌握，但事实上，我们并没有达到这一要求，有相当一部分词仍旧停留在消极词汇。 如果作为消极词汇来说，我们只需要见到或听到某词时能说出词义就行了;而作为积极词汇学习要达到以下几方面要求：1)会读;2)会拼;3)能说出词义;4)能知道该词的语法属性;5)能正确运用该词的搭配;6)能指出该词所传达的感情色彩。很显然关用猜测的方法是达不到上述要求的，先猜后查字典可能就比较有效。 二、什么样的单词该记? 英语单词有几十万。要向全记住显

教你一眼看出英语单词意思的方法

教你一眼看出单词意思的方法请大家想一想，英语是谁发明的？英国人呗！英国人认不认识汉语？不认识！那么英国人在学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意思？不需要，英国人的英语课本里根本就没有汉字，何谈记住单词的汉语意思？那么既然英国人学英语不需要记住(甚至根本就见不到)单词的汉语意思，那么中国人学英语为什么要去记住单词的汉语意思呢？这种做法大家不觉得奇怪吗？ 然而由于中国人学英语时都在背单词的汉语意思，因此大家反而觉不出“背汉字”有什么奇怪的了。其实仔细想一想，这个行为真的很奇怪，奇怪的根源不在于行为本身，而在于中国人普遍不会直接识别英语单词的意思，因而只好靠汉语符号来机械地帮助记忆英语单词的意思，这样去学英语不仅多此一举，而且必然会陷入苦海无边的符号记忆灾难中。 其实英语单词和汉字一样，存在着很多的“偏旁部首”，知道了偏旁部首你就可以根据它们直接来猜测单词的意思，虽不说百分之百猜准，但起码可以猜测个大概，至少在别人告诉过你单词的意思后你可以恍然大悟地领会它，这样就可以大大增强你对英语单词“见字识意”的能力，做到真正认识一个单词，而把它的汉语意思仅做为一般参考。 举几个例子来说吧： 比如单词representative，请别急着告诉我你认识这个单词，其实你不见得“认识”这个单词，你仅是凭着你的记忆力记住了这串英语字母和两个汉字符号“代表”之间的对应关系，这样去学英语你会多费劲？下面我来告诉你这个单词为什么是“代表”的意思。re在英语里是一个偏旁部首，它是“回来”的意思；pre 也是一个偏旁部首，是“向前”的意思；sent也是一个偏旁部首，是“发出去、派出去”的意思；a仅是偏旁部首之间的一个“连接件”，没了它两个辅音字母t就要连在一起了，发音会分不开，会费劲，因此用一个元音字母a隔开一下；tive 也是一个偏旁部首，是“人”的意思。那么这几个偏旁部首连在一起是什么意思呢？re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人”，这不就是“代表”的意思吗！这么去认识一个单词才是真正“认识”了这个单词，把它认识到了骨子里。

商务英语的特点完整版

商务英语的特点集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

商务英语的特点 词汇、句子 二、商务英语的特点 商务英语属于特殊用途英语(ESP)的一种,是英语语言体系中的一个分支,以普通英语为基础,它不但具有普通英语的语言学特征,而且又是商务知识和普通英语的综合体。即它基于英语的基本语法、句法结构和词汇,但在专业词汇、句式结构等方面又具有其自身的特点,只有全面把握商务英语的特点,才能更为全面和深入地理解商务英语。本文以下内容拟对商务英语的词汇和句式结构的特点作初步分析。 (一)词汇特点 1.专门术语及缩略词的大量使用。 专业术语具有国际通用性,其意义精确、单一、无歧义,且不带有个人感情色彩,一般不需要借助上下文来理解。商务英语是属于商务领域中的一种应用语言,其语言应用的显着特点之一就是专业性强,词汇及内容与专业密切相关,承载着丰富的商务理论和商务实践方面的信息。 例如:用来反映海洋运输货物保险险别主要包括平安险(Free from Particular Average)、水渍险(With Particular Average)和一切险(All Risks)。这些都是商务英语中特有的应用表达,每种险别都有行内明确规定了的责任及除外责任。 除了专业性强外,商务活动的频繁开展使得商务英语中产生了一些约定俗成的专业术语缩略词,对于这些术语和概念,从事国际商务活动的人们都应该熟悉,并将随着商务交往的频繁而日益增加。 如:商谈价格时涉及到价格术语(terms of price),其中最常见的有FOB(free on board,离岸价),CIF(cost,insurance and freight,到岸价),CFR(cost and freight,成本加运费价)。 又如:在涉及到付款条件(terms of payment),也有我们常见到的许多以缩略词形式出现的方式,如M/T(mail transfer信汇)、T/T(telegra phic transfer电汇)、D/D(demand draft票汇)、D/P(documents against payment,付款交单)、D/A(documents against acceptance,承兑交单)、L/C(letter of credit信用证)等。 2.商务英语用词强调正式规范性。商务英语用词明白易懂、正式规范、简短达意、语言平实。用词方面多以意义相同或详尽的书面词语代替基本词汇和口语词汇,保证所用词语具有国际通用性但又不能过于非正式。这种正式词语常见于各类商务文书,以示庄重和严肃,同时避免不必要的重复,使意义更加清楚、简明。 3. 如使用concur代替come together、用terminate或都expiry代替end、用prior to或者previous to代替before、用in view of代替because of用certify代替prove。在介词方面,商务英语往往使用以繁复的介词短语来代替简单的介词和连词,如:用in the nature of代替like;用along the lines of代替like;用for the purpose of 代替for;用in the case of替代if;用on the ground that替代since/because;用with reference to/with regard to替代about等。 4. 3.普通词汇,独特行业词义。 5. 商务英语具有独特的行业特点,许多日常使用的普通词汇在商务英语中有其特殊的含义,只有了解这些词的专业意义和内涵才能应用自如。 6. 以人们熟识的英语单词offer,advice,cover为例,理解它们在商务英语中所被赋予的新的特殊的含义。

商务英语阅读(第二版)词汇汇总

Unit 1 1. 显著经济增长、significant economic growth 2. 将银行业与汽车业国有化nationalizing the banking and car industries 3. 削减房贷cut back on housing loans 4. 收购国内外资产buying up new assets at home and abroad 5. 大幅提升盈利能sharply raising profitability 6. 获得动力gain momentum 7. 小幅升值a modest appreciation 8. 下岗工人laid-off workers 9. 摸着石头过河crossing the river by feeling for stones 10. 可持续增长的支柱the backbone of sustainable growth 11. 资金密集型行业capital-intensive sector 12. 放宽信贷loosen credit 13. 减少对出口的依赖reducing China's dependence on exports 14. 战略思考strategic thinking 15. 燃油补贴fuel subsidies 16. 解除价格管制deregulated prices 17. 休克疗法shock therapy 18. 支撑经济增长bolster economic growth 19. 经济刺激一揽子计划stimulus package 20. 精明（娴熟）的管理savvy management 21. 边远地区remote areas 22. 回应个人投诉answer individual complaints 23. 取消印花税scrapping the stamp tax 24. 振兴股市revive the stock market 25. 繁荣与稳定prosperity and stability 26. 内幕交易insider trading 27. 进行民意测验conduct public polls 28. 遭遇信贷危机experiencing a credit crisis Unit 2 1.The great depression in the 1930s 1930年的经济大萧 条 2.The old industrial economies 老工业经济体 3.The global economic and political elite 全球经济与 政治精英 4.Amass great wealth 产生巨大财富 5.Welfare states福利国家 6.Emerging economies 新兴经济体 7. A beggar-thy-neighbor populism 以邻为壑民粹主义 8.Double-dip recession 双底衰退 9.Sovereign-debt crisis 主权债务危机 10.The worst-case scenarios 最糟糕的情况 11.Bitter social unrest 激烈的社会动荡 12.Cutting public budgets 削减公共预算 13.Excessive stimulus 过度刺激计划

商务英语特点及语言特色

商务英语的特点及翻译（一） 简介：商务英语的特点及其翻译[摘要]商务英语传达商务理论和实务等信息，其词汇专业性极强，语体规范正式，语句简洁明快，多社交性套语。商务英语翻译应遵守“忠实、准确、统一”三原则，商务活动参与者应具备较... 据环球博思论文网https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f218988543.html,讯：商务英语的翻译商务英语是我国涉外经济活动中的主要交际语言，商务英语翻译在这一活动中起桥梁作用，翻译质量倍受关注。商务英语是专门用途英语的一个分支，与普通英语没有本质区别，但商务英语又具有其特定的“商务”特色。商务英语涉及到营销学、经济学、金融学、会计学和管理学等许多边缘学科知识，商务活动涉及到对外贸易、技术引进、招商引资、商务谈判、贸易合同、国际支付与结算与涉外保险等范围，因此有必要研究商务英语本身的特点及其翻译，从而能够在各个领域准确规范运用。 作为专门用途英语的商务英语具有与普通英语不同的特点，有其独特的特点。在使用上有其显著特色，主要表现在文体、语言和文化意识方面。 一商务英语引言 （一）商务英语文体风格 商务文体是随着商品生产及贸易的发展而形成的一种文体形式。商务英语文体不以语言的艺术美为其追求的目标，而是讲求逻辑的清晰和条理性、思维的准确严密以及结构的严谨性。风格朴实，明白易懂。商务信函一般风格朴实，明白易懂，淡于修饰，很少使用比喻、拟人、夸张等修辞手段，目的是提高实效性。商务英语避免使用陈旧笼统的商业术语或套语，而用简明的现代英语来表达。如不说“We are in receipt of?”，而用“We have received?” ；不说“Express myheArtfelt gratitude to you for?” ，而用“Thank you for?”。商务英语在陈述事物往往具体、明确，绝不含糊其辞。如商务英语不说“We wish to confirm our telex dispatched yesterday。”而要说“We confirm our telex of July 2nd，2000。”因为前者笼统含糊，后者清晰明了。语句简洁明快，逻辑严密简洁明快主要表现在商务信函中多使用简洁句、简短并列句和简短复合句。例如：We are delighted to receive your letter of November 18 asking whether we can supply you with art. No. 6120。（很高兴收到你方11月28日来函询问我方可否供应6120货号产品）。措辞礼貌，礼貌是国际商务英语应用文中非常重要的语言特点。汉语的商务用语有时缺少必要的客气，常见的礼貌用语往往只是一个“请”字。商务英语则比较讲究客套，随处可见礼貌的客套。例如，汉语中仅有的一个请字，商务英语中要用“We wouldappreciate”“It wou ld be appreciated”，“We would be glad to?”之类的结构来表达。因此汉英翻译时切忌照原文字面硬译，添加常用礼貌客套结构，注意措辞婉转。商务英语的逻辑严密性主要体现在商务合同等法律文件多用长句、复合句、并列复合句等法律公文常用句式以及分隔现象、介词（短语）、插入语、倒装句、被动语态（过去分词）等特殊句型。例如：If Egyptian buyers insist on concluding business direct with Party A，Party A may conclude business with such Egyptian buyers who come to visit China or attend the Chinese Export Commodity Fairat prices not lower than those quoted toParty B.(如果埃及客户坚持要与甲方成交，甲方也可和他们直接达成交易，但交易对象仅限于来访中国或参加中国商品交易会的客户，并且价格不能低于报给乙方的报价。)

如何一眼看出英语单词的意思

教你一眼认出英语单词的意思 请大家想一想，英语是谁发明的？英国人呗！英国人认不认识汉语？不认识！那么英国人在学英语单词的时候需不需要记住单词的汉语意思？不需要，英国人的英语课本里根本就没有汉字，何谈记住单词的汉语意思？那么既然英国人学英语不需要记住(甚至根本就见不到)单词的汉语意思，那么中国人学英语为什么要去记住单词的汉语意思呢？这种做法大家不觉得奇怪吗？ 然而由于中国人学英语时都在背单词的汉语意思，因此大家反而觉不出“背汉字”有什么奇怪的了。其实仔细想一想，这个行为真的很奇怪，奇怪的根源不在于行为本身，而在于中国人普遍不会直接识别英语单词的意思，因而只好靠汉语符号来机械地帮助记忆英语单词的意思，这样去学英语不仅多此一举，而且必然会陷入苦海无边的符号记忆灾难中。 其实英语单词和汉字一样，存在着很多的“偏旁部首”，知道了偏旁部首你就可以根据它们直接来猜测单词的意思，虽不说百分之百猜准，但起码可以猜测个大概，至少在别人告诉过你单词的意思后你可以恍然大悟地领会它，这样就可以大大增强你对英语单词“见字识意”的能力，做到真正认识一个单词，而

把它的汉语意思仅作为一般参考。 举几个例子来说吧： 比如单词representative，请别急着告诉我你认识这个单词，其实你不见得“认识”这个单词，你仅是凭着你的记忆力记住了这串英语字母和两个汉字符号“代表”之间的对应关系，这样去学英语你会多费劲？下面我来告诉你这个单词为什么是“代表”的意思。re在英语里是一个偏旁部首，它是“回来”的意思；pre也是一个偏旁部首，是“向前”的意思；sent也是一个偏旁部首，是“发出去、派出去”的意思；a仅是偏旁部首之间的一个“连接件”，没了它两个辅音字母t就要连在一起了，发音会分不开，会费劲，因此用一个元音字母a隔开一下；tive也是一个偏旁部首，是“人”的意思。那么这几个偏旁部首连在一起是什么意思呢？re-pre-sent-a-tive，就是“回来-向前-派出去-的人”，即“回来征求大家的意见后又被派出去替大家讲话的人”，这不就是“代表”的意思吗！这么去认识一个单词才是真正“认识”了这个单词，把它认识到了骨子里。 再举一个例子吧：psychology。 psy=sci，是一个偏旁部首，是“知道”的意思；cho是一个偏旁部首，是“心”的意思；lo是一个偏旁部首，是“说”的意思；gy是一个偏旁部首，是“学”

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